Food Record Research Articles

Fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters reflects dietary fat intake after dietary interventions in a multinational population

BackgroundThe effects of different dietary fatty acids (FA) on cardiovascular risk still needs clarification. Plasma lipids composition may be a biomarker of FA dietary intake. PurposeTo evaluate in a composite population the relationships between changes in dietary fat intake and changes in FA levels in serum cholesterol esters. MethodsIn a multinational, parallel-design, dietary intervention (KANWU study), dietary intakes (3-day food record) and FA composition of serum cholesterol esters (gas-liquid chromatography) were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months in 162 healthy individuals, randomly assigned to a diet containing a high proportion of saturated (SFA) or monounsaturated (MUFA) fat, with a second random assignment to fish oil or placebo supplements. ResultsMain differences in serum lipid composition after the two diets included saturated (especially myristic, C14:0, and pentadecanoic, C15:0) and monounsaturated (oleic acid, C18:1 n-9) FA. C14:0 and C15:0 were related to SFA intake, while C18:1 n-9 was associated with MUFA intake. Fish oil supplementation induced a marked increase in eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids. After the 3-month intervention, Δ-9 desaturase activity, calculated as palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid (C16:1/C16:0) ratio, was more reduced after the MUFA (0.31±0.10 vs 0.25±0.09, p<0.0001) than SFA diet (0.31±0.09 vs 0.29±0.08, p=0.006), with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p<0.0001). ConclusionsThis study shows that serum cholesterol ester FA composition can be used during randomized controlled trials as an objective indicator of adherence to experimental diets based on saturated and monounsaturated fat modifications, as well as fish oil supplementation.

Evaluation of eating habits by 7-day food record: web-PC vs. traditional paper format

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a web-based 7-day food-record using METADIETA-web link (Meteda s.r.l.) – a professional software used in nutritional practice and research – compared with the traditional paper format. Twenty-six healthy adults of both sexes were recruited in this cross-over study based on the number coming from the sample size calculation, and randomly assigned to start with METADIETA-web or traditional 7-Day Food-Diary. All the 7-day food-diaries were recorded in the Metadieta-software. The System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire was administered to evaluate the participants’ preferences in terms of usability, acceptability, and feasibility. Differences in energy intake, nutrient composition, and SUS between the digital and traditional modalities were evaluated. Energy and nutrients were not significantly different between the two methods with a variation <15%, with alcohol intake showing the strongest relation (0.1% variation). The Interclass Correlation Coefficient showed a grade of consistency between the two methods excellent for alcohol, good for proteins, carbohydrates, and fibre, moderate for energy and saturated fat, and poor for total fat and cholesterol. SUS suggested that the web-based platform was in general well accepted, but highlighted some inconsistencies and complexity compared to the written food diary. The web-based 7-day food-record may allow an accurate and quicker analysis of food timing than conventional approaches, seeming reliable for energy and macronutrient composition, making it a potentially attractive tool for nutritional research. However, the reported inconsistencies and complexity must be considered and addressed.

Development and validity of a short web-based semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire applicable in both clinical and research setting: an evolution over time.

Assessing dietary intake is valuable both in clinical practice and in research. In research and in clinical practice, long-term habitual dietary intake is most often of interest. Therefore, a web-based semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to measure habitual intake of nutrients and foods. This study aimed to assess content validity, convergent validity, and reliability of a 32-item semi-quantitative FFQ for adults. A total of three different cohorts of Flemish adults were recruited in the past 10 years. The first cross-sectional validation study took place in 2013, consequently in 2019 and 2021. Content validity was assessed in 2019 through a semi-structured cognitive interview. Convergent validity was assessed by examining mean differences, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman's correlation coefficients (SCC), and Bland-Altman analysis for energy, nutrient, and food group intake compared with a 3-day food record (FR). Additionally, consumers-only analysis was performed together with cross-classification analysis by assessing the ranking capabilities of the FFQ into quartiles and weighted kappa. Reliability was assessed through the evaluation of SCC and intra-class correlation (ICC) of test-retest assessment of the FFQ. Spearman's correlation coefficient (SCC) for energy and absolute nutrient intake between the FFQ and the FR ranged from 0.02 to 0.54. Compared with absolute macronutrients, higher SCC was found for the majority of the relative macronutrient intake and most food groups. Bland-Altman plots showed improved agreement and decreasing bias between the FFQ and the FR over time. Misclassification of the FFQ for nutrients was acceptable and decreased over time (7.4, 7.5, and 6.8% in 2013, 2019, and 2021, respectively), but weighted kappa remained mostly fair (κ ≤ 0.20). The reliability of the FFQ was good and improved over time (mean SCC of 0.65 and 0.66 p <0.001 in 2013 and 2019). The short web-based FFQ is an easy, low-cost, and feasible tool with good reliability, low misclassification, and acceptable validity to compare nutrient densities and food group intake at the population level. The measurement of absolute intake remains debatable.

Child temperament is associated with energy intake and its day-to-day variability among preschoolers-Results from a cross-sectional DAGIS study.

Although research has linked children's temperament with weight outcomes, the associations between temperament and dietary outcomes, particularly energy intake, remain understudied. Furthermore, little is known about how temperament is associated with diet in the early childhood education and care (ECEC) context, which is an important environment for many children. This study examined whether temperament is associated with mean energy intake and its day-to-day variability. In addition, the associations were examined separately in the contexts of home and ECEC. The study used data from 505 Finnish children from a cross-sectional DAGIS study conducted in 2015-2016. Parents reported their child's temperament with a questionnaire and food consumption with a food record for two weekdays (outside daycare hours) and one weekend day. Early educators at an ECEC centre reported the child's food consumption during the daycare hours on the same weekdays as the parents kept food records at home. Associations were examined with linear regression models. Children with higher surgency had a higher mean daily energy intake. When examined separately at home and in the ECEC centre, the association was found only in the ECEC centre. Children with higher negative affectivity had greater day-to-day variability in energy intake. This association, however, was not observed when examined separately at home and at the ECEC centre. The results indicate that temperament may shape children's energy intake. Moreover, the role of the ECEC context in children's eating may be different depending on a child's temperamental dispositions, which warrants further research.

Toddlers may be getting enough iron in long day-care services after all.

Previous research has suggested that toddlers are not provided with adequate dietary iron in long-day care (LDC) services. However, the iron bioavailability provided is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the amount and bioavailability of iron provided to toddlers aged 2-3 years at LDC services. A cross-sectional audit was conducted using a 2-day weighed food record of 30 LDC services. Iron provision (not child intake) in LDC services across Perth, Australia was compared with the estimated average requirements (EAR) and LDC services provision guidelines (50% of EAR = 2 mg/day based on a 14% bioavailability factor). Bioavailability was estimated per mealtime using haem and non-haem iron, ascorbic acid, animal protein, calcium, soy, eggs and phytates using two pre-existing algorithms (by A. P. Rickard and colleagues and H. Hallberg and H. Hulten). Median iron supplied (2.52 mg/day, interquartile range [IQR] = 2.43-3.17) was above the 50% of EAR of 2.0 mg/day (p < 0.001). Median bioavailable iron was 0.6 mg/day (IQR = 0.54-0.8) using the method of Rickard et al. and 0.51 mg/day (IQR = 0.43, 0.76 using that of Hallberg and Hulthen). The top three foods contributing to iron provision were bread, breakfast cereals and beef. Our results suggest that LDC services in Perth are meeting the minimum recommendation of provision of 50% of the iron EAR, and also that toddlers are provided with sufficient bioavailable iron. Future strategies should focus on promoting food combinations to maintain the iron bioavailability in meals currently served at LDC services.

The Waist-Hip Ratio is a Mediator Between Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Its Val66Met Polymorphism in Adolescents.

To explore anthropometric, metabolic and dietary factors associated with and their interplays with the Val66Met polymorphism at brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (Bdnf) on serum BDNF levels in adolescents. Serum BDNF levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 644 high school students (278 males/366 females). A polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay were utilized for Bdnf Val66Met genotyping followed by verification using DNA sequencing. Serum levels of metabolic characteristics were assayed by routine methods. The intake of macro and micronutrients was collected by a three-day food record. Serum BDNF levels were found to be significantly different in the subjects with different genotypes of Bdnf Val66Met (Val/Val homozygotes, 60.05 ± 28.07 ng/mL vs Val/Met heterozygotes, 56.37 ± 29.34 ng/mL vs Met/Met homozygotes, 51.32 ± 24.54 ng/mL, p = 0.022). Among the 36 tested variables, waist-hip ratio (WHR) (β = -0.163, p < 0.001), iodine intake (β = 0.132, p = 0.001), heart rate (β = 0.108, p = 0.005), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (β = 0.098, p = 0.011) and dietary fiber intake (β = 0.082, p = 0.084) were the predictor of serum BDNF levels, while SBP (β = 0.097, p = 0.013) and WHR (β = 0.091, p = 0.021) were related with Bdnf Val66Met. Moreover, WHR was observed to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between Bdnf Val66Met and serum BDNF levels (95% CI [-1.161, -0.087]) and contribute 13.05% of its total effect on serum BDNF levels. There are interplays between WHR and Bdnf Val66Met on serum BDNF levels, which may be among the explanations for the previous heterogeneous reports and provide novel insights into the regulation of serum BDNF levels.

Sex Differences in Gut Microbiota Fatty Acid Metabolism in Human Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure

Salt sensitivity is a trait in which high dietary sodium (Na+) intake causes an increase in blood pressure. We previously demonstrated that in the gut, elevated dietary Na+ causes dysbiosis. The mechanistic interplay between excess dietary Na+-induced alteration in the gut microbiome and sex differences is less understood. The goal of this study was to identify novel metabolites in salt sensitivity and sex differences in response to a high dietary Na+ intake. We hypothesized that excess dietary salt-induced dysbiosis is associated with distinct metabolomic changes in men and women. We performed plasma metabolomics analysis and measured blood pressure of human volunteers who completed a validated 3-day food record to estimate dietary Na+ intake. Based on the recommendations by the American Heart Association, we classified daily Na+ intake of &lt;2.3g as normal salt and high salt for subjects consuming ≥ 2.3g Na+. Spearman correlation was used to assess the relationship between Na+ intake and blood pressure. We also performed RNA sequencing on human (N=11) monocytes treated with high salt in vitro. The relationship between dietary Na+ intake and mean arterial pressure was different in women (r=0.3422, p=0.0022, N=81) and men (r=0.4552, p=0.0010, N=49). Network analysis of human plasma untargeted metabolome revealed fatty acids as top subnetworks differentially changed with salt intake. In subjects consuming a high Na+ diet, levels of linoleate (1.211 ± 0.330 vs. 0.869 ± 0.170; p&lt;0.001); palmitate (1.155 ± 0.292 vs. 0.924 ± 0.233; p= 0.003); arachidonic acid (1.119 ± 0.242 vs. 0.965 ± 0.201; p=0.015); and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (1.329 ± 0.925 vs. 0.902 ± 0.520; p=0.0469) were higher in women (28) than men (25). In contrast, we observed no sex differences in these parameters between men and women consuming a normal salt diet. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that exposure of human monocytes to high salt in vitro upregulated transcription of fatty acid receptors and arachidonic acid-related genes. Specifically, ALOX12 (277.8 ± 13.8 vs. 169.5 ± 16.7, p&lt;0.0001) which encodes for arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, ALOX5AP (6459 ± 1553 vs. 2598 ± 30, p=0.0310) which encodes for 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, and FFR2 (418.1 ± 97.8 vs. 115.9 ± 29.4, p=0.0078) which encodes for free fatty acids receptor 2 were increased in human monocytes, and this was associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype. These findings suggest that excess dietary Na+ is associated with fatty acid metabolism dysregulation, and that the arachidonic acid pathway may potentially play a role in sex differences of salt-sensitive hypertension. This work was supported by American Heart Association grants POST9034281 (to JAI) and 15SDG24890015 (to JFF) and NIH grants K01HL130497 (to AK) as well as Venture Pilot Funding (to AK) from Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4) and a P&amp;F award (to JFF) from Vanderbilt University Medical Center's Digestive Disease Research Center supported by NIH grant P30DK058404. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Association between Parents' Consumption of Vegetables and Fruit and Students' Consumption of Vegetables and Fruit in Jakarta, Indonesia

The increased risk of non-communicable diseases is still a problem in Indonesia, one of which is the lack of fruit and vegetable consumption. Available data show that although fruits and vegetables have a protective effect, the average consumption of fruits and vegetables is still below the recommended intake, especially in adolescents. This study aims to determine the description of fruit and vegetable consumption and to determine the factors of food parenting practices and other factors related to fruit and vegetable consumption in students of SMAN 37 Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design conducted on 160 students with a simple random sampling method. Data was collected by filling out questionnaires and food record forms independently by respondents who were monitored online from July-August 2022. The results showed that 88.8 percent of respondents still consumed less fruit and vegetables (&lt;400 grams/day). The bivariate results showed that there was a significant relationship between parents fruit and vegetable intake and fruit and vegetable consump-tion(p-value=0,000). It is recommended to provide nutrition education to adolescents and parents regarding knowledge related to the recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables, and the benefits and impacts of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Türkiye’de Yaşayan Vegan - Vejetaryen Bireylerin Beslenme Durumlarının Kıyaslanması Üzerine Pilot Bir Çalışma

Aim: Vegan and vegetarian diets are in an increasing trend worldwide in recent years. Vegan/vegetarian diets, which are known to have positive effects on health, may result in nutrient deficiencies if they are not balanced. It is important to determine the nutritional status of vegan and vegetarian individuals, whose number is increasing in Turkey, in order to build national recommendations. This study was conducted as a pilot study to determine the energy and nutrient intake of vegan/vegetarian individuals living in Turkey. Subjects and Method: A total of 285 volunteered vegan/vegetarian individuals aged 19-64 years participated in the study. The general information and vegan/vegetarian status of the participants were questioned with an online survey. After answering the survey, 38 volunteered participants kept a consecutive three-day “24-h food record” and shared it with the researchers. The energy and nutrient intakes of the individuals and the rates of meeting their requirements were calculated. Chi-square test of independence was used to compare individuals’ vegan/vegetarian status by gender and general knowledge by vegan/vegetarian status; independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for age, energy and nutrient comparisons between groups. Results: The majority of the participants were female (79.3%), holding at least a bachelor’s degree (89.5%), and had a normal BMI value (72.6%). Rate of vegan and vegetarian participants that were not able to meet their energy and nutrient requirements were as follows respectively: 76.5%, 85.7% for energy (kcal); 52.9%, 95.2% for carbohydrate (%); 100%, 52.4% for vitamin B12; 64.7% 61.9% for folate; 94.1%, 76.2% for calcium; 64.7%, 76.2% for iron; and 88.2%, 71.4% for zinc. Conclusion: It has been observed that vegan and vegetarian individuals living in Turkey are at risk of several nutrient deficiencies. Considering the increasing trend of vegan and vegetarian diets, it is necessary to determine the nutritional status of individuals on a large scale and to raise awareness of individuals. It is important that the recommendations specific to vegan/vegetarian individuals in national nutrition guidelines are implemented by vegan/vegetarian individuals, health professionals and food service providers.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass affects the expression of genes related to the intestinal folate metabolism pathway in obese women

ObjectivesRoux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) promotes sustained weight loss, and the resulting new gastrointestinal anatomy can contribute to nutritional depletions. Folate deficiency is one of the most frequently observed nutritional deficiencies after RYGB. The aim of this study was to assess whether RYGB affects the expression of genes related to the intestinal folate metabolism pathway as an additional molecular mechanism contributing to its postoperative deficiency. MethodsBiopsies from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 20 obese women were collected before and 3 mo after RYGB. The expression of genes involved in intestinal folate metabolism was assessed by microarray and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Folate intake (7-d food record) and plasma levels (electrochemiluminescence) also were measured. ResultsCompared with the preoperative phase, transcriptomic alterations were observed in all intestinal segments studied after RYBG, mainly marked by decreased expression of genes encoding folate transporters/receptors and increased expression of genes involved in folate biosynthesis (P < 0.05). Reduced folate intake and plasma folate levels were also observed simultaneously (P < 0.05). Plasma folate concentrations correlated inversely with intestinal FOLR2 and SHMT2 genes (P < 0.001). ConclusionThe present findings suggested that impaired expression of genes related to intestinal folate metabolism may contribute to the early systemic deficiency after RYGB and highlight a potential transcriptomic reprogramming of the intestine in response to RYGB to compensate for folate depletion induced by this surgical technique.

Relative Validity and Reliability of the Remind App as an Image-Based Method to Assess Dietary Intake and Meal Timing in Young Adults.

Image-based dietary records have been validated as tools to evaluate dietary intake. However, to determine meal timing, previous studies have relied primarily on image-based smartphone applications without validation. Noteworthy, the validation process is necessary to determine how accurately a test method measures meal timing compared with a reference method over the same time period. Thus, we aimed to assess the relative validity and reliability of the Remind® app as an image-based method to assess dietary intake and meal timing. For this purpose, 71 young adults (aged 20-33 years, 81.7% women) were recruited for a 3-day cross-sectional study, where they completed a 3-day image-based record using the Remind app (test method) and a 3-day handwritten food record (reference method). The relative validity of the test method versus the reference method was assessed using multiple tests including Bland-Altman, % difference, paired t-test/Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Pearson/Spearman correlation coefficients, and cross-classification. We also evaluated the reliability of the test method using an intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficient. The results showed that, compared to the reference method, the relative validity of the test method was good for assessing energy and macronutrient intake, as well as meal timing. Meanwhile, the relative validity of the test method to assess micronutrient intake was poor (p < 0.05) for some micronutrients (iron, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, C, and E, and folates) and some food groups (cereals and grains, legumes, tubers, oils, and fats). Regarding the reliability of an image-based method to assess dietary intake and meal timing, results ranged from moderate to excellent (ICC 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.50-1.00) for all nutrients, food groups (except oils and fats, which had low to moderate reliability), and meal timings. Thus, the results obtained in this study provide evidence of the relative validity and reliability of image-based methods to assess dietary intake (energy, macronutrients, and most food groups) and meal timing. These results open up a new framework for chrononutrition, as these methods improve the quality of the data collected and also reduce the burden on users to accurately estimate portion size and the timing of meals.

Dietary quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes

Objective: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing in parallel with maternal obesity. The main components of treatment are monitoring blood glucose levels with medical nutrition therapy and lifestyle modification in order to prevent short- and long-term materno-fetal complications. This study aimed to compare the diet quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without GDM. Methods: This case-control study included 68 pregnant women. Each participant was face-to-face interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic information, general health information, nutritional habits, and registered three days of food record. Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) were applied in order to assess mindful eating and diet quality, respectively. Results: Mean pre-pregnancy body mass index of women was 27.42+5.44 kg/m2, 66.7% of the gestational diabetes group and 29.4% of the control group was obese. Differences in HEI adequacy subgroup scores between the groups were significant. Mean MEQ scores were 2.85±0.34 and 3.13±0.44 in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and control cases, respectively (r=0.61, p=0003, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that pregnant women with gestational diabetes had lower mindful eating and diet quality scores.

The Effect of Nutrition Counseling and RESTTM Diet also Occupational Factors on Weight Loss among Hospitals Nurses with Excessive Weight Nutritional Status (Study in The Occupational Health Hospital of West Java Province)

Background: Nurse has a risk to get an excessive weight nutritional status that can increase the risk of serious health problems, such as heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The intervention of nutrition counseling and diet are expected to lose weight in people with excessive weight nutritional status. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nutrition counseling and the implementation of Rendah Energi, Seimbang dan Teratur (REST) diet on weight loss among hospital nurses with excessive weight nutritional status in the hospital.Methods: The study was conducted at Occupational Health Hospital of West Java with 22 nurses as study subjects with excessive weight nutritional status, implemented nutrition counseling intervention, a RESTTM Diet and also used the Bouchard questionnaire, OSI-RTM questionnaire and food record sheets.Results: The greatest average weight loss after receiving nutrition counseling and implementing a RESTTM Diet occurred in the 12th week of the last observation. It was 2.6 kg with 95% CI=1.3-3.9 kg. Based on the bivariate test showed gender had a significant effect on the average weight loss. The male nurses had greater average weight loss than female nurses (p=0.038). The average weight loss of male nurses was 3.1 ± 1.7kg and female nurses 1.6 ± 1.3kg. Meanwhile, the effect of occupational factors on weight loss after receiving nutrition counseling and implementing the RESTTM Diet did not show a significant effect, such as job position (p=0.948), the number of working hours (p=0.220), work shift schedule (p=0.692) and work stress (p=0.813).Conclusions: There was an effect of nutrition counseling and RESTTM Diet during 12 weeks on weight loss among the hospital nurses with excessive weight nutritional status in the hospital.

The Role of Tableware Size in Healthy Eating—Effects on Downstream Food Intake

Recent studies show that visual exposure to different portion sizes can lead to portion alterations in subsequent meals, suggesting that manipulations of tableware sizes may also modify portion size perception and downstream eating behaviour. The present study aims to address this novel question by testing 61 male participants (20-40 years; 19.7-41.5 kg·m-2) over three breakfast sessions in a controlled laboratory. In each session, the participant was served a pre-determined breakfast portion in either medium (control; CT), small (SC), or large (LC) jars. Participants were asked to rate post-meal satiety, and then recorded food intake for the rest of the day using Food Records. Our results indicated significant changes in post-meal satiety following the SC or LC condition, compared to CT (SC: 55.3 ± 10.8, LC: 31.0 ± 8.4, CT: 42.1 ± 9.6, F(2, 108) = 25.22, p < 0.001). SC led to a reduction in post-breakfast energy intake (F(2, 108) = 61.28, p < 0.001), but was counteracted by a substantial increase in downstream intake at the following meal (F(2, 108) = 47.79, p < 0.001), resulting in an overall increase in total daily energy intake (F(2, 108) = 11.45, p < 0.001). This study provides the first evidence that small tableware may not be a long-term solution for addressing overeating and related health issues (e.g., obesity), reinforcing the importance of considering downstream intake in eating-related intervention.

Effects and symptoms of dehydration in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes

Objective. To measure rapid weight loss and urinary indicators of hydration status, as well as to assess the effects and symptoms of dehydration in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes at different moments. Methods. 17 male BJJ athletes (aged: 24.4 ± 3.5 years; body mass (BM): 76.8 ± 14.6 kg; body fat: 16.6 ± 6.4%), were evaluated between 8 and 9 am at three different moments: Baseline (10 days pre- competition), measurement of BM and stature, collection of urine samples, and food record of the previous 24 hours; pre-competition, measurement of BM, urine samples, and questionnaire to assess rapid weight loss (RWL), and post-competition (24h after), day after competition, with measurement of BM, and urine samples for analysis of specific gravity. Results. There was a tendency to decrease BM to compete (baseline: 76.8 ± 14.6 kg, pre-competition: 75.4 ± 13.4 kg, post-competition: 77.3 ± 13.7 kg; p &lt; 0.07), with 88.2% of athletes using methods that increase dehydration. The majority of athletes were dehydrated at the three time points of the study (94.1%; USG = 1.021 ± 0.005 Usg at baseline, 88.2%; 1.020 ± 0.007 Usg at pre-competition, 88.2%; 1.022 ± 0.008 Usg on the post-competition day), accompanied by symptoms associated with RWL (82.4% increased heart rate, 52.9% headache, 47.1% hot flashes, 41.2% nausea, 41.2% disorientation, and 29.4% dizziness). Conclusions. Rapid pre-competitive weight loss and symptoms associated with dehydration were observed in the BJJ athletes. It is recommended that educational measures are promoted to inhibit RWL among BJJ athletes, requiring the engagement of health professionals and organizations that govern the sport (federations and confederations).

Impacts on Family Medicine in the Obesity Management

Obesity is a major public health concern requiring a comprehensive, effective management approach. Family medicine plays a critical role in the management of obesity, but the extent of its impact is not well-established. This literature review of the impact of family medicine on obesity management identifies the most effective strategies for the management of obesity in primary care. Patient education on weight, exercises, food, and body mass index (BMI) recording. Find studies focusing on family medicine's effects on managing children and adolescents' obesity. Family medicine interventions significantly reduced weight and BMI and improved obesity-related comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Although height and weight were measured for most children and adolescents, their BMI-for-age was not calculated, and they were unlikely to receive weight-related education. The most effective interventions included comprehensive lifestyle modifications, multidisciplinary team-based care, and continuous follow- up and support. Family medicine plays a critical role in the management of obesity, and its impact is significant in reducing weight and BMI and improving obesity-related comorbidities. The findings of this study focus on the importance of using family medicine to treat obesity. Overall, this study supports the ongoing efforts to address the obesity epidemic and promote public health through effective obesity management strategies.

Relative validity of a Diet Risk Score (DRS) for Chinese American adults

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the relative validity of the nine-item Diet Risk Score (DRS) among Chinese American adults using Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 scores. We provide...

Red Meat Intake, Indole-3-Acetate, and Dorea longicatena Together Affect Insulin Resistance after Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass (RYGB) promotes improvement in type 2 diabetes (T2D) shortly after surgery, with metabolic mechanisms yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between food intake, tryptophan metabolism, and gut microbiota on the glycemic control of obese T2D women after RYGB surgery. Twenty T2D women who underwent RYGB were evaluated before and three months after surgery. Food intake data were obtained by a seven-day food record and a food frequency questionnaire. Tryptophan metabolites were determined by untargeted metabolomic analysis, and the gut microbiota was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. The glycemic outcomes were fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-beta. Linear regression models were applied to assess the associations between the changes in food intake, tryptophan metabolism, and gut microbiota on glycemic control after RYGB. All variables changed after RYGB (p < 0.05), except for tryptophan intake. Jointly, the variation in red meat intake, plasma indole-3-acetate, and Dorea longicatena was associated with postoperative HOMA-IR {R2 0.80, R2 adj 0.74; p < 0.01}. Red meat intake decreased three months after bariatric surgery while indole-3-acetate and Dorea longicatena increased in the same period. These combined variables were associated with better insulin resistance in T2D women after RYGB.

Validation of a Thai semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (semi-FFQ) for people at risk of metabolic syndrome

BackgroundFood frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are a useful dietary assessment tool to determine relationships between diet and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Our purpose was to validate a semiquantitative FFQ (semi-FFQ) for Thais at risk of metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsThe researchers identified 345 men and women aged 30–65 years who were eligible for the study. Ninety-four participants were finally enrolled (54 in a “urine-collection not-required” group and 40 in a “urine collection” group). They were asked to maintain a 4-day food record for 4 weeks and partook in a semi-FFQ interview during week 4. Urine samples and biochemical results related to MS were collected. Validation results were associated with three primary nutrients for MS (sugar, fat, and sodium) and biochemical results (blood glucose, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and 24-h urine sodium).ResultsThe biomarker level of each key MS nutrient significantly increased commensurate with rises in semi-FFQ estimated intakes. Correlation coefficients (r) were as follows: fasting blood glucose, r = 0.221 (fruits) and r = 0.229 (desserts); triglycerides, r = 0.112 (a la carte-dishes); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, r = 0.205 (rice-with-topping dishes); systolic blood pressure, r = 0.272 (snacks) and r = 0.190 (a la carte dishes). Fasting blood glucose was a significant biomarker associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.12–1.81). We also found that fat (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.09–1.89), sodium (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.05–1.95) and energy (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17) from an a la carte meal were significantly associated with the development of metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsThai food has a unique characteristic since it often pairs various ingredients and seasoning in one menu. This semi-FFQ is a tool that offers relatively valid ranking for intake of energy, nutrients, single foods, and mixed dishes based on Thai menus associated with a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and NCDs. Using this tool could help identify unhealthy dietary patterns and help develop recommendations for people at risk with the goal of preventing NCDs.

Effects of a 16-Week Digital Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Behavior in Female Endurance Athletes with Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs).

Female endurance athletes are considered a high-risk group for developing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Due to the lack of educational and behavioral intervention studies, targeting and evaluating the effects of the practical daily management of REDs, we developed the Food and nUtrition for Endurance athletes-a Learning (FUEL) program, consisting of 16 weekly online lectures and individual athlete-centered nutrition counseling every other week. We recruited female endurance athletes from Norway (n = 60), Sweden (n = 84), Ireland (n = 17), and Germany (n = 47). Fifty athletes with symptoms of REDs and with low risk of eating disorders, with no use of hormonal contraceptives and no chronic diseases, were allocated to either the FUEL intervention (n = 32) (FUEL) or a 16-week control period (n = 18) (CON). All but one completed FUEL, while 15 completed CON. We found strong evidence for improvements in sports nutrition knowledge, assessed via interviews, and moderate to strong evidence in the ratings concerning self-perceived sports nutrition knowledge in FUEL versus CON. Analyses of the seven-day prospective weighed food record and questions related to sports nutrition habits, suggested weak evidence for improvements in FUEL versus CON. The FUEL intervention improved sports nutrition knowledge and suggested weak evidence for improved sports nutrition behavior in female endurance athletes with symptoms of REDs.