Food Intake Patterns Research Articles

A cross-sectional study on the relationship between nutrient/food intake and gut microbiota in frailty among older community residents: The Kyotango study.

In strategies to extend a healthy lifespan, early detection and prevention of frailty are critical. The purpose of this study was to analyze the current state and clinical risk factors of frailty among community-dwelling older to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of the individuals, correlation between frailty and nutrient intake, dietary diversity, and dietary patterns, and to elucidate the correlation between frailty-related dietary factors and the gut microbiota. The study included 786 participants aged ≥65 years from the Kyotango Multipurpose Cohort Study who had available data on their gut microbiota. Frailty was quantitatively assessed by selecting 32 items from the previously reported frailty index, with those scoring ≥0.21 classified as frailty (n = 119) and those with scores <0.21 as non-frailty (n = 667), followed by group comparisons. The frailty group had significantly higher values and rates than the non-frailty group for the following items: age, obesity (in females only), diabetes, hypertension, history of cancer treatment, polypharmacy, disturbed sleep quality, low physical activity, serum insulin levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The frailty group had significantly lower levels of nutrients, including plant proteins, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), vitamins B and C, folic acid, and total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber. When analyzed by food groups of dietary fiber, the frailty group had significantly lower intakes of soy products and non-green-yellow vegetables, specifically. The Japanese Diet Index score (rJDI12) was significantly lower in the frailty group, with significant deficiencies in soy products and mushrooms included in the rJDI12. Cluster analysis of the Spearman correlation values between nutrient intake related to frailty and the gut microbiota abundance revealed a positive correlation between the cluster containing dietary fiber and the abundance of the phylum Bacillota, including the [Eubacterium]_eligens_group. In conclusion, our findings clarify the current state of frailty among older community residents and suggest the importance of a diverse range of plant-based foods, including soy products and non-green yellow vegetables, through correlation analysis with nutrients and food groups, and partially reveal the involvement of the gut microbiota.

An Analysis of the Impact of Old Age Allowance Program: A Study on the Rural Aged People in Chapai Nawabganj District in Bangladesh

The study aims to examine the impact of the old age allowance (OAA) program among the rural-aged people who are its beneficiaries. In Bangladesh, aged people are more vulnerable in rural areas than in cities. Lack of proper financial support makes some aged people feel insecure in their daily lives. Bangladesh’s government launched the old age allowance program in the 1997-1998 fiscal year under the social safety net program. This study uses a quantitative approach, and a questionnaire survey is conducted for data collection. This study tries to determine the present situation of aged people after receiving the OAA. This allowance contributed a lot to the economic as well as social status. OAA contributes to the food intake pattern and improves the aged people’s position in the family. After getting the allowance, the majority of the respondents are not considered a burden in their families; their position also changed among family members. After getting allowance majority aged people indicate their satisfaction. By getting OAA majority aged people can easily buy their medicine and clothes as well as do treatment rather depending on others. However, with this OAA program, some problems are faced by the aged persons, including the withdrawal of allowance and some of the beneficiaries are not satisfied with the amount of OAA. So, this study will help the policymakers and policy implementers concerned with social safety net programs, especially those related to old age allowance programs, to make more effective activities for the rural aged in Bangladesh.

Design Information Systems for Malnutrition Analysis Apriori Algorithm

Malnutrition drives lasting detriments across individual and community wellbeing, requiring data-informed action. Advanced analytics through information systems present pathways for revelatory pattern detection from multidimensional health data. This paper outlines a system design encompassing preprocessing, modeling, analysis and interpretation techniques for mining malnutrition dataset through Apriori algorithm. The core data mining methodology enables extraction of frequencies, associations and prediction rules linking nutritional status parameters and food intake patterns. Custom algorithms filter results to high-confidence associations via statistical measures before expert evaluation. System testing verifies accurate architecture for surfaced dietary risk factors of malnutrition down to village-level. The systemization and computational augmentation of health insight derivation provides a template for needs-based analytics platforms. By targeting analysis to community data, impactful interventions become possible. The potential of customized information systems with data mining at the core is highlighted alongside domain challenges requiring cross-disciplinary impetus. The data-to-decisions system with embedded Apriori pipelines demonstrates applied informatics transforming malnutrition strategy through unveiling actionable patterns within intricacies of public welfare data.

Deep-Brain Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Enhances Food-Related Motivation by Influencing Neuroinflammation and Anxiety Levels in a Rat Model of Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Deep-brain subthalamic nucleus stimulation (DBS-STN) has become a well-established therapeutic option for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). While the motor benefits of DBS-STN are widely acknowledged, the neuropsychiatric effects are still being investigated. Beyond its immediate effects on neuronal circuits, emerging research suggests that DBS-STN might also modulate the peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. In this work, we assessed the effects of DBS-STN on food-related motivation, food intake pattern, and the level of anxiety and compared them with markers of cellular and immune activation in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic areas in rats with the 6-OHDA model of early PD. To evaluate the potential mechanism of observed effects, we also measured corticosterone concentration in plasma and leukocyte distribution in peripheral blood. We found that DBS-STN applied during neurodegeneration has beneficial effects on food intake pattern and motivation and reduces anxiety. These behavioral effects occur with reduced percentages of IL-6-labeled cells in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta in the stimulated brain hemisphere. At the same brain structures, the cFos cell activations were confirmed. Simultaneously, the corticosterone plasma concentration was elevated, and the peripheral blood lymphocytes were reduced after DBS-STN. We believe that comprehending the relationship between the effects of DBS-STN on inflammation and its therapeutic results is essential for optimizing DBS therapy in PD.

The effect of six-week plyometric, functional, and interval trainings on body composition, power, and kicking speed in male Pencak Silat University Athletes

This study was aimed at investigating the effects of six-week Plyometric, Functional, and Interval training on body composition, power, and kicking speed. The study employed an experimental research design involving twenty male university students who were practitioners of Pencak Silat sports, following informed consent (average age 20.2 ± 1.32 years, height 168.9 ± 5.70 cm, body weight 63.74 ± 11.54 kg). The students were not isolated; their food intake and sleep patterns were not controlled, but they were advised not to stay up late and to avoid smoking and consuming alcoholic beverages. Participants engaged in Plyometric training once a week on Mondays, functional training once a week on Wednesdays, and interval training once a week on Fridays. Plyometric, Functional training and Interval training (PFIT) was performed for 70-80 minutes per session, for six weeks, with low intensity and moderate volume on 90 -120 contacts. There were significant improvements (p &amp;lt;0.05) in flexibility, force and pear power, jump height and left kick speed. Body fat, muscle mass, visceral fat and bone density also experienced significant changes (p &amp;lt;0.05). However, the PFIT training did not cause significant changes in right kick speed, as well as fat content, protein content and basal metabolism (p &amp;gt; 0.05).

Validation of the Rapid Prime Diet Quality Score Screener (rPDQS), A Brief Dietary Assessment Tool With Simple Traffic Light Scoring.

Dietary pattern is a determinant of chronic disease, but nonregistered dietitian nutritionist (non-RDN) clinicians rarely assess diet because of barriers such as time constraints and lack of valid, brief diet quality assessment tools. The study aimed to evaluate the relative validity of a brief diet quality screener using both a numeric scoring system and a simple traffic light scoring system. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the CloudResearch online platform to compare participants' responses to the 13-item rapid Prime Diet Quality Score screener (rPDQS) and the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool. The study was conducted in July and August 2021 and included 482 adults ≥18 years of age or older sampled to be representative of the US population. All participants completed the rPDQS and an ASA24; of these, 190 completed a second ASA24 and rPDQS. Responses to rPDQS items were coded using both traffic light (eg, green= healthiest intake, red= least healthy intake) and numeric (eg, consume < 1 time a week, consume ≥ 2 times per day) scoring methods and were compared with food group equivalents and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores estimated from ASA24s. Deattenuated Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to account for within-person variation in 24-hour diet recalls. Overall, 49% of participants were female, 62% were ≥35 years, and 66% were non-Hispanic White, 13% non-Hispanic Black, 16% Hispanic/Latino, and 5% Asian. For both food groups to encourage (eg, vegetables, whole grains) and to consume in moderation (eg, processed meats, sweets), there were statistically significant associations with intakes assessed by rPDQS, using both traffic light and numeric scoring methods. Total rPDQS scores correlated with the HEI-2015, r= 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.65, 0.82). The rPDQS is a valid, brief diet quality screener that identifies clinically relevant patterns of food intake. Future research is needed to test whether the simple traffic light scoring system is an effective tool that can help non-RDN clinicians provide brief dietary counseling or make referrals to registered dietitian nutritionists, as needed.

Appetite, Food Intake, and Nutritional Status: A Comprehensive Review

This manuscript provides an extensive review of the intricate relationship between appetite, food intake, and nutritional status. These interconnected factors play pivotal roles in human health and well-being. We explore the physiological and psychological mechanisms governing appetite, examine the multifaceted factors influencing food intake patterns, and analyze the profound impact of nutritional status on health outcomes. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of interdisciplinary research and evidence-based interventions to address global nutrition challenges.

Nutrients patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Egyptian children: a sibling and community matched case-control study

BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis has been growing among children, with great public health concern. The relationship between nutrient intake pattern and ADHD remains unclear.AimTo identify the nutrient intake patterns and its association with ADHD in children.Subjects and methodsThe study involved 146 children with ADHD, 141 control sibling, and 146 community controls. ADHD diagnosis was confirmed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V) criteria following the assessment by the long-form Conner’s Scale. Dietary intakes were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutrients patterns were identified using the principal component analysis (PCA).ResultsADHD children have significantly higher mean total energy intake than community controls and siblings (8867.9, 4481.9 and 7308.2 KJ, respectively, p < 0.001). Four nutrient patterns extracted by the PCA explained 75.9% of the total variance. Lower tertiles of “predominantly calcium-phosphorus; pattern 1” and “predominantly-vitamins; pattern 3” were significantly associated with increasing odds of ADHD, compared to community controls (p for trend: 0.002 and 0.005, respectively), while the same associations were noted in “predominantly-vitamins” and “predominantly Zinc-Iron; pattern 2” when compared to siblings (p for trend: <0.001 and <0.001, respectively). However, Higher tertiles of macronutrients; pattern 4” were associated with increased ADHD odds, compared to either community controls or siblings (p for trend: 0.017 and <0.001, respectively).ConclusionLower intakes of nutrients patterns of minerals and vitamins, and higher intakes of macronutrients were associated with increased likelihood of ADHD in children.

Role of dietary food intake patterns, anthropometric measures, and multiple biochemical markers in the development of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in gestational diabetes mellitus

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess maternal dietary food intake patterns, anthropometric measures, and multiple biochemical markers in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence and to explore whether antedating gestational diabetes mellitus environment affects the pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence development in a cohort of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence. MethodsMaternal dietary information and anthropometric measurements were collected. At 24 wk of gestation, with a fasting venipuncture sample, current blood samples for biochemical markers of hormones, vitamins, and minerals were analyzed. The groups were compared in terms of numerical variables using analysis of variance for independent samples followed by multiple comparisons. ResultsOf the 900 pregnant women with complete data, pregnant women in the gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group had higher body mass index during pregnancy, arm circumference, and triceps skinfold than the non–gestational diabetes mellitus continent and non–gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence groups, characterizing an obesogenic maternal environment. Regarding dietary food intake, significant increases in aromatic amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, dietary fiber, magnesium, zinc, and water were observed in pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group compared with the non–gestational diabetes mellitus continent group. Serum vitamin C was reduced in the gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group compared with the non–gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence group. ConclusionsThis study emphasizes the necessity for a comprehensive strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus women with pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence in terms of deviation in maternal adaptation trending toward obesity and maternal micronutrients deficiencies.

Food and nutrient intake of adolescent women in Medellín, Colombia.

Nutritional imbalance in adolescent girls causes alterations in health, reproductive cycles, and fetal outcomes of future generations. To evaluate the dietary pattern and prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake, a 24-hour multi-step food recall was carried out among 793 adolescent women (14-20 years old) from Medellin, Colombia. Their dietary pattern was characterized by lower than recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables (CRI 0.4, AMD 0.2), dairy (CRI 0.5, AMD 0.2), and proteins (CRI 0.8, AMD 0.3), while starches (CRI 1.2, AMD 0.4), fats (CRI 1.1, AMD 0.6), and sugars (CRI 1.0, AMD 0.5) were at similar or higher levels than recommendations. A high risk of deficiency was found in the usual intake of energy (53.0%), protein (39.8%), calcium (98.9%), folates (85.7%), iron (74.4%), thiamine (44.3%), vitamin C (31.3%), zinc (28.3%), vitamin A (23.4%), cyanocobalamin (17.3%), and pyridoxine (10.9%). A low risk of deficiency was noted in usual fiber intake (0.5%), and a higher than recommended intake was noted in saturated fat (100.0%) and simple carbohydrates (68.8%). Anecdotally, a large proportion of respondents saw decreases in their food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results suggest an urgent need for nutrition education programs to emphasize the importance of adequate nutrition among adolescent women.

Association between patterns of nutrient intake and circulating vitamin D with sleep status among Iranian adults

Nutrient pattern analysis is an easy way to compare nutrient intakes across different nations due to the universality of nutrients nature. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary nutrient patterns (NPs) and circulating 25(OH)D concentrations with sleep duration and sleep quality among Iranian adults. We used a multistage cluster random sampling method to enroll 535 adults in this cross-sectional investigation. A validated food frequency questionnaire was applied to evaluate typical dietary intakes. Fasting blood samples were obtained to determine levels of circulating 25(OH)D. Sleep characteristics were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants had a mean age of 42.57 years and 51.2% of them had insufficient or deficient levels of serum vitamin D. Three NPs were identified: "high animal protein", "high vegetable" and "high carbohydrate". After adjustments for potential confounders, no significant associations were observed between "high animal protein" pattern and short sleeping or sleep quality. Greater adherence to "high vegetable" NP was associated with lower odds of short sleeping (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.10, 0.54) and poor sleep quality (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.20, 1.05). Stratified analysis revealed that these associations were stronger in normal-weight participants. Greater adherence to "high carbohydrate" NP, on the other hand, was connected to higher odds of short sleeping (OR 2.83; 95% CI 1.20, 6.72). Low adherence to "high vegetable" pattern and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency were jointly associated with increased odds of short sleeping (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.42, 6.64). High adherence to pattern comprising mainly of vegetable nutrients was associated with a reduced likelihood of being short sleepers and having poor sleep quality in Iranian adults, especially among those with a normal weight. Lower adherence to vegetable NP and insufficient/deficient vitamin D levels were synergistically associated with greater likelihood of being short sleepers. Greater adherence to carbohydrate NP was associated with an increased likelihood of short sleeping.

Implication of Sleep and Food Intake Pattern on the Depressive Status of the Female Shift Workers Engaged in Two-Shift System

Implication of Sleep and Food Intake Pattern on the Depressive Status of the Female Shift Workers Engaged in Two-Shift System

Children Daily Eating Behavior and Sugar Consumption Pattern: A Phenomenological Study

The pattern of food consumption is a picture of the type of food consumed, the amount of food consumed, and the lifestyle of the community. The pattern of eating is formed in the same way as a person's eating habits. The habit of consuming sugar among children can also be associated with the existence of several health problems such as diabetes mellitus. This study aims to explore and find consumption patterns of daily food and fluid intake in the age group of children that contain sugar in the community around Parongpong, West Bandung. and themes that will conclude the phenomenon of consumption and dependence on sugar in community groups. This research is a qualitative phenomenological study, where the aim is to reduce the individual experience of a phenomenon into a description that finds the universal essence of the phenomenon. 7 key informants were voluntarily involved in this study. The verbatim data were analyzed for their ethical and emic meanings using the Colaizzi method. The results of the analysis of the data obtained during the interviews were able to bring up 6 sub-themes. The six sub-themes raised 3 major themes, namely consumption patterns of daily sugar intake for the youth age group, understanding the need for change and approaches to reducing sugar intake, and types of approaches in changing sugar consumption patterns for adolescents.

The effect of monosodium glutamate on the risk of oral cancer: a systematic review

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/Nk6RJxEL_FU Introduction: Oral cancer is a malignancy, and most cases are diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral cancer has a multifactorial etiology, one of which is the pattern of food intake. Monosodium glutamate has been widely used by the public as a flavor enhancer. Until now, the safety of MSG has been debated because several studies state that MSG can have both negative and positive effects, so its effect on the risk of developing oral cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of MSG on the risk of oral cancer. Methods: An article search was performed through the Pubmed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Nature, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Semantic Scholar databases using predefined keywords, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and adapted to the PICO framework. Article writing refers to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of five selected articles were obtained. Three in vivo study articles describe the effect of MSG, which can cause genotoxicity, a decrease in the quality and quantity of DNA, and changes in the histological structure of the oral mucosa of experimental animals. One case-control study article explained that MSG had the potential to triple the risk of oral cancer, while one cohort study article described the effect of MSG in suppressing post-chemotherapy side effects in head and neck cancer patients. Conclusion: MSG has the potential to increase the risk of oral cancer because it tends to be more of a carcinogen. It because MSG can induced and increased oxidative stress, which triggers genotoxicity in oral mucosa cells.

Comprehensive assessment of chrononutrition behaviors among nationally representative adults: Insights from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data

Aligning the time of food intake, i.e., chrononutrition, with the body's circadian clock can have a significant impact on overall health, particularly cardiometabolic health. However, there is a lack of population-based information on various chrononutrition behaviors in the United States, where the prevalence of obesity is high. Our primary aim was to characterize chrononutrition behaviors and their 15-year trends among US adults. We also explored the temporal associations between trends in chrononutrition behaviors and trends in obesity. We utilized data from 8 cycles (2003-2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) on 34,470 adults (age >19 years). The clock time of food/beverage consumption was extracted from two 24-h food recalls. The following chrononutrition behaviors were defined: 1) The clock time of the first, last, and midpoint (when 50% of total daily energy was consumed) of food/beverage intake; 2) Eating window (the time elapsed between the first and last intake); 3) Late-night eating (food intake between 21:00-23:59); and 4) Eating frequency. Survey-weighted % or mean±standard error (SE) was used to demonstrate chrononutrition behaviors and survey-weighted regression models were utilized to evaluate trends in chrononutrition behaviors, BMI, and obesity over a 15-year period. Thirty five percent of US adults had long eating windows lasting 13h or more, with 59% of individuals consuming calories after 9 PM. The patterns of food intake among American adults were skewed, with the highest proportion of their daily energy intake (36%) being consumed during dinner meals. Notable differences in chrononutrition behaviors observed among different population subgroups. Young adults and men had longer eating windows with a higher prevalence of late-night eating compared to their age- and sex-counterparts. Black individuals had shorter eating periods due to delayed breakfast, the highest proportion (68%) of late-night eating, and obtained a greater amount of energy intake from snacks compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Over the 15-year span, there were only minor changes in a few aspects of chrononutrition behaviors, including 2% reduction in the time of eating window, while most other meal timing behaviors remained unchanged. Trends in chrononutrition behaviors were disproportionately smaller than the trends in obesity rates. US adults persistently consume higher amounts of daily energy intake later in the day. Despite calls for Americans to shift intake to earlier parts of the day, this study shows that there is little change in the overall population over the 15-year period reviewed.

A basic healthy food basket approach to evaluate the affordability of healthy eating in South Africa and Kenya

IntroductionUnderstanding the affordability of healthy eating has always been a critical question but has escalated in importance considering the global context of more recent soaring food prices and the worsening of food and nutrition security indicators since the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost and affordability of basic healthy eating in South Africa and Kenya, through the application of a Basic Healthy Food Basket (BHFB) modeling framework applied within the food intake and nutritional context of the target countries.MethodsThe construction of the BHFB models was based on a number of key considerations (i.e., ‘building blocks’): household demographic (size and composition), socio-economically disaggregated household income levels, minimum wage data, typical food intake patterns, nationally monitored food retail prices and official country-specific nutrient intake and food consumption guidelines. For both countries BHFB’s were compiled and interpreted at a national level, as well as for a ‘more plant-based’ BHFB. The nutritional adequacy of the national BHFB’s was evaluated.ResultsBased on national demographical statistics in Kenya and South Africa, the reference family was defined as a four-member reference household consisting of 2 adults and 2 children. The detailed composition of the national BHFB’s is presented, consisting of 31 food items in Kenya and 24 food items in South Africa – covering all the food groups according to nutritional guidelines. The nutritional adequacy of the various BHFB’s is discussed and were generally deemed adequate for the majority of micro-nutrients – particularly the micro-nutrients of concern in the various countries. In January 2023 the cost of the national BHFB in Kenya and South Africa amounted to KSh33 800 (US$270) and R4 715 (US$ 262) respectively, − potentially excluding approximately 60% of the population from being able to afford a basic healthy food basket. A movement to ‘more plant-based’ BHFB’s (i.e., proportionally less meat/fish/eggs and proportionally more legumes) reduced the cost of the BHFB’s with 15% in Kenya and in South Africa. From a social support perspective, the analyses indicated that social support in the form of child support grants and children benefiting from school feeding programmes could result in the share of households able to afford basic healthy eating to increase by approximately 10 percentage points in the South African context.Conclusions and recommendationsThe study showed that the high (and rising) cost of basic healthy eating prevents large numbers of households in South Africa and Kenya from being able to afford basic healthy eating when considering current income distribution data. The research outcomes of the BHFB methodology applied in this study to monitor and evaluate the cost and affordability of basic healthy eating, should be monitored regularly and taken into consideration to inform food and nutrition policy decisions and actions. However, from a methodological perspective several critical challenges will have to be addressed to improve the measurement accuracy of the BHFB models, including the availability of official food retail price monitoring of a wider range of food items; household demographics, household income data, food intake data and household-level food expenditure data that are more frequently updated, as well as socio-economically and geographically disaggregated data on typical food intake behavior. From the perspective of plant versus animal protein sources, the study suggested that food intake patterns with an increased focus on legumes as a source of plant-based protein could help to improve the affordability of basic healthy eating. However, it is also important to consider consumer acceptability in this context from various perspectives, including sensory acceptability, cultural acceptability, and the available time for food preparation. The study identified the critical need to evaluate the cost of basic healthy eating on a geographically more refined level. This is based on the diversity of food intake behavior in different regions within the target countries as pointed out by in-country experts. However, future research to develop an improved understanding of food intake pattern in different regions/provinces/counties will be a critical enabler, along with geographically disaggregated food retail price data and demographical information.

L’approccio nutrizionale nell’anoressia nervosa: dalla teoria alla pratica clinica

Anorexia nervosa is a common eating disorder characterized by a physical and psychosocial deterioration due to an altered pattern of food intake and weight control. The severity of malnutrition often requires hospitalization to start enteral artificial refeeding. The objective of this article is to review the scientific evidence about the refeeding process of malnourished inpatients with anorexia and to summarize up-to-date evidences, certainties, doubts and new proposals. Moreover, it gives advice and suggests strategies to manage malnutrition in the clinical practice.

Temporal patterns in taste sensitivity.

Individuals vary in their ability to taste, and some individuals are more sensitive to certain tastes than others. Taste sensitivity is a predictor of various factors, such as diet, eating behavior, appetite regulation, and overall health. Furthermore, taste sensitivity can fluctuate within an individual over short to long periods of time: for example, in daily (diurnal) cycles, monthly (menstrual) cycles (in females), and yearly (seasonal) cycles. Understanding these temporal patterns is important for understanding individual eating habits and food preferences, particularly in the context of personalized and precision nutrition. This review provides a summary of the literature on taste sensitivity patterns across 3 temporal dimensions: daily, monthly, and yearly. Good evidence for diurnal patterns has been observed for sweet taste and fat taste, although the evidence is limited to rodent studies for the latter. Obese populations showed limited variation to sweet and fat taste sensitivities over a day, with limited variation in sweet taste sensitivity being linked to insulin resistance. There were mixed observations of temporal variation in sensitivity to sour and umami tastes, and there were no patterns in sensitivity to bitter taste. Menstrual patterns in sweet taste sensitivity were consistent with patterns in food intake. Other taste modality investigations had mixed findings that had little agreement across studies. Hormonal changes in females influence taste sensitivity to some degree, although the overall patterns are unclear. Seasonal patterns have been less well studied, but there is weak evidence that sweet, salty, and bitter taste sensitivities change across seasons. Differences in seasonal taste patterns have been observed in subgroups susceptible to mental health disorders, requiring further investigation. Patterns of taste sensitivity are evident across multiple temporal dimensions, and more research is needed to determine the influence of these patterns on food intake. Dysregulation of these patterns may also be a marker of certain diseases or health conditions, warranting further investigation. Notably, the alimentary tastes (umami, fat, and carbohydrate) are underrepresented in this research area and require additional investigation.

DESCRIPTION OF BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS AND THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMUNITY IN PIMPINGA VILLAGE, BATURAPPE VILLAGE, BIRINGBULU SUB-DISTRICT, GOWA REGENCY

Blood sugar is a medical term that can determine the level of glucose in the blood. Health tests such as blood sugar checks are markers or tools to identify metabolism in the body. Glucose levels usually rise after eating and usually fall before eating. This service activity aims to find out the description of current blood sugar levels (GDS) and the level of knowledge of the people of Pimpinga Hamlet, Baturappe Village, Biringbulu District, Gowa Regency. Examination of GDS with the POCT method using a kit (Gluco-test) or glucometer. The number of participants was around 56 people and there were more women than men. Before carrying out the GDS examination, interviews were conducted with participants to explore medical history or hereditary diseases. The examination results showed that there were 42 participants (75%) who had normal blood sugar levels, and 14 participants (25%) who had blood sugar levels above normal values (&gt; 200 mg/dl). Thus it can be concluded that the normal blood sugar levels (GDS) of the community members are generally normal because they have paid attention to the pattern of healthy food intake by consuming vegetables.

Food Recognition System: A New Approach Based on Wavelet-LSTM

An automated system for analyzing daily dietary intake is essential for human well-being and healthcare. This work presents a novel wearable necklace embedded with a piezoelectric sensor and a microcontroller to monitor food ingestion of users. To effectively represent the food ingestion patterns, the sensor signal is dynamically segmented using a bidirectional search technique. Each segmented food intake pattern consists of a chewing sequence and a swallow peak. We exploit wavelet transform to decompose the complex food ingestion patterns, collected by the sensor, into frequency sub-bands at discrete scales. The frequency sub-bands are used as sequences to train long short-term memory (LSTM) for the recognition of 5 food categories. Our proposed recognition model based on wavelet-LSTM recognizes 5 food classes with an accuracy of 98.1%&#x0D;