Food Security Strategies Research Articles

Environmental Management Strategies for Sustainable Food Security in Rural Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Environmental Management Strategies for Sustainable Food Security in Rural Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria.

РОЗВИТОК ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ МАРКЕТИНГОВИХ СТРАТЕГІЙ НА ФОНІ ВНУТРІШНЬОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ СПРИЧИНЕНОЇ БОЙОВИМИ ДІЯМИ

The article discusses internal migration (caused by hostilities), which is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that can significantly affect the marketing strategies of enterprises. This aspect requires a detailed analysis in order to understand its impact and identify strategic opportunities. The main problems of IDPs in Ukraine and ways to solve them, key aspects of the impact of internal forced migration and armed conflicts on food security and marketing strategies were considered. Internally displaced persons in Ukraine are an acute social problem caused by the armed conflicts in the east of the country and the full-scale invasion of russia in 2022. Thousands of Ukrainians have been forced to leave their homes to seek safety in other regions. This forced displacement has created many problems that need to be addressed immediately through joint efforts of the state, civil society and international organisations. Analysing the needs and preferences of new market segments created by internal migration, enabling companies to develop products and services that best meet the needs of these consumer groups. The opportunities arising from internal migration, including the emergence of new market niches and business development opportunities, are explored. The analysis of these aspects has allowed us to understand the nature of the impact of internal migration on marketing strategies and to develop effective approaches to adapting businesses to new conditions. It is shown that these challenges can pose serious threats to the lives and well-being of migrants and the local population. The importance of developing innovative marketing strategies based on the analysis of the impact of internal migration and changes in consumer behaviour is considered. The potential of new market segments and strategies for adapting to them is identified. The article also considers the aspects of food security in the context of migration and conflict, showing how marketing can play an important role in overcoming these challenges by helping to inform the public, support local producers, stimulate demand for healthy products and attract innovation in the field of food security.

A Geovisualization Dashboard of Granular Food Security Index Map using GIS for Monitoring the Provincial Level Food Security Status

This study aims to build a web-based interactive geovisualization dashboard from a granular food security index map using satellite imagery and other geospatial big data. The map dashboard is built using a two-dimensional (2D) data visualization approach. Making a two-dimensional map using QuantumGIS (QGIS) tools, displayed in the form of WebGIS with the plugin used "Qgis2web" based on javascript leaflets. Once included in WebGIS, interactive visualizations are displayed on websites with interfaces based on hypertext markup language (HTML), cascading style sheets (CSS), and JavaScript (JS). The dashboard map is equipped with interactive features such as legend, click grid, zoom, show me where I am, measure distance, and search. Therefore, the dashboard map can be used to monitor the food security index, search for food security index areas, as well as geographical identification of food security index areas which are useful for supporting the analysis of decision-making or policies by the government regarding food security strategies.

Late to the table: Australian law and policy on food security

Australia has no national food security strategy, and no overarching suite of law and policy to regulate the risks associated with food insecurity. We, as a nation, are long overdue for a comprehensive national response including law and policy to address critical regulatory deficits. This article considers possible explanations as to why food security as a fundamental responsibility of the State has been neglected in Australia and argues for a consistent regulatory response at all tiers of government and between government departments, informed by a national policy.

Assessing impacts on rice production and quantifying economic cost losses with PM2.5–based damage – A case of the Long Xuyen Quadrangle, Vietnam Mekong Delta

Control measures of PM2.5 pollution mitigation are identified as an important strategy for food security. This is remarkably crucial with Long Xuyen Quadrangle (LXQ), which exports more than 50% of Vietnams rice. PM2.5 pollution impacts on rice production need to be assessed to determine the extent of effects on economic losses. The given objectives of this study are to build a research framework that combines models and data to quantify the economic damage to rice seasons affected by PM2.5 pollution, taking LXQ as a research case study. The models used include quantitative models of output loss due to loss of productivity, productivity function, and quantification of economic loss model to assess economic loss due to loss of productivity caused by PM2.5, based on damage to rice plants. The data used included: (i) 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration data in the environment to represent the process of estimating negative impacts on rice yield, (ii) formal characteristics of rice crops, (iii) rice area/total agricultural land area, (iv) rice production level achieved by each crop, and (v) minimum support prices for rice. The total loss of rice yield in the LXQ in 2018 was estimated at 15,729 tons/ha. The results associated with calculated damage levels into economic values showed that the total losses due to the reduction of rice production in 2018 in LXQ were at about 2,728 billion VND, which was equivalent to approximately 121 million USD, or 1.47% of the total GRDP of LXQ in 2018. The obtained results will be the basis for further development, contributing to the building of a dataset for the management of the air environment as well as effective agricultural farming solutions for the LXQ area.

Impacts of in situ urbanisation on grain production: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta, China

With the promotion of county-level urban–rural integrated development policies in China, counties in economically developed regions have achieved sound in situ urbanisation (ISU), resulting in changes in regional population and production structures. However, to date, relatively few studies have focused on the ISU process and the variation in regional grain production in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). This study evaluated the ISU rate (ISUR) at the county level using the entropy based TOPSIS model, introduced a super efficiency slacks-based measure (SBM) model to calculate cropland production efficiency (CPE), and reflected the status of grain production from grain yield and CPE. Spatio-temporal dynamics of ISU and grain production were examined from 2000 to 2020, and the impact mechanism of ISU on the grain production were explored encompassing regional differences and spatiotemporal evolution. The ISUR of the YRD showed a high distribution in the east and low in the west, with all counties showing a continuous increase, and an average increase from 0.15 in 2010 to 0.33 in 2020. The most rapid increases occurred in northern Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, and the coastal areas. The grain yield in the entire region was high in the north and low in the south, with a continuous increase in the north and a continuous decrease in the south. The CPE distribution changed from high in the south in 2000 to high in the north in 2020, with a higher growth rate in the north and a significant decrease in the south. The initial advancement of ISU promoted grain production. The plains with medium ISU levels showed the highest grain yield and CPE. Where the ISU level reached extremely high levels, it had a suppressive effect on grain production. In mountainous areas, the CPE and grain yield decreased during ISU. The findings of this study are of great value to policymakers in adjusting the regional agricultural production structure according to ISU stages to implement food security strategies in a regionally integrated manner.

Heritable variability in winter wheat at the interaction of genotype with factors of high genetic activity

Identification of new opportunities in the use of certain ecogenetic factors for the genetic improvement of winter wheat is a vital component of improving existing cereal agrocenoses within the framework of the food security strategy. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the potential of substances with prominent genetic activity in inducing potentially beneficial changes and to establish the possibility of obtaining optimised schemes for obtaining new forms and more controlled trait variability. Mutations were detected by visual observation and biometric and biochemical analysis from the second generation to the sixth, with the inheritance of the detected traits in subsequent generations being checked. The study presented the possibilities of the mutation process for certain genetic and breeding-value forms, the specific features of induction of such traits, which makes it possible to increase the predictability of obtaining the necessary mutant lines and partially controlled high variability in certain traits. It was found that the most promising for use is the complex application of moderate doses of sodium azide and dimethyl sulphate as ecogenetic factors. It was shown that in combination with three varieties among the ones under study (Kalancha, Polyanka, Pochayna), it is possible to create highly efficient genotype-mutagenic systems with increased yield of valuable forms. The increase in mutagenic depression using more harmful substances can be substantially offset by an increase in the proportion of beneficial changes. The negative side is their complex nature. The nature of the ecogenetic factor is no less significant than the concentration of the mutagen or the genotype of the original form, which is sometimes overlooked. It was confirmed that the use of these factors is quite promising in terms of obtaining small biochemical changes (micromutations). Several promising mutant lines were identified that have a comprehensive improvement in grain yield and quality without additional negative changes. The findings of this study can be used in breeding programmes to create new varieties of winter wheat

The importance of assets for coping with COVID-19 and other shocks

Rural households in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Mexico experienced a series of shocks beginning in 2020, including the COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment, loss of income, an abrupt increase in food prices, hurricanes, a public safety crisis and political instability. Through household surveys in 10 territories in those countries, along with interviews and focus groups, we studied the association between the context created by those shocks, food security and households' coping strategies. The main finding is that the relative level of wealth, measured by households’ asset endowment, is the factor that most influences both food insecurity and the strategies households choose for coping with shocks.

FOOD SECURITY PROBLEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT

Lela Aduashvili 
 E-mail: lela.aduashvili@tsu.ge 
 Phd Student, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 
 Tbilisi, Georgia
 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4732-7007
 
 Abstract: In the article, based on the official data of international organizations and the analysis of scientific publications published around the issue, the relevance of food security is substantiated.
 The historical importance of food security as an object of scientific research and study is discussed. The main causes of food insecurity are highlighted and its possible consequences are identified.
 In the paper, the impact of global crises of the 21st century on food security is evaluated. Due to the severity of the problem, the need for sustainable development of the food system is substantiated, where a decisive role is assigned to technological development. In the mentioned process, the current situation in Georgia is assessed and the main challenges facing the country are identified.
 In addition, in the process of ensuring food security, the feasibility of developing digital supply networks is substantiated. In particular, against the background of the analysis of the uncertainties formed as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and the accompanying crises, the shortcomings of the traditional food supply chains are presented and the need to replace them is confirmed.
 In the research process, based on statistical data, the level of food insecurity by region is studied. Its connection with the level of technological development of the countries is highlighted.
 On the basis of bibliographic research, the views of scientists in solving food security problems in the conditions of the development of the digital economy are evaluated. It is established that the solution to the issue requires the active participation and consolidated action of the developed world. The focus is on the role and importance of the private sector. At the same time, the current tendency towards solving the problem, in the form of developing urban food security strategies, has been identified.
 In the paper, based on the analysis of theoretical-methodological and statistical data, conclusions are developed and recommendations for overcoming problems are proposed through digital development.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Soybean Production in Heilongjiang Province, China

Heilongjiang Province, as the largest production and supply base for high-quality soybeans in China, plays a vital role in optimizing the layout of soybean production and promoting the revitalization of the soybean industry. Soybean yield is used as a key indicator of soybean production. This study integrated soybean yield data from agricultural reclamation systems and local authorities. A variety of statistical analysis methods, such as barycenter analysis, the Mann–Kendall test, the space–time cube, and grey relational analysis, were used to research the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of soybean production in Heilongjiang Province from 2011 to 2021. This paper revealed the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism and explored the reasons for the differences in the effects of influencing factors. The results were as follows. (1) During the period between 2011 and 2021, the center of gravity of county-level soybean yield in Heilongjiang Province moved towards the northwest over a distance of 16.82 km. The soybean yield in the province experienced a mutation in approximately 2018, from a downward trend to an upward trend. (2) The spatiotemporal hot spots of county-level soybean yield in Heilongjiang Province were concentrated along the line from Hailun to Aihui. The types of hot spots included consecutive hot spots, intensifying hot spots, sporadic hot spots, and new hot spots. (3) The spatiotemporal agglomeration patterns of county-level soybean yield in Heilongjiang Province included only high-high clusters, only low-low clusters, only high-low outliers and multiple types. (4) The temporal changes in soybean yield in various counties of Heilongjiang Province had obvious regional characteristics. (5) Socioeconomic factors had aftereffects on soybean planting decisions. (6) Sunlight hours, the price ratio of local soybeans to local maize, average temperature, the number of soybean patents, the price ratio of imported soybeans to local soybeans, soybean cultivation income, local soybean prices, and the number of newly established soybean enterprises were primary influencing factors. Precipitation and soybean import volume were secondary influencing factors. The income difference between maize and soybeans, crops-hitting disaster area, and maize yield were general influencing factors. This study aims to offer new pathways for alleviating the structural contradiction between soybean supply and demand and to provide a reference for the formulation of national soybean industry policies and food security strategies.

Does twitter economic uncertainty matter for wheat prices?

This paper investigates the relationship between wheat prices, energy prices (crude oil and natural gas), and economic uncertainty, represented by the Twitter Economic Uncertainty Index (TEU). Despite existing literature emphasizing the significant impact of energy costs on agricultural commodity prices, this research uncovers no significant short-run relationship between the price shocks in the crude oil or natural gas markets and wheat prices. Similarly, fluctuations in the TEU USA do not reliably predict changes in wheat prices. This paper enriches the field by utilizing time series econometric analysis with a Structural Vector Auto-Regressive model with an exogenous variable (SVARX), incorporating four endogenous variables: wheat, crude oil, natural gas, and economic uncertainty from mid-2011 to mid-2022, and an exogenous dummy variable to account for an existing structural break. The findings present new insights into the complex interplay between these variables within a single framework and expand our understanding of the impact of economic uncertainty derived from Twitter data on agricultural commodity prices. Policymakers and researchers are advised to continue exploring these relationships over different periods, geographical contexts, and events to strengthen food security strategies by gaining a nuanced understanding of agricultural commodity prices.

Can women’s empowerment in livestock farming improve household food security? Empirical evidence from rural households in Malawi

BackgroundOver the years the Government of Malawi has launched several initiatives to improve food security in the country. Despite these efforts there have been limited improvements in food security, raising the spectre of persistently elevated levels of food insecurity. Efforts to reduce food insecurity may involve women who play a central role in the production, processing, preparation and control of vital livestock products for food security. However, women’s ability to achieve food security is limited by their lack of access to productive resources and limited ability to participate in decision-making. The main objective of this study is to estimate the impact of women’s empowerment in household livestock production and marketing decisions on household food security.MethodsThis study uses data from a proportionate random sample of 400 households in two major livestock producing Extension Planning Areas in the Nsanje district to estimate the relationship between women’s empowerment and household food security in rural households in Malawi.ResultsTobit regression results show that the empowerment of women in the livestock sector, especially in decisions pertaining to agricultural production, nutrition, and income control, improves household food security. In addition, factors such as household income, household size, and the main occupation of the household head play a significant role in ensuring household food security.ConclusionThe results suggest that nutrition-sensitive programmes should target women’s agency in livestock production and nutrition decisions for improved food security among rural households in Malawi. As part of their food security strategy, Government of Malawi could develop programs to sensitize households on the importance of enhancing women’s agency in agriculture and nutrition decision-making, while also providing targeted income-support for women.

Hunger, Food Sovereignty and COVID-19 Pandemic: Food Risks During Lockdown.

Objective: This article focuses on describing the food scenario of families in Cali (Colombia), where almost half of the city's population could not guarantee their access to adequate feeding during COVID-19 crisis. Methods: Involved 1. Analyze laws to understand their relationship with access to food in Cali during lockdown; and 2. Identify changes in the eating practices of families from different socioeconomic levels and the strategies used by the city's public institutions during lockdown. Results: Feeding was not considered from the beginning of the lockdown, which generated a food crisis. Institutional responses were insufficient in quality and coverage, since feeding aid focused on calories and logistic aspects. The solutions implemented by households were guided by collective action and social organization around the community pots. Conclusion: The contrast between food security strategies (focused on availability and access) and food sovereignty (with an emphasis on the collective) shows the need for structural transformations in food policies and in the collective imagination that allow for designing new food models focused on community wellbeing and not on economic growth to future emergencies.

Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Food Governance and the Alignment of Food Security Policies to Sustainable Development: A Case Study of OIC Countries

Employing Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) and Leximetrics, this study conducts a comparative analysis of sustainable food governance performance in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries (OIC). It assesses the alignment of their food security policies with sustainable development principles. Addressing a gap in the existing literature, the study aims to assess two separate components of food security governance, i.e., policy formulation and policy implementation. This is achieved by focusing on critical intrinsic factors like sustainable agriculture, sufficiency, resilience, and inclusivity, and sustainable finance which are often overlooked in policy formulation and evaluation. The findings reveal inadequate incorporation of sustainable finance, sustainable agriculture, circular food systems, and effective governance principles. Several countries lack concise policies (e.g., Iran, Turkmenistan, Suriname), relying on fragmented approaches, while others adopt regional food security strategies with observed differences in food governance versus policy alignment performance. The study enhances our understanding of food security governance and policy formulation and implementation, offering insights for advancing sustainability in the food security policies of the OIC.

FOOD SECURITY AREAS

Food security is one of the most pressing issues of the present because of a number of local and global problems. The war in Ukraine, world hunger, climate change and the deterioration of food quality are all factors that negatively affect the current state of global and local food security. It is therefore important to develop effective ways of ensuring food security. The purpose of this research was to identify the main contemporary directions for ensuring food security. The research was conducted on the basis of modern scientific research, journalistic materials, legislative and regulatory acts dedicated to food security issues. The main research methods included analysis, synthesis and generalisation of the obtained information. Initially, the research analysed the characteristics of such directions of ensuring food security as national plans, strategies and projects. It was found out that Ukraine does not have a proper legal regulation of food security, there are no projects and programmes developed by the state; the food security strategy has been created, but it also needs to be improved. The peculiarities of the state policy of Japan and the United States in the field of food security are analysed. The characteristics of such a policy, such as the creation of an effective stock management system, which is defined as one of the components of the state food security index, are examined. On the basis of the analysis of theoretical sources the main directions of creation of the stock management system are determined. The current problems of the stock management system in Ukraine will be examined. To clarify the characteristics of modern international cooperation in the field of food security. The role of FAO in ensuring food security is defined. The peculiarities of international cooperation in the EU in this area are outlined and the features of international cooperation in the context of Ukraine are determined. It is established that programmes, strategies and projects define the priority directions of state policy, and their practical implementation is the most important stage. In this connection, it is emphasised that all states should direct their policies towards solving all existing problems related to food security, which in turn will contribute to ensuring food security at the national and global levels. The results obtained point to the need to refine existing approaches to ensuring food security.

Food security and economic coping strategies among fishing households: Insights from Tanjung Jabung Timur and Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Province

This study aims to: 1) Analyze the socioeconomic characteristics and economic coping strategies of fishing households in Tanjung Jabung Timur and Tanjung Jabung Barat; 2) Assess the level of food security among fishing households in these districts; 3) Examine the influence of socioeconomic characteristics and economic coping strategies on the food security of fishing households in Tanjung Jabung Timur and Tanjung Jabung Barat. Data were collected through surveys in four sample villages across the two districts. Descriptive statistics, difference tests, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed as analytical tools. The findings indicate that economic coping strategies among fishing families, in terms of active income-generating strategies, are categorized as low. In contrast, passive strategies related to cutting back expenses are considered moderate. Overall, the level of food security among fishing households is relatively good. Furthermore, the food security level of fishing households is significantly influenced by family characteristics and coping strategies. Coping strategies directly impact and act as intervening variables between family characteristics and food security.

Identifying the Spatio-Temporal Change in Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Planting Structure in the North China Plain between 2001 and 2020

Tracking winter wheat–summer maize distribution is crucial for the management of agricultural water resources in the water-scarce North China Plain (NCP). However, the spatio-temporal change in planting structure that has occurred during the last 20 years remains unclear. Therefore, winter wheat–summer maize distribution between 2001 and 2020 was determined via the maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification and a threshold method using the MODIS NDVI product MOD13Q1 and Landsat 5/7 images. The results reveal that dividing distributions into six sample categories—winter wheat–summer maize, winter wheat–rice, spring maize, cotton, other double-cropping systems, and fruit trees—proved to be an efficient way to discriminate winter wheat–summer maize distribution, with R2 and RMSE values ranging from 0.738 to 0.901 and from 179.05 to 215.72 km2, respectively. From 2001 to 2020, the planting area continually expanded, experiencing a significant growth of 3.32 × 104 km2 (23.44%). Specifically, the planting area decreased by 2982.13 km2 (10.06%) in the northern part of the NCP, including the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, while it increased by 3.62 × 104 km2 (32.30%) in the middle and southern parts, encompassing Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces. The stable growing region was primarily concentrated in the middle of the Hebei Plain, along the Yellow River irrigation areas and humid zones of the southwest, accounting for 75–85% of the total NCP planting area. Our results can provide references for adjusting agricultural planting structures, formulating food security strategies, and optimizing the management of water resources in the NCP.

Proteome insights of citric acid-mediated cadmium toxicity tolerance in Brassica napus L.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic substance that is uptake by plants from soils, Cd easily transfers into the food chain. Considering global food security, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and metal detoxification strategies are highly demandable for sustainable food crop production. The purpose of this study was to investigate how citric acid (CA) alleviates or tolerates Cd toxicity in Brassica using a proteome approach. In this study, the global proteome level was significantly altered under Cd toxicity with or without CA supplementation in Brassica. A total of 4947 proteins were identified using the gel-free proteome approach. Out of these, 476 proteins showed differential abundance between the treatment groups, wherein 316 were upregulated and 160 were downregulated. The gene ontology analysis reveals that differentially abundant proteins were involved in different biological processes including energy and carbohydrate metabolism, CO2 assimilation and photosynthesis, signal transduction and protein metabolism, antioxidant defense, heavy metal detoxification, plant development, and cytoskeleton and cell wall structure in Brassica leaves. Interestingly, several candidate proteins such as superoxide dismutase (A0A078GZ68) L-ascorbate peroxidase 3 (A0A078HSG4), glutamine synthetase (A0A078HLB2), glutathione S-transferase DHAR1 (A0A078HPN8), glutamine synthetase (A0A078HLB2), cysteine synthase (A0A078GAD3), S-adenosylmethionine synthase 2 (A0A078JDL6), and thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase 2 (A0A078H905) were involved in antioxidant defense system and sulfur assimilation-involving Cd-detoxification process in Brassica. These findings provide new proteome insights into CA-mediated Cd-toxicity alleviation in Brassica, which might be useful to oilseed crop breeders for enhancing heavy metal tolerance in Brassica using the breeding program, with sustainable and smart Brassica production in a metal-toxic environment.

A novel cross-disciplinary approach for estimating spatio-temporal pattern and drivers of pollution transfer caused by industrial transfer processes

Food security is the basic requirement for human health and social stability. However, food pollution risk caused by economic development models, e.g., industrial transfer, is poorly understood. In this study, we developed and tested a point-area-domain cross-disciplinary approach to quantitatively estimate patterns and processes of soil and rice heavy metal (Pb, Hg and Cd) pollution risk caused by the fourth global industrial transfer process in CG Province of China. Our results indicate that the industrial transfer policy caused obvious cross-regional soil Pb, Hg and Cd pollution and industrial transfer. Industrial transfer process largely exacerbated rice Hg pollution risk in industrial transfer undertaking areas, mainly in the west (29.18%), periphery (28.38%) and south (25.88%) regions. The concentration increase in the west ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0775 mg/kg (mean±S.D. 0.00327 ± 0.00447, median 0.0026 mg/kg). The most important industries regarding rice Hg pollution in industrial transfer undertaking areas included special equipment (26.53%)>metal processing (11.93%)>communication equipment (11.25%)>chemical product (10.90%)> electrical machinery and equipment (9.59%). The pollution transfer was mainly attributed to environmental regulations, factor endowment and industrial structure. Our study highlights the importance for the integration of industrial transfer into food security and poverty reduction plans in the developing regions. Environmental implicationFood security is the basic requirement for human health and social stability. However, food pollution risk caused by economic development models, e.g., industrial transfer, is poorly understood. We developed and tested a point-area-domain cross-disciplinary approach to quantitatively estimate patterns and processes of soil and rice heavy metal pollution risk caused by the fourth global industrial transfer process. Our results suggest that industrial transfer process largely exacerbated soil and rice Hg pollution risk in the southeast coastal areas of China. Our study highlights the importance for the integration of industrial transfer into food security strategies in developing countries.

글로벌 공급망 변화에 따른 식량자급률 영향

Purpose: This study analyzes the impact of changes in the global supply chain on South Korea's food self-sufficiency rate under the IPEF, and explores strategies for future food security.
 Research design, data, and methodology: Analysis of the global supply chain's impact utilizes the GTAP model, assuming the effects of import price efficiency (AMS) and export tariffs (TXS) on the food sector, with the assumption of eliminating non-tariff barriers. Additionally, the estimation of medium- and long-term ripple effects is based on the assumption of mobility in production factors.
 Results: The analysis confirms that implementation of the IPEF could lower South Korea's food import prices and diversify the supply chain, providing advantages. However, it also highlights a drawback in which the self-sufficiency rate may decrease if non-tariff barriers are completely eliminated.
 Conclusions: The government should actively engage in IPEF negotiations while requiring a more sophisticated approach in order to adjust non-tariff barriers to an appropriate level.