Food Samples Research Articles

Colorimetric and fluorescent probes for cysteine detection: Applications in food safety and cellular imaging

In this study, three BODIPY-based fluorescent probes were designed and synthesized. The ultraviolet-visible spectra, fluorescence spectra, smartphone color recognition application and bioimaging were utilized to evaluate the capacity of the probes. By comparing key parameters, BDP-SIN had optimal performances including fastest response (10 min), highest signal-to-noise ratio (815 times) and lowest limit of detection (LOD = 49 nM). The recovery rate ranged from 92.04 % to 103.25 %. Meanwhile, BDP-SIN was triumphantly employed for determination of Cys in different daily food samples. Moreover, the test strips and microporous filter membrane loaded with BDP-SIN were developed for the portable real-time visualization and quantitative detection of Cys in food samples, which the contents ranged from 0.27 μM to 0.49 μM. Besides, BDP-SIN could image Cys in the living cells and mice. The novelty of this work was that developed an effective tool for researching the roles of Cys in food industry and living organisms.

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet supported silica nanochannel film for enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensing of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and prochloraz.

The development of simple, rapid, and sensitive methods for detecting pesticide in environmental and food samples holds significant importance. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platforms with high resistance to interference and contamination, and reduced consumption of ECL emitters, are highly desirable for such applications. In this work, we present an ECL sensing platform based on a graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) supported vertically ordered mesoporous silica film (VMSF) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the highly sensitive detection of the environmental pollutant 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and the broad-spectrum insecticide prochloraz. Two-dimensional (2D) CNNS were synthesized by exfoliating bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) using concentrated sulfuric acid, serving as a novel conductive and adhesive layer for the growth of a stable VMSF on GCE via an electrochemical assistance self-assembly (EASA) method to prepare VMSF/CNNS/GCE. The electrostatic enrichment capability of VMSF nanochannels for the positively charged ECL emitter tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) (Ru(bpy)3 2+) realized stable and significantly enhanced ECL signals at a low concentration of Ru(bpy)3 2+ (10 μM). Based on the quenching effect of TCP on the ECL signal of Ru(bpy)3 2+, highly sensitive ECL detection of TCP was achieved by the VMSF/CNNS/GCE with a linear range from 10 nM to 0.7 mM and a low detection limit (DL) of 2.2 nM. As the metabolic end product of prochloraz is TCP, indirect ECL detection of prochloraz was also accomplished by measuring the produced TCP. Combined with anti-fouling and anti-interference abilities, as well as signal amplification of VMSF, the developed VMSF/CNNS/GCE sensor enabled the sensitive ECL detection of TCP in pond water and prochloraz in orange peel extract.

Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Peltophorum Pterocarpum Flowers for Selective Fluorescence Detection of Carbendazim.

In this study, carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from Peltophorum pterocarpum flowers as the precursor material using the hydrothermal method. The fluorescence emission spectra of the resulting Peltophorum pterocarpum CDs (PP-CDs) exhibited excitation-independent behavior, showing the fluorescence emission peak at 410 nm when excited at 330 nm. This method is simple, rapid and well consistent with the green chemistry and sustainable analytical method development. The as-synthesized PP-CDs acted as a promising fluorescent probe for detecting carbendazim (CBZ) via aggregation-induced emission mechanism, showing a linear response to CBZ concentrations ranging from 1 to 30 μM, with a detection limit of 5.41 nM. This method was successfully applied to quantify CBZ in food samples, achieving excellent recoveries of 99% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2%.

Colorimetric loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for identification of crocodile meat in raw meat and commercial processed meat products

SummaryDeliberate and accidental adulteration or substitution of crocodile meat with other meats is possibly seen in meat products, which could be challenging to identify. This research aims to develop a new loop‐mediated isothermal amplification for accurately identifying crocodile meat in raw meat and processed food samples. Conditions for LAMP were initially optimised. The LAMP was proven for its high specificity to only crocodile DNA. The LAMP revealed a detection limit of 1 pg/μL crocodile DNA and 0.01% (w/w) crocodile meat in meat admixtures. From forty‐seven commercial processed meat samples, the LAMP detected crocodile content in ten products with the declaration of crocodile on their labels. Without the requirement of DNA purification, the direct LAMP showed its ability to detect crocodile content in both fresh meat and processed meat samples. This LAMP could become a promising alternative to support the food industry, especially for on‐site services and limited‐resource laboratories.

Magnetic solid phase extraction of methiocarb pesticide from food samples prior to HPLC analysis with magnetic activated carbon cloth/zinc aluminate (magnetic ACC@ZnAl2O4) composite

Methiocarb is a carbamate pesticide and is widely used due to its short lifetime but is a health concern due to its toxicity. To address this challenge, a novel nano-sorbent (zinc aluminate hybrid doped onto a magnetic activated carbon cloth (magnetic ACC@ZnAl2O4)) was synthesized. The characterization of the composite was done using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDX. The synthesized composite was then employed for the efficient extraction of methiocarb from food samples. Under the optimum conditions of (pH: 7.0, vortex time: 0.5 min, adsorbent dose: 5 mg, initial volume of sample: 50 mL, volume of eluent: 1.0 mL), quantitative recovery values of methiocarb in food samples were obtained (80–114%). This method impresses with its exceptional sensitivity, achieving incredibly low detection (LOD: 20 µg L−1) and quantification (LOQ: 67 µg L−1) limits for methiocarb. Its efficiency is equally impressive, with high values of preconcentration factor (PF: 50) and enhancement factor (EF: 49.4), ensuring accurate and reliable analysis with a low value of relative standard deviation (RSD: 4.8%). The method’s impressive selectivity, evident in its minimal interference from other pesticides, paves the way for reliable methiocarb analysis in food samples.

Ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction of maneb in water and food samples with new hybrid block copolymer material prior to micro-spectrophotometric analysis

A simple and effective ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (UA-dμSPE) method was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of traces maneb in food and water. In this study, a new hybrid block copolymer poly (vinyl benzyl chloride-b-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (Pvb-DMA) was synthesized and characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM-EDX. The synthesized Pvb-DMA was used as an adsorbent for the extraction of maneb for first time in this study. The effects of different experimental variables such as pH, adsorbent amount, sample volume, eluent type were optimized. The statistical toll factorial design was applied to estimate the individual and combined impact of parameters on the extraction of maneb. The applicability of different solvents such as acetone, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile for maneb recovery from adsorbent was tested. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 3.3 ng mL−1 and 10.0 ng mL−1, respectively. In addition, the preconcentration factor and linear range was obtained 300 and 10–500 ng mL−1. The extraction recovery and relative standard deviation were found to be 95 % and 2.8 %, respectively.

Rhodamine 6G-PAH probes for heavy metal: Fluorescence detection, bioimaging, and solid-phase sensing application

Four rhodamine 6G-PAH probes with pyrene (R6G-Pyr), anthracene (R6G-Ant), acenaphthene (R6G-Acp) or phenanthrene (R6G-PA) as fluorophore were designed and synthesized for Hg(II) detection. Probe R6G-PA, which had the lowest detection limit of 0.84 nmol/L, displayed the best fluorescence performance as compared to the other three probes. This type of probe had good anti-interference properties against most common metal ions except Cu(II). Metal Cu(II) had a certain quenching effect on the fluorescence generated by Hg(II), with a minimum detection limit of 0.31 nmol/L (for R6G-Acp), indicating its potential practicability for Cu(II) detection. The structure-fluorescence relationship was discussed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and R6G-PA + Hg(II), which had the minimum dihedral angle between polycyclic aromatic rings and rhodamine spiro ring, produced the strongest π-π accumulation and provided the brightest fluorescence. Probe R6G-PA was successfully employed for fluorescence detection of Hg(II) in biological samples. Its solid-phase sensor PS@R6G-PA was developed by immobilizing R6G-PA on PS microspheres for the determination of Hg(II) in water and food samples, with excellent reproducibility and fluorescence “on/off” response. The relative error of the spiked recovery rate was less than 10 %.

Highly sensitive assaying study based on three-dimensional graphene/cerium oxide nanoparticle nanozyme for the detecting of organophosphate pesticides in vegetable

As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, the on-site and efficient detection of pesticide residues has become a global trend and hotspot in research. Herein, this work present a highly sensitive assaying study based on three-dimensional graphene/cerium oxide nanoparticle nanozyme for the detection of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in vegetable. The detection mechanism is because OPs can inhibit the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Cerium oxide nanoparticles exhibited intrinsic biomimetic oxidase activity and catalyzed the oxidation of the colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized oxTMB. Upon the introduction of ALP, L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate can be dephosphorylated to ascorbic acid, which aroused the disintegration of cerium oxide nanoparticles into Ce3+ ions. This disintegration weakened the enzyme-mimicking activity, thus impeding the oxidation of TMB. The absorbance at 652 nm exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration of phorate in the range of 0.15–50 μg/mL, generating a limit of detection of 0.13 μg/mL, Phorate recovery in the spiked samples for the absorption detection mode was 81.0 %–96.7 %. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the absorption were in the range of 2.18 %–4.12 %. The results in terms of detecting pesticide residues collected from food samples via this method satisfactorily agree with those obtained via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This simple assay is therefore suitable for sensing pesticides in complex samples, especially in combination with other portable platforms.

Amperometric Detection of Acrylamide in Fried Food using Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Acrylamide, a potential toxin and possible carcinogen, is formed in starchy foods cooked at high temperatures and poses a serious food safety concern. This study presents an amperometric sensor using green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves for the detection of acrylamide (Acr) in fried foods, with a focus on fried plantain chips. The use of AgNPs in conjunction with the specificity of hemoglobin (Hb) provides a rapid and accurate detection mechanism for Acr. Characterization of the AgNPs revealed their crystalline nature and excellent electron transfer properties, which are essential for effective sensor functionality. The sensor responded quickly and was able to accurately identify acrylamide concentrations as low as 5 mM within just 10 s. In addition, it demonstrated high precision, stability, and robust correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography analyzes in real food samples, confirming its practicality as an essential tool for ensuring food safety and quality control. This study highlights the benefits of green synthesis in acrylamide sensing and promotes the use of environmentally friendly materials in food safety applications.

A turn-off xanthene-based fluorescent probe for detection of cysteine and its practical application in bioimaging and food samples

BackgroundCys, as an essential amino acid that can be ingested from daily food, plays an important role in maintaining the oxidative balance in cells. Abnormal Cys levels in organisms will lead to various diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to construct a fluorescent probe that can detect Cys levels in food and biological systems. ResultsHere, a turn-off type probe TA had been successfully synthesized, which attached diethylamine as the strong electron donor, acrylate as the weak electron donor, and xanthene as the π-bridge. TA showed wonderful selectivity, low detection limit, good photostability and well live-cell compatibility for Cys by reducing acrylate group to hydroxyl group of TAOH. The reaction mechanism was demonstrated by 1H NMR, ESI-MS spectra, pH-dependent response experiments, and DFT calculations. Importantly, the reason why TAOH exhibited no fluorescence was the disappearance of the ICT effect in the molecule due to the dominant existence of spirocyclic state of TAOH. In addition, the probe can be used not only for the imaging detection of Cys in A549 cells and zebrafish, but also for the detection of Cys levels in food samples. SignificanceThis work provides a new idea for the design of Cys fluorescent probe, which may be beneficial to the comprehension of the potential mechanism of novel fluorescent probe.

MoS2_CNTs_aerogel-based PEDOT nanocomposite electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of chloramphenicol and furazolidone in food samples

Toxic intermediates in food caused by chloramphenicol (CP) and furazolidone (FZ) have gained interest in research toward their detection. Hence, fast, reliable, and accurate detection of CP and FZ in food products is of utmost importance. Here, a novel molybdenum disulfide-connected carbon nanotube aerogel/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT] nanocomposite materials are constructed and deposited on the pretreated carbon paste electrode (PCPE) by a facile eletropolymerization method. The characterization of MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT nanocomposite was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry. The modified MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT nanocomposite has improved sensing characteristics for detecting CP and FZ in PBS solution. For this work, we have studied various parameters like electrocatalytic activity, the effect of scan rates, pH variation studies, and concentration variation studies. Under optimum conditions, the modified electrode exhibited superior sensing ability compared to the bare and pretreated CPE. This improvement in electrocatalytic activity can be the higher conductivity, larger surface area, increased heterogeneous rate constant, and presence of more active sites in the MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT nanocomposite. The modified electrode demonstrated distinct electrochemical sensing toward the individual and simultaneous analysis of CP and FZ with a high sensitivity of 0.701 µA. µM−1 .cm−2 for CP and 0.787 µA. µM−1 .cm−2 for FZ and a low detection limit of 3.74 nM for CP and 3.83 nM for FZ with good reproducibility, repeatability, and interferences. Additionally, the prepared sensor effectively detects CP and FZ in food samples (honey and milk) with an acceptable recovery range and a relative standard deviation below 4%.

Synthesis of Multifunctional Chemosensors for Naked Eye Detection of Cu2+ and Hg2+; Application in Paper Strips, Water, and Food Sample

AbstractThree chemosensors ISA‐1, ISA‐2, and ISA‐3 were synthesized for the detection of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions in a 50% H₂O‐DMF solution. ISA‐1 is specifically designed for the detection of Cu2+ ions, while ISA‐2 can detect both Cu2⁺ and Hg2⁺ ions. Upon interaction with Cu2⁺, ISA‐1 undergoes a naked‐eye colorimetric transition from pink to blue. ISA‐2 exhibits a similar pink‐to‐blue color change in the presence of Cu2+ ion, however, colorless when exposed to Hg2+ ion. The detection limits for Cu2+ using ISA‐1 and ISA‐2 are 0.574 ppm and 0.0074 ppm, respectively, both of which are significantly lower than the WHO guideline of ≤1.5 ppm for Cu2+ in drinking water. These chemosensors have also been successfully integrated into paper strips and logic gate systems and applied for the analysis of water and food samples.

Rapid ion pair-based surfactant-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of selected anionic dyes in food samples

Ion pair-based surfactant-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drops has been developed to extract Allura red (AR), tartrazine (TAR), and fast green (FG) prior to spectrophotometric determination. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was employed as ion-pairing agent to enhance the hydrophobic behavior of anionic dyes. 1-undecanol and ethanol were used as the extraction and dispersion solvents, respectively. The dyes were quantitatively extracted in the presence of KCl (0.15 mol L−1) at pH 4.0. The method exhibits wide linearity (15.0–1500.0 μg L−1 for AR, 35.0–2000.0 μg L−1 for TAR, and 3.0–1200.0 μg L−1 for FG) with preconcentration factors of 19.6, 20.1, and 19.9, respectively. The detection limit was 3.7. 9.5, and 0.83 μg L−1 for AR, TAR, and FG, respectively. The relative standard deviation did not exceed 2.1 %. The procedure was applied for the determination of these dyes in food samples.

Comprehensive research on the properties of advanced glycation end products in food and biological samples and their harmful role in inducing metabolic diseases.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed by the Maillard reaction, a nonenzymatic process that occurs widely in cooking, food processing, and within the human body. Primarily, AGEs are formed by the glycation of reducing sugars with amino groups, and this process is heat-dependent. With changes in lifestyle, there has been an increase in the diversity of dietary habits, including those patterns associated with Western diets, which include the consumption of processed foods that are rich in AGEs. Excessive intake and exposure to AGEs are known to cause abnormalities in body function such as obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver, and the beneficial effects of AGEs in food processing in improving food flavor and quality. To obtain meaningful data regarding AGEs in a variety of food and human samples, it is necessary to more precisely characterize and analyze the AGEs extracted from samples to obtain accurate results. This review explores the recent analytical research and characterization of AGEs in foods, including casein, β-lactoglobulin, soy protein, and meat protein, and in human samples, such as glycated-albumin, hemoglobin, and plasma. Additionally, it explores the metabolic fate of AGEs in the body and the mechanisms of disease associated with metabolic abnormalities that may be caused by the consumption of foods containing AGEs. This review aims to provide an overview of the perspectives of relevant recent and future research on metabolic abnormalities caused by foods containing AGEs or by AGEs produced in the body.

Fabrication of copper tungstate nanoparticles on screen printed carbon electrode: A disposable strip for the electrochemical detection of the food additive tertiary Butylhydroquinone

Food additives enhance sensory pleasure and improve marketability in food product formulations, yet their potential health risks are highly consequential. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), in this regard, has a controversial reputation owing to its neurotoxic effects, which include convulsions and other chronic issues. This situation underscores the need for an advanced electrochemical sensing platform. The current study advocates the utilization of copper tungstate nanoparticles to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency in TBHQ detection, thus addressing the challenges posed by the excessive use of additives and safeguarding the integrity of the food supply chain. Hydrothermally synthesized CuWO4 nanoparticles exhibited superior physicochemical and morphological characteristics, bringing about wide linear response ranges (0.01 to 789 μM), high selectivity, excellent anti-interference capabilities, and a low detection limit of 0.9 nM (S/N = 3). The CuWO4 modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) presents promising recovery ranges in food samples, facilitating real-time monitoring and streamlining the quality assessment of food additives.

Characterization and genome analysis of a broad host range lytic phage vB_SenS_TUMS_E19 against Salmonella enterica and its efficiency evaluation in the liquid egg.

Salmonella enterica serovars are zoonotic bacterial that cause foodborne enteritis. Due to bacteria's antibiotic resistance, using bacteriophages for biocontrol and treatment is a new therapeutic approach. In this study, we isolated, characterized, and analyzed the genome of vB_SenS_TUMS_E19 (E19), a broad host range Salmonella bacteriophage, and evaluated the influence of E19 on liquid eggs infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the isolated bacteriophage had a siphovirus morphotype. E19 showed rapid adsorption (92% in 5min), a short latent period (18min), a large burst size (156 PFU per cell), and a broad host range against different Salmonella enterica serovars. Whole-genome sequencing analysis indicated that the isolated phage had a 42 813bp long genome with 49.8% G+C content. Neither tRNA genes nor those associated with antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, or lysogenic formation were detected in the genome. The efficacy of E19 was evaluated in liquid eggs inoculated with S. Enteritidis at 4 and 25 °C, and results showed that it could effectively eradicate S. Enteritidis in just 30min and prevented its growth up to 72h. Our findings indicate that E19 can be an alternative to a preservative to control Salmonella in food samples and help prevent and treat salmonellosis.

Selective chromogenic nanomolar level sensing of arsenite anions in food samples using dual binding site probes

In the present study, two chromogenic probes, N7R2 and N7R3, each containing two binding sites, were designed and synthesized for the selective detection of arsenite in DMSO/H2O (1:1, v/v). The probes exhibited stability across a pH range spanning from 5 to 12. The lower detection limits of 2.01 ppb (18.86 nM) for N7R2 and 1.79 ppb (16.75 nM) for N7R3, which are much lower than the WHO recommended permissible limit of arsenite, confirmed the superior efficiency of the probes in detecting arsenite. The detection mechanism for arsenite was proposed through UV and 1H NMR titrations, electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations. Practical applications were demonstrated through the fabrication of test strips and molecular logic gates. The probes efficiently recognized arsenite in real water, honey, milk samples, and fruit/vegetable juices. Both N7R2 and N7R3 exhibited excellent recovery rates in the analysis of food samples, demonstrating the probes' usefulness in real sample analysis.

Health risk assessment for dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, and glycidol for Italian consumers

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD) and 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol), in their free form or esterified to fatty acids, are food contaminants formed during the refinement of oils and fats. We conducted a survey to quantify the levels of these compounds in 130 food items, in order to assess the exposure to them in food and the consequent health risk for consumers. Food samples, including infant formula, were analysed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry with the indirect method, and we used the latest open access food consumption database for the Italian population for a probabilistic assessment of exposure. We adopted an in silico approach to fill the gap for the toxicity of 2-MCPD. The occurrence values for the three contaminants in food were in most cases lower than or comparable to those reported in previous surveys. Exposure assessment for the most exposed individuals (95thpercentiles of consumers only) of different age groups, gave values below the tolerable daily intake recommended by the European Food Safety Authority for 3-MCPD and below the simulated or predicted toxicity thresholds for 2-MCPD, indicating a negligible risk due to dietary exposure to these contaminants. For glycidol, however, estimated exposure indicated a non-negligible increase in cancer risk, and a margin of exposure <25,000 for younger population groups, indicating a potential health concern.

Selective cyanide ion detection using hydrazine carbothioamide probe: A fluorescence turn-on approach

This study reports the synthesis of various hydrazine carbothioamide derivatives through a Schiff base reaction, confirmed by FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C), and HRMS spectroscopic methods. Among the synthesized derivatives, probe L ((4-fluorobenzylidene)-2-(1-phenylethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) was identified as a highly selective fluorometric chemosensor based on its absorbance and emission spectra. Probe L showed a CN− ion-specific turn-on fluorescence response, with very little interference from other anions. Job's method established a 1:1 binding stoichiometry among probe L and the cyanide ion. The detection limits (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were observed to be 0.639 µM and 2.116 µM, respectively. With the use of FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR titration, 13C NMR and HRMS, the binding mechanism was clarified. Moreover, probe L was employed effectively for detecting CN− ions in water and food samples, highlighting its potential as a practical sensor for cyanide detection.

Quasi-hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for simultaneous automated determination of polar and non-polar dyes in food products

In this work, quasi-hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents were used for the first time for the efficient extraction of both polar (Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110), Azorubine (E122), Ponceau 4R (E124)) and non-polar (Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III) dyes from food products at the same time. These solvents were made from polar and nonpolar components, which made it possible to extract analytes of various natures. To automate the technique, a flow analysis method was used, which increases the speed and reliability of determining analytes in food samples. For a detailed study of extraction mechanisms, various process modeling methods were used. The proposed DES-based method addresses the limitations of traditional extraction methods, offering a more robust and efficient solution for food analysis. Validation of the method has demonstrated high precision, accuracy and extraction efficiency, making it a promising tool for regulatory compliance and consumer safety in the food industry. The following analytical characteristics were achieved: the limits of detection were 0.03–0.13 mg L−1, limits of quantification were 0.09–0.44 mg L−1, an extraction recovery exceeding 85 %, a linear range was from 1 to 100 mg L−1, and a relative standard deviation ranging from 2 % to 10 %. The experiments were confirmed by both Conductor Like Screening Model-Segment Activity Coefficient (COSMO-SAC) and the Non-Covalent Interaction using the Reduced Density Gradient of the DES-dye system in aqueous media.