History Of Food Research Articles

Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of Shigella strains in Bangladesh over the period of 2014–2022: evidence from a nationwide hospital-based surveillance for cholera and other diarrheal diseases

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and risk factors linked to Shigella infections through a nationwide hospital-based diarrheal disease surveillance in Bangladesh. From May 2014 to May 2022, from a systematic sentinel surveillance of Shigella infections in over 10 hospitals across Bangladesh, stool specimens were collected from patients with acute watery diarrhea and tested for Shigella species by microbiological culture. The susceptibility to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method. Structured questionnaires were used to collect participants’ socioeconomic status and clinical, sanitation, and food history. Out of 24,357 stool specimens, 1.8% were positive for Shigella species, with a higher prevalence among males (58%). Children in the 6–17 age group were found to be at the highest risk of Shigella infections. The most prevalent serotype was Shigella flexneri (79.5%), followed by Shigella sonnei. S. flexneri serotype 2a was the most common (63.3%) among all Shigella serotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed over 99% of isolates resistant or with intermediate susceptibility to one of the seven antibiotics tested. About 96% of S. flexneri and all S. sonnei isolates demonstrated resistance to at least one quinolone class of antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin or nalidixic acid. S. sonnei showed higher antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance compared to S. flexneri . The high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin highlights the need for more prudent use of this antibiotic and improved hygiene and sanitation. The study emphasized the importance of regular monitoring of drug resistance to effectively manage Shigella infections. These findings may provide the epidemiological evidence for conducting future appropriate Shigella vaccine clinical trials in Bangladesh. IMPORTANCE This nationwide study in Bangladesh assessed Shigella infections from 2014 to 2022 from clinical samples. S. flexneri was predominant, with concerning antibiotic resistance, notably to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in over 96% of isolates. This emphasizes the urgency of prudent antibiotic use and improved hygiene. The findings provide crucial antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella species, highlighting the need for ongoing resistance monitoring and potentially informing future vaccine trials.

Kitchen Hinduism: Food politics and Hindi cookbooks in colonial North India

Abstract This article deliberates on the entanglements between politics and the history of food, health, and gender in Hindu middle-class households of early twentieth-century North India, through the genre of printed cookbooks in Hindi. While cookbooks became important nodes through which to construct an ideal Hindu housewife and kitchen, they were also a place where educated, middle-class women’s voices came to be heard, recorded, and published. The article shows how and why cookbooks are an important source for writing gendered social histories of the Hindu middle classes in modern India. Simultaneously, reflecting on the larger politics of food, the article focuses on the social identities embedded in these culinary texts, and the multiple meanings they embodied, as they strengthened gender, caste, and religious boundaries, constructed a past golden culinary age, upheld ayurvedic knowledge, bemoaned the present state of culinary sciences, used food to overcome the malaise of the middle classes, fashioned an ideal Hindu upper-caste palate as synonymous with a vegetarian diet, and imagined a healthy family and a strong Hindu nation through culinary idioms.

7357 Microscopic Papillary Thyroid Cancer Presenting with Cranial Nerve Palsies due to Metastatic Cervical Lymphadenopathy: A Case Report

Abstract Disclosure: N.N. Mukhtar: None. C. Zuo: None. B.R. Haugen: None. Introduction: Tumors metastasizing to head and neck are considered a rare cause of cranial nerve palsy (CNP). In this report, we describe an unusual presentation of metastatic microscopic follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer (FVPTC) presenting with CNP. Case Summary: A 68-year-old previously healthy female presented to her primary care physician with a 6-week history of difficulty speaking and chewing food. She did not notice any dysphagia, change in voice or shortness of breath. Cranial nerve examination was evident for palatal asymmetry, left-sided uvular and right-sided tongue deviations suggesting right glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerve palsies. Neck examination revealed a normal thyroid gland without palpable nodules however, the patient had multiple enlarged painless right cervical lymph nodes (CLN). MRI of the brain was normal. CT of the neck and chest showed enlarged, calcified right level II and III CLN (largest 4x3.5 cm) compressing the right internal jugular vein. In addition, bilateral pulmonary nodules (largest 1.7x1.5 cm) suspicious for metastasis were seen. CT-guided biopsy of left upper lobe lung nodule was consistent with metastatic thyroid cancer (positive PAX-8 and TTF-1 immunostaining). Neck ultrasound did not show any thyroid nodules, but did confirm 4 enlarged right CLN (largest 2.9 cm). The patient was referred to our multidisciplinary clinic for further evaluation. Based on the duration of her symptoms (6 weeks), her CNP was most-likely irreversible and agreement to proceed with total thyroidectomy, central and right lateral neck dissection aiming for complete resection in preparation for future treatment with radioactive iodine. Preoperative thyroglobulin level was 30.7 ng/ml (1.6-50), thyroglobulin antibody 24 U/mL (<40) and TSH 0.6 mIU/L (0.4-4.6). Intra-operatively; the patient had extensive, bulky lymphadenopathy extending to surrounding neck muscles and completely encasing right jugular vein. Histopathological examination of the resected tissue showed a unifocal right thyroid lobe microscopic (6x4x3 mm) infiltrative follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer (FVPTC). No extrathyroidal extension, necrosis, angioinvasion or lymphatic invasion were identified. Mitotic index was 3/ 2mm2. 13 out of 36 lymph nodes were positive for metastatic thyroid cancer (3/3 level II, 2/17 level III, 8/16 level IV), largest was 4.6 cm with extra-nodal extension. The patient was discharged on suppressive dose levothyroxine. Molecular studies: Next generation sequencing of the lung biopsy was negative for BRAFV[6]00E mutation and further molecular analyses are ongoing. Conclusion: This case describes two unique presentations of thyroid cancer; a microscopic FVPTC associated with large lateral cervical lymph node metastasis and, CNP as the initial presentation of thyroid cancer which to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Cabbage and Caviar: A History of Food in Russia by Alison K. Smith (review)

Cabbage and Caviar: A History of Food in Russia by Alison K. Smith (review)

Epidemiological investigation of allergic rhinitis in children aged 6-12 years in Bayannur City, China.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa triggered by exposure to non-harmful substances. Over the past decade, the prevalence of AR in Chinese children has been steadily increasing. However, detailed epidemiological data on AR in children from Bayannur City are lacking. This study randomly selected six primary schools in Bayannur City. Electronic questionnaires were distributed via the web, and parents and children completed the questionnaires by scanning the two-dimensional code within a designated timeframe. Statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. A total of 4,754 valid responses were obtained. The self-reported prevalence of AR among children in Bayannur city was 39.79%. Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, belonging to an ethnic minority, a history of food or drug allergies, frequent antibiotic use (≥3 times per year in the past two years, with each course lasting ≥3 days), and residence in urban or pastoral areas was associated with an increased prevalence of AR in children. The proportion of children experiencing moderate to severe AR hat impacted their studies or daily life was 48.78%. Chronic AR was reported in 56.71% of cases. Among AR patients with other allergic conditions, the incidence rates were as follows: bronchial asthma 35.99%, upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) 64.32%, secretory otitis media (SOM) 22.41%, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea-syndrome (OSAHS) 49.58%, allergic dermatitis (AD) 48.72%, and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) 85.20%. The prevalence of AR was 50.30% in urban areas, 13.733% in rural areas and 20.90% in pastoral areas. Seasonal effects on AR prevalence were notably significant in urban and pastoral regions. The prevalence of AR among children in Bayannur city was 39.80%. Of those with AR, 48.72% experienced significant impacts on their learning or daily life, while only 14.80% had no other allergic conditions. There were significant variations in the prevalence and onset of AR among children between urban, agricultural and pastoral areas.

Urolitíase em cão da raça Pug

The objective of this paper was to present a case of urolithiasis in a two-year old Pug weighing ten kilos, with a history of food allergy/atopic dermatitis. Upon physical examination, the animal presented mild abdominal pain upon palpation. The tutor indicated emesis 2 days ago. Upon ultrasound examination, it was possible to identify the presence of a 2.2 cm urolith in the bladder, in addition to cystitis in the urinary tract. The animal underwent surgical treatment, with cystotomy being the most suitable for this type of case. From the case report, it was found that racial or even familial predisposition was the main cause of urolith formation. In addition, the chances of urolithiasis occurring are greater in small breed dogs.

578. DUPILUMAB EFFICACY IN EOSINOPHILIC OESOPHAGITIS PATIENTS TREATED WITH PRIOR THERAPY AND INADEQUATE RESPONSE, INTOLERANCE, OR CONTRAINDICATION TO SWALLOWED TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS

Abstract Background Improvements in histologic, symptomatic, and endoscopic aspects of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) were observed in patients treated with dupilumab weekly (qw) enrolled in the 3-part, phase 3 LIBERTY EoE TREET study (NCT03633617), regardless of prior inadequate response, intolerance, and/or contraindication to swallowed topical corticosteroids (STC). Here we assess the efficacy of dupilumab qw versus placebo in this STC non-responsive/intolerant subgroup, stratifying further by those with/without history of food elimination diets, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use at randomisation, or history of oesophageal dilation. Methods This analysis includes patients who received dupilumab 300 mg qw or placebo for 24 weeks in Part B and an additional 28 weeks dupilumab in Part C. Co-primary endpoints (Weeks 24 and 52) include: proportions of patients achieving peak eosinophil count (PEC) ≤6 eosinophils/high-power field (eos/hpf) and absolute change in Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) score. Secondary endpoints assessed included proportions of patients achieving PEC ≤1 eos/hpf, <15 eos/hpf, % change in PEC, and absolute change in Endoscopic Reference Score, and EoE-Histologic Scoring System grade/stage scores. Results Dupilumab 300 mg qw improved proportions of patients achieving co-primary endpoints, ≤6 eos/hpf and absolute change in DSQ score, and secondary endpoints, ≤1 eos/hpf and <15 eos/hpf at Week 24 versus placebo, regardless of history of food elimination diets, PPI use at randomisation, or history of dilation (Table). Improvements were maintained or continued to improve at Week 52. A similar trend was observed for other secondary endpoints assessed. Placebo-treated patients who switched to dupilumab in Part C demonstrated similar efficacy to patients treated with dupilumab in Part B. Dupilumab safety was consistent with the known dupilumab safety profile. Conclusion Dupilumab qw demonstrated sustained improvements in histologic and symptomatic aspects of EoE up to 52 weeks in adults and adolescents with an inadequate response, intolerance, and/or contraindication to STC, regardless of history of food elimination diets, PPI use, or history of oesophageal dilation. Improvements in endoscopic aspects of EoE up to 52 weeks were also observed.

Recipes for Life: Black Women, Cooking, and Memory

In African American history, food has functioned as expression of colonial power and control, and as a source of Black celebration and liberation. Cookbooks written by Black women from the mid-eighteenth century to late twentieth century reflect the long history of the development of African American cuisine. These texts are practical and instructional, while also offering insights into the transnational development of food as an expression of cultural history through African, Indigenous, and European influences. African Americans, and more specifically Black women, have contributed to the food history of the Southern United States by developing a distinct African American cuisine and creating the texts by which to publicly declare their knowledge and ensure its survival. By analyzing the cookbooks of Malinda Russell, Edna Lewis, Vertamae Smith-Grosvenor, and Carole and Norma Jean Darden, a timeline of cookbooks from the Civil War to the Black Power Movement can be established. Their commonalities, including the use of cookbooks as autobiographies, community memoirs, and genealogical records, are features that resonated with the Civil Rights Movement in the latter half of the twentieth century. Food is more than a means of survival. It is a constantly evolving expression of culture, people, and celebration.

Food History on a Postcard

Today, vintage postcards are widely collected and are an important resource for social historians. As well as the countless topographical and humorous postcards associated with holidays, there were cards depicting regional foods, the sorts of delicacy presented to visitors and the tourist. In the south-west of England, particularly Devon and Cornwall, it is the cards created by the independent local photographers which capture authentic dishes and local culinary specialities.

Tasting local history

This article discusses how museums can disseminate the cultural history of food by cooking, tasting, and sharing meals. The article builds on vast data from a food culture project (SPIS Ma/eD) conducted in Lolland-Falster, the southeastern part of Denmark, between 2020 and 2023. The analysis centres on three key findings: the social aspect of sharing experiences and meals, the dialogical dissemination of cultural food history, and sensory engagement through cooking and tasting. The article concludes that cooking and dining together with other museum visitors enriches the museum experience and transforms it into a highly sensory and social event that links history to the present everyday life of the participants. The SPIS Ma/eD project also demonstrates the value of integrating food culture into the communication and dissemination practices of museums. This integrated approach to the local community, educational institutions, and innovative events has created a model that may inspire other museums.

Cheesemaking in Cheshire 1550–1750

This article supports a material turn in agricultural and food history by focusing on the utensils and equipment, along with the embodied practices involved in cheesemaking. The period of interest is the long seventeenth century when rich source material is available in the form of probate inventories—lists of the movable goods owned by deceased persons, mainly adult males, and widows. Our laboratory will be Cheshire, an English county that for 200 years, from the mid-seventeenth century, dominated the cheese supply of London and the industrial towns and cities of the north of England. We use 1600 inventories transcribed by Cheshire local historians, a significant portion of which mention cheese and cheesemaking. We argue that the making and marketing of Cheshire cheese was distinctive but that there was nothing inevitable about its success.

PERIODIZATION OF WORLD FOOD HISTORY (THE PROBLEM STATEMENT)

The article is the first to propose a periodization of the world history of food. The chronological framework covers the period from the emergence of “Homo sapiens” to the present day. Periodization is based not only on the changes in the process of production and preparation of food, but also on a whole complex of phenomena related to food: the order of eating and serving food, taste preferences, cultural and social traditions, place in the historical context and interaction of cultures, national characters and issues of self-identification. This kind of systematization of the “gastronomic” history of mankind allows us to fit it into the general context of world history, to show the place and role of food and food traditions in the history of mankind. The article highlights the following periods, which do not always coincide with the general periodization of history. 1. The primitive period. The emergence and establishment of traditions of cooking and eating (40,000 BC - 10,000 BC) 2. The emergence and establishment of agriculture. The emergence of the first civilizations (10,000 BC - 1,000 BC) 3. Antiquity. Division of peoples based on food (1,000 BC - 5th century) 4. The period of formation of the food systems of the world. 5th century - turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. 5. The period of food globalization. Modern times. The turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. - present time.

Safety of Gadoxetate Disodium for Hepatobiliary MRI in Children and Adolescents.

Background Despite a proven role in the characterization of liver lesions, use of the gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) gadoxetate disodium at MRI is limited in children due to a lack of comparative safety data. Purpose To evaluate the safety of the GBCA gadoxetate disodium (a linear ionic hepatobiliary contrast agent [HBA]) in children and adolescents, compared with extracellular contrast agents (ECA). Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger who underwent HBA-enhanced MRI at one of three tertiary hospitals from January 2010 to December 2022. The incidence of GBCA-associated acute adverse events was compared between MRI examinations with a HBA and those with ECA. Severity was categorized according to American College of Radiology guidelines (mild, moderate, or severe). (a) Propensity score matching using multivariable logistic regression models and (b) inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis based on nine covariates (age, sex, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria or atopy, food allergy, drug allergy, premedication, and history of GBCA-associated adverse events) were used for confounder adjustment. Results A total of 1629 MRI examinations (ECA, n = 1256; HBA, n = 373) in 1079 patients were included (mean age, 8.6 years ± 6.5; 566 girls). The per-examination incidence of GBCA-associated acute adverse events showed no evidence of a difference, with rates of 0.9% (11 of 1256 examinations) for ECA and 1.3% (five of 373 examinations) for HBA (odds ratio [OR], 1.55 [95% CI: 0.54, 4.46]; P = .42). Acute adverse events were all mild with ECA, whereas with HBA, they were mild for four patients and moderate for one patient. There was no evidence of a difference in the incidence of acute adverse events, even in propensity score matching (OR, 1.33 [95% CI: 0.30, 5.96]; P = .71) and inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis (OR, 0.84 [95% CI: 0.25, 2.86]; P = .78). Conclusion Gadoxetate disodium showed no difference in acute adverse events compared with ECA in children and adolescents, with further large-scale pediatric studies required to confirm its safety. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Otero in this issue.

Cabbage and Caviar: A History of Food in Russia by Alison K. Smith (review)

Cabbage and Caviar: A History of Food in Russia by Alison K. Smith (review)

Banana Ketchup

Banana ketchup is an iconic marker of Filipino cultural identity. Across the homeland/diaspora divide, the Filipino public celebrates the memory of Maria Y. Orosa, the food scientist, early immigrant to the American West Coast, and anti-Japanese guerrilla fighter, for her creation of the country’s favorite sauce or sawsawan. The history of this beloved food item is often recounted as a narrative of scientific innovation, anticolonial resistance, and sovereignty. This essay explores the work that such narratives do, noting not only how they are invoked as frames for Filipinos and Filipino Americans’ critiques of gustatory coloniality but also how they can themselves veil other political realities deserving of attention. At banana ketchup manufacturing plants in the Philippines, laborers and allies reimagine the condiment not as a proud symbol of identity but rather as a vessel of labor exploitation, union busting, and police brutality. This alternative narrative is often eclipsed by modes of storytelling that elevate Orosa’s ingenious substitution of a native fruit like bananas for an imported product like tomatoes as an emblem of gustatory independence. Documenting an essential piece of Filipino food history yet to receive much scholarly attention, this essay ultimately asks how ways of remembering food history can themselves become ways of forgetting. Its aim is to offer an intervention toward bringing cultural memory and contemporary labor struggles between the Filipino homeland and diaspora into political relation.

Cooking with Conversation: Enhancing User Engagement and Learning with a Knowledge-Enhancing Assistant

We present two empirical studies to investigate users’ expectations and behaviours when using digital assistants, such as Alexa and Google Home, in a kitchen context: First, a survey (N = 200) queries participants on their expectations for the kinds of information that such systems should be able to provide. While consensus exists on expecting information about cooking steps and processes, younger participants who enjoy cooking express a higher likelihood of expecting details on food history or the science of cooking. In a follow-up Wizard-of-Oz study (N = 48), users were guided through the steps of a recipe either by an active wizard that alerted participants to information it could provide or a passive wizard who only answered questions that were provided by the user. The active policy led to almost double the number of conversational utterances and 1.5 times more knowledge-related user questions compared to the passive policy. Also, it resulted in 1.7 times more knowledge communicated than the passive policy. We discuss the findings in the context of related work and reveal implications for the design and use of such assistants for cooking and other purposes such as DIY and craft tasks, as well as the lessons we learned for evaluating such systems.

The Thai Chinese-Malaysian Bonding Story of Baba Nyonya’s Cuisine in Phuket to Contemporary Jewelry

As a researcher who was born and raised in the culture of the Phuket Baba clan and is familiar with traditional Phuket local food, I understand how the past and present interweave seamlessly and harmoniously. I, therefore, would like to present the identity of Phuket’s local gastronomy or Pun Teh cuisine through contemporary jewelry design with the purpose 1. To design contemporary jewelry that can be applied to create a commercial prototype from studying the history, significance, meaning, and beliefs of Phuket local food. 2. To search for substitute materials from raw materials used in cooking Phuket local cuisine with a production process that is friendly to the environment to substitute the use of consumables in the jewelry industry. 3. To design jewelry through Phuket local food cultural capital that can be used as a commercial prototype in the future. This research uses a mixed research approach consisting of quantitative research at the beginning and qualitative research with surveys primary and secondary data collections. The research utilizes the principle of cultural capital management for local food in Phuket, analysis, and experimental materials as a research framework. Research Area is the old town area known as Thalang Road in Phuket Province. The research model focuses on studying the history and significance of Phuket local food culture, raw materials for food preparation, meaning, beliefs, Nyonya wares, Siannah, and Toei Panan woven baskets. The study found that Phuket local foods that are in line with the objectives of the jewelry design include crispy sticky rice, Hokkien noodle, O-aew or Aiyu, Moo Hong, and Tumi curry, by interpreting the identity of Phuket local food through the processing of raw materials used in food

Anti-Tumor Effects and Toxicity Reduction Mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review.

To investigate and systematically describe the mechanism of action of Prunella vulgaris (P. vulgaris) against digestive system tumors and related toxicity reduction. This study briefly describes the history of medicinal food and the pharmacological effects of P. vulgaris, focusing on the review of the anti-digestive tumor effects of the active ingredients of P. vulgaris and the mechanism of its toxicity reduction. The active ingredients of P. vulgaris may exert anti-tumor effects by inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells, inhibiting angiogenesis, inhibiting the migration and invasion of tumor cells, and inhibiting autophagy. In addition, P. vulgaris active ingredients inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and macrophages and increase the level of indicators of oxidative stress through the modulation of target genes in the pathway to achieve the effect of toxicity reduction. The active ingredients in the medicine food homology plant P. vulgaris not only treat digestive system tumors through different mechanisms but also reduce the toxic effects. P. vulgaris is worthy of being explored more deeply.

A rare symptom of foodborne botulism: dysgeusia. Case report and clinical review

Clostridium botulinum has become one of the most well-known microorganisms in medical history, thanks to both fatal botulism epidemics and the recent medical use of botulinum neurotoxin. It is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes classic foodborne botulism, infant botulism, wound botulism, and intestinal colonization botulism, a serious neuroparalytic disease. The most common type of botulism is foodborne botulism, which is caused by eating botulinum toxin-contaminated foods. Just a few micrograms of toxin are enough to cause symptoms and, if untreated, death. Rapid diagnosis of the condition is critical to avoiding fatal outcomes. This article describes a clinical case of a patient who presented to us in June with typical symptoms of botulism. Early clinical diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history, including a meticulous reconstruction of the patient's food history in the days preceding symptom onset, as well as a careful physical examination, which can be highly suggestive of botulinum intoxication. Botulism treatment consists of symptom control, mechanical respiratory support, and Botulinum Antitoxin (BAT) administered intravenously. Epidemiological investigation is critical for quickly identifying the food vehicle causing the intoxication.

High adherence to the French dietary guidelines decreases type 2 diabetes risk in females through pathways of obesity markers: Evidence from the E3N-EPIC prospective cohort study

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been associated with low adherence to the 2017 French food-based dietary guidelines, as assessed by the Programme National Nutrition Santé - guidelines score 2 (PNNS-GS2). Whether the association between T2D and PNNS-GS2 is direct or mediated by obesity has been little investigated. The study included 71,450 women from the E3N-EPIC cohort, mean age of 52.9 y (SD 6.7). The simplified PNNS-GS2 was derived via food history questionnaire. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of T2D. Causal mediation analyses were used to decompose the total effect of sPNNS-GS2 on T2D into a direct effect and indirect effect mediated by body mass index (BMI) or the waist-hip ratio (WHR). During a mean follow-up of 19 y, 3679 incident T2D cases were identified and validated. There was a linear association between adherence to sPNNS-GS2 and T2D (P-nonlinearity = 0.92). In the fully adjusted model, each 1-SD increase in the sPNNS-GS2 was associated with a lower T2D risk [HR (95% CI), 0.92 (0.89, 0.95)]. The overall associations were mainly explained by sPNNS-GS2-associated excess weight, with BMI and WHR mediating 52% and 58% of the associations, respectively. Higher adherence to French food-based dietary guidelines was associated with a lower risk of T2D in women, and a significant portion of this effect could be attributed to excess weight measured by BMI or WHR. This finding helps better understand the mechanisms underlying the diet-T2D association.