Food Law Research Articles

Old Testament dietary laws in contemporary African Christian practice

Old Testament dietary laws consist of the rules that God gave to the Israelites pertaining to what may be eaten and what should not be eaten. In the Old Testament, the animals that may be consumed are referred to as ‘clean’, whereas those which should not be consumed are referred to as ‘unclean’. The prohibitions on food were mainly aimed at preserving the identity of the people of Israel. This article analysed the dietary laws recorded in Leviticus chapters 11 and 17. It investigated the observance of the Old Testament dietary laws among contemporary African Christians, with specific reference to Nigerian Christians. The findings of this study revealed that in the contemporary Nigerian Christian practice, some Christians’ compliance or noncompliance to the food laws is faith-based, while for others it is not. Hence, some Christians obey the Old Testament food regulations on the premise of their loyalty to God, while some do not observe the dietary laws because they do not regard noncompliance as an act of disobedience to God. They believe that one’s faith in God is not determined by what one eats or does not eat. Moreover, the study discovered that in recent times, compliance or noncompliance to the dietary laws is also based on health, economy, culture and other factors. A greater percentage of the data used in this work were derived through personal communication. The researcher utilised the descriptive research methodology in analysing the data derived from both primary and secondary sources.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The article is an Afrocentric assessment of the observance of Old Testament food laws among contemporary Christians. This study contributes to Old Testament modern discourses on dieting and sustainable lifestyle. Its related disciplines are nutrition and dietetics, dietetic medicine, biblical interpretation, African biblical hermeneutics and practical theology.

An approachable companion text for introductory food law students — and other readers

First paragraph: Marne Coit and Theodore A Feitshans’s Food Systems Law: An Introduction for Non-Lawyers is a broad primer providing explanations of the complex regulatory landscape of the American food system. Students and other readers will benefit from the presentation of the material—both in its clarity and through the many examples that ground the information in real-world issues. Because this book is tailored for legal and general audiences alike, for use in a college class, Food Systems Law is likely best suited for upper-level undergraduate students or graduate students. This book provides information needed for readers to understand the scope, nuance, and unresolved conflicts in food law. In doing so, the book presents background information that is approachable for readers unfamiliar with the fundamentals of U.S. law and policy.

Food analysis: a practical guide

Food analysis: a practical guide

Digesting Tensions and Change

Digesting Tensions and Change

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ РЕЦЕПТУРЫ КИСЛОМОЛОЧНОГО НАПИТКА С ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ПИЩЕВОЙ ЦЕННОСТЬЮ

New advances in science and technology, increased health care costs, changes in food laws affecting the requirements for etiquette and products, an aging population and a growing interest in achieving well-being through functional nutrition are among the factors stimulating interest in functional foods. The growing consumer demand for healthy food has increased the demand for functional products. Currently, a large number of new functional food products are available on the market, while dairy products and beverages represent an important segment. To improve the nutraceutical properties of kefir, an appropriate approach may include enrichment with suitable components that can give the drink special and valuable properties. The research of the fermented milk product was carried out on the basis of the innovative research and testing center for collective use of the Oryol State Agrarian University. The object of the study was a fermented milk drink enriched with the additive "Iodonorm", the control sample was kefir produced in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31454-2012. A sensory evaluation of the drink was carried out; the optimal formulation of the application of the components of the drink was selected. When microcoping experimental samples, microflora typical for these types of beverages was observed, no extraneous microorganisms were detected. Thus, the results obtained indicate the expediency of using the "Iodonorm" additive in the production of fermented milk products. The work was commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia at the expense of the federal budget in 2022 "Development of packaging solutions that ensure an increase in the shelf life of the product."

Levels, time trends, and distribution of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in fishes from the Baltic Sea

Fish absorb dioxins from the environment through water and contact with sediments but the main source is food. These contaminants also enter the human body with food, including through the consumption of fish. This study presents the dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in 145 samples of four fish species (herring, sprat, sea trout, salmon) caught in the southern Baltic Sea. The study results permit assessing whether the efforts made in recent years to reduce dioxin and PCB emissions into the environment have translated into decreases in concentrations of these pollutants in Baltic Sea fishes and whether these raw fish materials meet food law requirements. The safest fish species with regard to dioxins were designated, as were those of which consumption should be limited. The influence of fish age (length) and weight on dioxin and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) concentrations was investigated. The correlation between fat content and dioxin concentration was determined. The Baltic Sea region and fishing ports from which the least contaminated fish come were also determined. The studies indicated that dioxin and PCB concentrationsin fishes from Polish fishing areas are currently lower than they were twenty years ago.

Dietary Supplements Questioned in the Polish Notification Procedure upon the Basis of Data from the National Register of Functional Foods and the European System of the RASFF

Dietary supplements (DS) in the countries of the European Union falls within the scope of the food law. DS may, however, contain substances that are simultaneously applied in medicinal products as defined in the pharmaceutical law. The presence of such ingredients may cause problems with the product qualification. The phenomenon of applying such borderline ingredients in dietary supplements may require additional regulations, and ensuring them may be problematic. We conducted an analysis aiming to identify dishonest market practices resorted to by the producers and distributors of non-conforming dietary supplements. We examined mostly questioned DS and compared them with data from the RASFF system and registers of medicinal substances and pharmaceutical entities. The results show that some operators tend to re-notify the same products in response to the initiation of official control procedures. Products in the form of capsules or powders were the most common re-notifications within the 50–100 days. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that some entities are obliged to document the safety of the product or its compliance with the regulations, use the imperfection of the notification procedure, and re-notify the questioned product in order to keep it on the market despite potential non-compliance.

An Impossible Task? Australian Food Law and the Challenge of Novel Meat Analogues

This paper asks what the regulatory assessment of the novel processed meat analogue products reveals about the nature of food regulation in Australia. We analyse Food Standards Australia and New Zealand’s (‘FSANZ’) assessment of the recent application by Californian technology company Impossible Foods Inc to sell its proprietary burger products which contain a genetically modified protein that is said to make their burger ‘bleed’. We show that FSANZ’s assessment process has little capacity to engage with broader and longer term, social, ecological and public health implications of novel foods and changing food markets. FSANZ’s regulatory pre-approval process focuses almost exclusively on the safety of individual ingredients rather than the impact of novel foods on the food supply as whole and leaves broader issues to the market and consumer choice with limited support from laws addressing misleading labelling and marketing of foods. Extending the capacity of Australia’s regulatory regime for food to deal with more than the safety of individual ingredients will become more urgent as other novel foods, such as cell-based meats, enter the marketplace.

Exploring Association between Food Law and Double Burden of Malnutrition: A case Study of Afghanistan

Theoretical framework:For all forms of malnutrition with their related diseases a unique term of double burden of malnutrition is used (DBM). DBM is the greatest risk for all globe which has both social and economic costs. Objective:To investigate impacts of food law on DBM in Afghanistan. Model/methodology:We introduce new model under PLS-SEM in which we employ Smart PLS 3.2.9 software package for statistical analysis. Data:Through, purposive sampling we have online interviews with 400 residents of Afghanistan. Findings:Our study findings indicate that all forms of food law have significant impact to protect population form DBM. Similarly, balanced diet has significant role to control DBM. Policy implications:Our investigations suggest that government should adopt objective food law to control all harms from supply/ production side of food. Practical implications:This research will help government to reshape their food law and will encourage people to have balanced diet regime.

The transparency of EU agency science: Towards a new proactive approach

Recent health and environmental crises have emphasized the importance of transparency of agency science, i.e. the scientific information that underpins public regulation. Yet how EU law shapes the transparency of EU agency science and whether it contributes to publicly holding experts to account for the quality of their advice, remains an open question. This article analyses the transparency regimes of three EU agencies.We show that the EU legal approach to transparency of agency science is undergoing significant change, through legislative reform and agency practice. The traditional “passive” approach based on the Access Regulation is fragmented and reveals several shortcomings. Recent trends, such as the 2021 reform of the General Food Law, indicate that the EU is moving towards “proactive transparency”, which improves expert accountability. Our study contributes to debates on EU risk regulation and the general reform of the Access Regulation. The article offers an interdisciplinary perspective informed by political epistemology, namely the study of the role of experts in public decision-making.

Environmental and Processing Contaminants from Pahs and Furan

Maintaining an adequate, safe food supply has been a major goal of the Federal Government since 1906, when the first Federal food and drug law was signed into law. Historically, chemicals such as salt, sugar, and wood smoke have been used to preserve foods. Modern food technology relies extensively on the use of chemicals not only for preservation but also to produce appealing colors, flavors, aromas, and textures. Most developed countries now have food laws designed to permit the use of such chemicals in food under conditions judged to be safe. These chemicals are not considered adulterants or contaminants and are classed as intentional additives. Other chemicals may enter food as a result of their use in food production, handling, or processing. Such substances maybe legally permitted if they are unavoidable under good manufacturing practices and if the amounts involved are considered safe. These chemicals are classed as incidental additives. The presence of both these classes of chemicals in food is controlled by regulation.

The European Agri-Food Legislation and Trade Agreements in the Context of the covid-19 Crisis

Abstract This article performs an assessment of the EU Agri-food legislation in the context of the covid-19 crisis: new priorities into a new scenario. Taking the General Food Law as a focal point, this article analyses and explains the institutional, substantive, and procedural elements of EU food law and his intersection with International Trade Law. Principles are discussed as well as specific rules addressing food as a product, the processes related to food and communication about food to consumers. In fact, it is interesting to retrace the points of contact that food legislation shares with other legal disciplines since it is well known that the matter has a cross-cutting scope, i.e., from Agricultural Law to ip Law, from Criminal Law to International Trade Law. Although, the importance of food and related trade issues have always been regulated in times of emergency, as the bse crisis (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, commonly known as “mad cow disease”) or during a worldwide pandemic (covid-19). However, until the publication of the Reg. 178/2002, it would have been impossible any given attempt to attribute the requisites of a coherent legal framework to the disordered, episodic, and often dictated by hot reactions of Food Law, understood as a system of rules ordered based on its own principles. Progress made by regulatory interventions that allows today to observe the matter under a different angle. In fact, attention is given to the international context (wto, Codex Alimentarius) as well as to the relationship with food trade policies and the current legal framework and regulatory provisions (such as those contained in Chapter i and ii) of Reg. 178/2002, the latter titled General Food Law.

PERAN POLRI DALAM PENANGGULANGAN PEREDARAN PANGAN OLAHAN TANPA IZIN EDAR

Obstacles from the rule of law occur in terms of the meaning of any business actor who can be ensnared by Article 142 of the Food Law because the regulation is not detailed so that the qualifications of a person including non-home industry business actors or not, there are no clear boundaries. Constraints on law enforcement factors occur because of the synchronization of the coordination carried out. Especially when the BPOM PPNS handles cases which are delegated to the Public Prosecutor and when conducting case titles, sometimes they do not notify the police. So that education about procedural procedures at PPNS is absolutely necessary. On the community factor, the constraints are more on the lack of education of traders, buyers and traditional market managers. This is due to the low average level of their formal education. The re-conceptualization of the “Safe Market from Hazardous Materials” program is needed to maximize education on all elements related to traditional markets. Regarding the problem of infrastructure, the current Budget for Funds and Operational Facilities from Sub-Directorate I of the Trade and Investment Industry (Indagsi) of the Ditreskrimsus Polda East Java is limited, so it is urgently necessary to prepare a budget that fits operational needs.

Legal instruments to support local food systems: Conclusions de lege ferenda

Local food systems (LFS) is not a legal term, although it is used in EU documents, and legal instruments supporting their development can be indicated in EU, and national legal orders. Based on the analysis and comparison of these instruments, extracted from Italian, French, Polish, American, and EU legislation, this study aims to formulate proposals for possible and beneficial solutions to be introduced into national and EU legislation, aimed at supporting LFS. The proposal includes the introduction at the EU level, along with the local food labelling system, of the LFS definition supporting small farmers who run agricultural production with the use of environmentally friendly, sustainable methods. In the field of food law, it is necessary to articulate the LFS requirements more clearly so that they are better understood by farmers. In national legislation, the instruments to be implemented involve the possibility for the farmer to carry out the activity of processing and selling his products directly to consumers and local retailers as part of his privileged agricultural status, at the same time obliging municipalities to create farmers’ markets, and supporting agriculture in the urban and peri-urban areas. Other necessary instruments include the requirement to offer local products in gastronomy by public institutions, hotels, restaurants and agritourism, and implementation of appropriate solutions in the public procurement law encouraging local food supplies.

DNA Based Molecular Detection Methods of Biological Adulterations in Commercial Teas: Successes and Obstacles

Extra to water, tea is the broadly consumable hot beverage in the biosphere. People drink more tea than coffee, cold drinks, dairy products, and alcohol combined. Availability does not effectively order the dried plant pieces, which are utilized to make tea. Numerous cases of food adulteration have been recorded in many countries, including India. This has taken to the creation of a new discipline of science, known as ‘green criminology’, to compensate violations of food law. Over the years, new techniques for identifying food adulteration have been developed Here we reviewed different standard DNA based molecular techniques to analyze their performance in identifying tea constituents. Originally, these were sensory techniques, which proved unreliable. Later, physical analysis of the product was done based on data on the label and microscopic evaluation. Later methods, based on the identification of lipids and proteins, were also not accurate due to biochemical changes during processing. These problems provoked scientists to get an interest in the potential of DNA testing. Due to the stability of DNA and the universal applicability of DNA-based methods for all cells, they are ideal for use in practice. Currently, the most reliable test for detecting food adulteration is Bar-HRM, as it is a highly sensitive and specific technique. Broad scale endorsement of the plant’s DNA barcoding may require systems that spot the journey brings about point of view of common plant species names and character for separate firmly close gatherings.

Assessment of the patulin contamination level in selected apple-based products available in retail in Poland

The aim of this study was to assess the level of patulin (PAT) contamination in selected apple-based products, including food intended for infants and young children, available in retail in Poland in 2016–2020. The products examined were selected due to their availability on the market and all of them derived from conventional production. All products examined contained only apples in their composition, with no other fruit added. The obtained results were related to the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of PAT established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (WHO 1995). In addition, in selected age groups, exposure assessment resulting from the intake of this toxin in the diet, was estimated. Only 2 of the 47 examined apple products contained PAT. The determined levels of contamination were significantly lower than a maximum acceptable level specified in the provisions of the food law at the level of 50.0 μg kg-1 for apple juice. When considering the value of the average daily consumption of apple juice in Poland, the PAT daily intake from apple juice did not exceed the tolerable daily intake in any of the examined samples and amounted to a maximum of 1.6% of PMTDI. As for one portion recommended for consumption, the result obtained was also below tolerable daily intake and constituted a maximum of 38.7% of PMTDI. These findings are a particularly valuable source of information for farmers, traders and consumers, and confirm health safety of apple juice and apple-based products intended for infants and young children.

Construction of Food Law Based on Rights Approach to Realize the Right to Food

Countries ratified the International Covenant On Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) have obligation to implementitation in national level. The purpose of this study is to construct a national food law based on a rights approach realize the right to adequate of food. The importance of this research is because Indonesian national food law is not in accordance with the standards and norms contained in the ICESCR. The research method used is normative legal research using a statutory approach, a philosophical approach and a conceptual approach. The research findings, firstly, the Indonesian national food law is oriented towards the food security paradigm so that it does not regulate rights and obligations in fulfilling the right to food. Second, the formation of a national food law in the future must emphasize the rights of the community and the obligations of the state in fulfilling the right to food, as well as special treatment for food vulnerable groups. Recommendation, the need for the Indonesian government to establish a Food Sovereignty Law in order to realize the right to adequate and adequate food.

A comparison of neural and non-neural machine learning models for food safety risk prediction with European Union RASFF data

The world is becoming more globalized every day and people can buy products from almost every country in the world in their local stores. Given the different food and feed safety laws from country to country, the European Union began to register in 1977 all irregularities related to traded products to ensure cross-border monitoring of information and a quick reaction when risks to public health are detected in the food chain. This information has also an enormous potential as a preventive tool, in order to warn actors involved in food safety and optimize their resources. In this paper, a set of data related to food issues was scraped and analysed with Machine Learning techniques to predict some features of future notifications, so that pre-emptive measures can be taken. The novelty of the work relies on two points: the use of categorical embeddings with Deep Learning models (Multilayer Perceptron and 1-Dimension Convolutional Neural Networks) and its application to solve the problem of predicting food issues in the European Union. The models allow several features to be predicted: product category, hazard category and finally the proper action to be taken. Results show that the system can predict these features with an accuracy ranging from 74.08% to 93.06%.

Performance of food safety management systems of Chinese food business operators in Tianjin

China is one of the largest food suppliers in the world, but still continues to face challenges in ensuring food safety. This study aims to gain insights into the performance of food safety management systems (FSMSs) of Chinese food business operators (FBOs) given their typical context characteristics. This study assessed 121 Chinese FBOs in one of the four municipalities, varying in company size and food sector, using a FSMS-Diagnostic Instrument (FSMS-DI) to evaluate their levels of core control and assurance activities, context riskiness, and food system outputs. The results indicated that most participating FBOs have implemented FSMSs adequate to their context riskiness. Chinese FBOs mostly have advanced control activities, rather than assurance activities (i.e. verification and validation), which could be attributed to the current food law's unbalanced emphasis on control activities over assurance activities. We found that most FBOs obtained an average score for organisational characteristics including technical staff, variability of the workforce, operator competencies, and employee involvement; this suggests room for improvement in organisational-related context characteristics affecting FSMSs.

Brexit, food law and the UK's search for a post‐EU identity

Food law has played a central, contested role in defining the UK's post‐Brexit identity as a regulating and trading nation. Mapping reforms to key areas of food law across retained EU law, the UK internal market and UK trade law and policy reveals profound reforms, and an emerging, distinct UK approach to law‐making. We identify three themes: increased conferral of regulatory powers and functions to UK Ministers, coupled with an expansion of so‐called non‐legislative approaches to regulation and policy‐making and increased scope for divergence between UK nations. These reforms have achieved core aims of the UK government: autonomy from the EU, a fully frictionless internal market within Great Britain, and streamlined regulatory reform. However, the achievement of these aims has come at a price. Food law reveals that post‐Brexit legislative processes have been shaped by, but also entrench, unilateral executive decision‐making, lessened transparency and disunity between UK nations.