Food Nutrition Research Research Articles

Palm Lipid Emulsion Droplet Crystallinity and Gastric Acid Stability in Relation to in vitro Bioaccessibility and in vivo Gastric Emptying.

It is poorly understood how the physical state of emulsified triacylglycerol (TAG) alters colloidal behavior in the gastrointestinal tract to modulate lipid digestion and absorption. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects on fatty acid (FA) bioaccessibility using the dynamic TIM-1 in vitro digestion model and integrate the results with those from a human clinical study. Four 20% oil-in-water emulsions with overlapping particle size distributions contained either partially crystalline solid (palm stearin) or liquid (palm olein) lipid droplets at 37°C and either the colloidally acid-stable Tween 80 (2.2%) or acid-unstable Span 60 (2.5%) emulsifier. Experimental meals were fed to the TIM-1, and jejunal and ileal dialysates were analyzed over 6 h to measure free FA concentration. Cumulative FA bioaccessibility was significantly higher for the liquid stable emulsion compared to all others (p < 0.05), which did not differ (p > 0.05). Emulsified TAG physical state was associated with differences in overall bioaccessibility (higher for liquid state TAG) in the colloidally stable emulsions, but this difference was blunted in droplets susceptible to acidic flocculation. In contrast, human postprandial TAG concentrations did not differ significantly between the emulsions. The discrepancy may relate to differences in in vivo gastric emptying (GE) as evidenced by ultrasonography. When the in vivo differences in GE were accounted for in follow-up TIM-1 experiments, the findings aligned more closely. Cumulative FA bioaccessibility for the liquid stable emulsion no longer differed significantly from the other emulsions, and SU’s bioaccessibility was the lowest, consistent with the in vivo observations. This work highlights the potential for TAG physical state and colloidal stability to interactively alter behavior in the gastrointestinal tract with implications for FA absorption, and the importance of establishing and improving in vitro–in vivo correlations in food-nutrition research.

Iodine Nutrition Status and Thyroid Autoimmunity During Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of 4635 Pregnant Women

BackgroundPregnant women in Shanghai have long been at risk for mild iodine deficiency. Because thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant women can lead to premature birth and miscarriage as well as neurodevelopmental deficits in the fetus, the aim of this study was to explore the association of iodine nutrition status with thyroid antibodies during pregnancy.MethodsA pregnancy-birth cohort was conducted including 4635 pregnant women in Shanghai, China. The eligible participants underwent a face-to-face interview and completed questionnaire surveys to collected baseline information and diet intake. Spot urine samples were collected to test urine iodine. Thyroid antibodies including thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) and thyrotrophic antibodies (TRAb) were tested. Single-factor analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between iodine status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy.FindingsThe median urinary iodine excretion level in the sample was 138·14 µg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 80·90-219·00 µg/L). The proportion of patients with iodine deficiency was significantly higher among those who consumed non-iodized salt (36·9% vs. 33·1%; p = 0·04). After adjusting for age, educational status, former smoker status, former drinker status, first pregnancy, and previous thyroid disease, non-iodized salt (odds ratio [OR] = 1·394 [confidence interval, CI, 1·165-1·562]; p = 0·003), iodine-rich food (OR = 0·681 [CI 0·585-0·793]; p = 0·003), iodized nutritional supplements (OR = 0·427 [CI 0·347-0·526]; p = 0·003), were found to be individually associated with thyroid autoimmunity in all participants. The results of the multivariable restricted cubic spline regression analysis showed a non-linear relationship between the continuous change in iodine intake and thyroid autoimmunity (p = 0·019). Participants with iodine deficiency (urinary iodine concentration, <100 µg/L) had an increased risk of testing positive for thyroid antibodies (TPOAb/TgAb/TRAb[+]; OR = 1·324 [CI 1·125-1·559]; p < 0·001). Moreover, this associated existed even after removing participants with previous thyroid disease.InterpretationInadequate iodine nutrition in pregnant women is an independent risk factor for thyroid autoimmunity in Shanghai, where the overall nutrition status is good. Funding: This study was supported by the young fund of Shanghai municipal health commission (20194Y0443), food nutrition research and education fund of Danone nutrition center (DIC2019-03), excellent young talents of health system in Shanghai (No. 2017YQ043) and top young talents in Shanghai (No. 2020-8). Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDC) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Anti-stress phytohormones impact on proteome profile of green gram (Vigna radiata) under salt toxicity

Anti-stress phytohormones impact on proteome profile of green gram (Vigna radiata) under salt toxicity