Food-drug Interactions Research Articles

Predicting Food–Drug Interactions between Piperine and CYP3A4 Substrate Drugs Using PBPK Modeling

Predicting Food–Drug Interactions between Piperine and CYP3A4 Substrate Drugs Using PBPK Modeling

Thyroxine Replacement Therapy during Ramadan Fasting: A Narrative Review

Abstract Introduction Ramadan fasting-induced changes in eating and sleeping patterns pose a risk of influencing thyroid hormone levels. There is a recognition of the potential impact of fasting and feasting on levothyroxine (L-T4) absorption. Materials and Methods A narrative, nonsystematic literature review from two major medical online databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from their inception to the search day (February 22, 2024). A relevant combined search term was used. The retrieved literature is narrated in a concise account. Results There is a relationship between metabolism and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This relationship contributes to transient metabolic disturbances that influence the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various drugs, adding complexity to the management of hypothyroidism during Ramadan fasting. Several observational studies have studied the changes in thyroid function levels during unmodified L-T4 regimens. Experimental trials explored the impact on body weight, well-being, and thyroid functions when the timing of L-T4 administration changes. Findings are far from homogeneous due to different study protocols. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a significant post-Ramadan increase in TSH levels among euthyroid patients. L-T4 timing points, encompassing pre-Iftar, post-Iftar, and pre-Suhoor, are associated with elevated TSH levels after Ramadan fasting. The emphasis on individualized L-T4 regimens during Ramadan fasting is underscored, with recommendations for patients to refrain from food for at least 3 hours before and 30 minutes after L-T4 intake to ensure optimal compliance by most experts. The association between adherence to L-T4 during Ramadan fasting and maintaining euthyroid status is highlighted, encouraging patients to follow prescribed regimens diligently. Modified dosing frequencies, such as weekly regimens, exhibit promising results, especially in patients grappling with compliance issues. Proactive consultations with physicians before Ramadan are needed to review the latest thyroid function test and make possible dose adjustments. Conclusion Managing hypothyroidism during Ramadan necessitates an understanding of medication timing, food-drug interactions, and prior regimens. Adherence, facilitated by flexibility, plays a critical role in achieving euthyroid status.

Clinically important interactions of macrolides and tetracyclines with dietary interventions-a systematic review with meta-analyses.

Effective management of drug-food interactions is crucial for enhancing antibiotics' efficacy/safety. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to assess the impact of dietary interventions on the bioavailability of 15 macrolides and 10 tetracyclines. We included studies examining the influence of food, beverages, antacids, and mineral supplements on the pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered macrolides and tetracyclines. We searched Medline (via PubMed), Embase and Cochrane Library databases up to December 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane and NIH tools. Quantitative analyses were conducted if two or more comparable food-effect studies were available; otherwise, a qualitative summary was provided. We included 120 studies from 97 reports. Meta-analyses were conducted for 8 macrolides and 4 tetracyclines, with qualitative synthesis for 10 and 9, respectively. About 64% of the studies were open-label, crossover designs. Our assessment found that 37% of the studies had a high risk of bias, while only 6% had low risk. Food significantly affected 10 of 13 macrolides (77%) and 6 of 7 tetracyclines (86%). High positive effects on bioavailability were seen with extended-release azithromycin and clarithromycin, and erythromycin estolate. High negative impacts were observed with erythromycin propionate and stearate, azithromycin capsules, demeclocycline and omadacycline. Antacids and mineral supplements significantly decreased tetracyclines absorption. Milk and grapefruit juice showed variable impacts on absorption. Interactions depend on antibiotics' physicochemical characteristics, intervention type, drug formulation and potential patient factors. The quality of evidence was rated low due to outdated studies, methodological diversity and unequal data availability.

DDInter 2.0: an enhanced drug interaction resource with expanded data coverage, new interaction types, and improved user interface.

Drug interactions pose significant challenges in clinical practice, potentially leading to adverse drug reactions, reduced efficacy, and even life-threatening consequences. As polypharmacy becomes increasingly common, the risk of harmful drug interactions rises, underscoring the need for comprehensive and user-friendly drug interaction resources to ensure patient safety. To address these concerns and support healthcare professionals in optimizing drug therapy, we present DDInter 2.0, a significantly expanded and enhanced update to our drug interaction database. This new version incorporates additional interaction types, including drug-food interactions (DFIs), drug-disease interactions (DDSIs), and therapeutic duplications, providing a more complete resource for clinical decision-making. The updated database covers 2310 drugs, with 302 516 drug-drug interaction (DDI) records accompanied by 8398 distinct, high-quality mechanism descriptions and management recommendations. DDInter 2.0 also includes 857 DFIs, 8359 DDSIsand 6033 therapeutic duplication records, each supplemented with detailed information and guidance. Furthermore, the enhanced user interface and advanced filtering options in this second release facilitate easy access to and analysis of the comprehensive drug interaction data. By providing healthcare professionals and researchers with a more complete and user-friendly resource, DDInter 2.0 aims to support clinical decision-making and ultimately improve patient outcomes. DDInter 2.0 is freely accessible at https://ddinter2.scbdd.com.

Uncovering the Knowledge Landscape of Food-Drug Interactions Among Medical Professionals

Background: Drug-food interactions (DFIs) can alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, impacting patient outcomes. Health care professionals (HCPs) play a critical role in managing these interactions. Specific Background: Despite their significance, the awareness of DFIs among Iraqi medical professionals is inadequately documented. Knowledge Gap: There is a lack of comprehensive studies evaluating the knowledge of DFIs among medical professionals in Iraq, which is crucial for improving patient care and therapeutic efficacy. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of food-drug interactions among Iraqi medical professionals, including medical students, newly graduated doctors, and junior doctors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire with 20 questions evaluating knowledge on common DFIs. Results: The study revealed a concerning lack of knowledge about DFIs among participants, with junior doctors scoring an average of 7.1 out of 15, newly graduated doctors 6.38, and sixth-grade medical students 5.27. Only 13% felt knowledgeable about DFIs, while 31.7% acknowledged their insufficient understanding. Notably, knowledge on interactions such as tyramine-rich foods with antidepressants and grapefruit juice with statins was limited. Novelty: This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of DFI knowledge among Iraqi medical professionals, highlighting significant gaps and educational needs. Implications: The findings underscore the necessity for enhanced educational programs targeting DFIs in medical curricula, ensuring HCPs are equipped to counsel patients effectively, thereby improving patient safety and therapeutic outcomes. These results emphasize the importance of targeted educational interventions to bridge the knowledge gap, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes and informed patient care in Iraq. Highlights: Knowledge Gaps: Iraqi medical professionals lack understanding of common food-drug interactions. Education Needed: Enhanced training on interactions is essential in medical curricula. Patient Safety: Improving knowledge will lead to better patient outcomes. Keywords: Food–Drug Interactions, Knowledge, Drug Interaction, Medical Students

Food-drug interactions risk management: An emergent piece of pharmacovigilance systems.

Food-drug interactions risk management: An emergent piece of pharmacovigilance systems.

Knowledge of Food-Drug Interactions among Medical University Students.

Food-drug interactions (FDIs) may alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, modifying the whole therapy's effectiveness. Some of them cause the attenuation of drug effects, while others inhibit the medicines' metabolism resulting, in too high concentrations of the medicine in the body. Thus, some healthcare professionals-doctors, pharmacists or dieticians-should be aware of the possibility of food-drug interactions. This study aimed to assess knowledge of food-drug interactions among students of pharmacy, medicine, stomatology, medical analysis and dietetics and students of the college of further medical education for pharmacy technicians. Students (n = 820) completed a custom-made questionnaire. The relationships between the continuous variables were analysed on the basis of Pearson's correlation coefficient. To verify the predictors of objective students' knowledge about food-drug interactions, a multiple linear regression model with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare the total scores the respondents received for questions assessing their objective knowledge of FDI. Students' objective knowledge of FDIs correlated positively with their year of study and their self-evaluation of it. It was also significantly influenced by the field and mode of studies and by the fact that the issue had been discussed during the courses. Most students of the medical university had serious deficiencies in their knowledge of food-drug interactions. This is of particular concern for future doctors and dentists. Among the respondents, pharmacy students stood out, as their FDI knowledge was greater. The issue of food-drug interactions should be more widely taught at medical universities, which was emphasised by the respondents themselves.

Assessing knowledge and awareness of Food and Drug Interactions among nutrition sciences students: Implications for education and clinical practice.

Chronic diseases and polymedication increase the risk of food-drug interactions (FDIs) among the population, negatively impacting health. Nutritionists, as responsible for dietary planning, have a key role in preventing these events. To assess the knowledge about FDIs among a sample of Nutrition Sciences Bachelor students. A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted, involving 44 students from the 3rd and 4th academic years of different Portuguese universities during the 2023/2024 academic year. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire, covering general and specific FDIs knowledge, academic background, and perceptions regarding FDIs importance and training adequacy. Results revealed a general lack of FDIs knowledge among participants, particularly in identifying specific interactions and appropriate dietary management. While half of the students reported exposure to a subject dedicated to FDIs, only 18.18% considered the knowledge acquired sufficient. Nearly all participants (93.18%) expressed the need for further training in FDIs during their undergraduate course. Furthermore, none of the participants had received additional training or attended workshops on FDIs. Specifically, participants struggled to identify appropriate dietary choices in conjunction with certain medications. Moreover, only a minority of participants demonstrated awareness of the ideal timing for medication intake relative to food consumption. Despite these knowledge gaps, participants recognized the importance of FDIs knowledge for future clinical practice. Bridging these knowledge gaps through targeted educational interventions and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to ensure future nutrition professionals are equipped to address the complex challenges posed by FDIs in professional practice.

Knowledge and Awareness Towards Food Drug Interaction Among Pharmacists in Erbil City

In the evolving landscape of healthcare, understanding the potential interactions between pharmaceutical drugs and food is imperative yet often overlooked. This study aimed to assess pharmacists' knowledge of food-drug interactions (FDI) in Erbil city, focusing on comprehension, risk factors, counseling practices, and familiarity with drug databases. Conducted through a survey-based approach, the research involved 100 pharmacists from varying educational backgrounds, sampled purposively from Doctors Street in Erbil. Data collection occurred over two months via a self-administered questionnaire comprising 34 questions covering basic FDI awareness and advanced topics. Results indicate a correlation between higher education levels and a deeper understanding of FDI, particularly in recognizing specific drug-nutrient interactions. Nonetheless, knowledge gaps persist, underscoring the complexity of FDI comprehension. Intriguingly, pharmacists with institute certificates exhibited nuanced understanding in certain scenarios, challenging assumptions about the linear relationship between education and awareness. The study emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions in pharmaceutical education to address these nuances effectively. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on FDI awareness among pharmacists, highlighting the importance of continuous education to ensure optimal patient care, treatment efficacy, and safety.

Bioequivalence and Food Effect Assessment of Eltrombopag Olamine Tablets in Healthy Chinese Subjects: An Open, Randomized, Single-Dose, and Two-Period Crossover Study.

Eltrombopag, a nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist, is primarily used for treating immune thrombocytopenic purpura. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile and food-drug interaction of test and reference eltrombopag olamine tablets among healthy Chinese volunteers. An open, randomized, single-dose, 2-period crossover design was employed, involving fasting and fed conditions with a 10-day washout period. Ninety-six healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 25mg of the 2 eltrombopag formulations, with 48 participants in each group: fasting volunteers and those consuming a high-fat, low-calcium meal. Plasma eltrombopag concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the concentration-time profiles. The geometric mean ratios, with 90% confidence intervals, for the maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity fell within the bioequivalence acceptance criteria (80%-125%) under both fasting and fed conditions, indicating bioequivalence between the test and reference formulations. Administration of eltrombopag with a high-fat, low-calcium diet reduced the net systemic exposure by approximately 40%. Adverse events were recorded, and no serious adverse events were observed in either fasting or fed conditions. In conclusion, eltrombopag is well tolerated and exhibits a favorable safety profile in the Chinese population. The achievement of bioequivalence under fasting and fed conditions supports the demonstration of biosimilarity between the test and reference formulations.

Awareness of Food, Supplement, and Drug Interactions among Oncology Patients on Oral Chemotherapy

Abstract Background Food-drug interactions (FDIs) are very common, but under-reported due to a lack of proper history or lack of knowledge and limited research. Our study highlights the knowledge gap among oncology patients treated with capecitabine regarding food-oral chemotherapy interactions. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 breast and colon cancer patients, purposively sampled from the chemotherapy outpatient clinic from June 2021 to December 2021. A structured questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data, we asked them about the information they had received from the doctor and the way they were taking the medicine. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and the p-value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Regarding the sociodemographic and clinical data of participants, their ages widely ranged from 20-83 years old, and their mean age was 54.78±13.18. The majority of participants were females 81(73.6%), non-employed 86(78.2%), colon cancer 72(65.5%) and received ≤4 cycles 66 (60%). Still, there is poor awareness concerning FDI among oncology patients and most participants were unaware of the possible interactions of capecitabine with grapefruits, vitamins, herbs, and antioxidants, but the majority 92 (83.6%) were taking their medication correctly concerning meal recommendations and only 18(16.4% )were not taking capecitabine within 30 minutes of meals. The current study showed that patients’ knowledge was not associated with age, sex, education, marital status, or occupation. The main factors that affected knowledge in the current study were the cancer site and the number of treatment cycles, as colon cancer patients and those who have received four or fewer cycles had better doctor-patient communication. Conclusion There is a lack of awareness about interactions between oral chemotherapy and various nutrients and supplements among patients in the current study. Patient education and better doctor-patient communication are recommended to ensure optimal oral chemotherapy intake and patient safety.

A Survey of Knowledge About the Interaction Between Food and Drugs Among the Syrian Population

This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of food-drug interactions among the general public in Syria. A questionnaire was distributed at Tishreen University and published on social media between October and November 2023. A total of 419 responses were collected. 83.3% know that food can affect the effectiveness of medications. 85.2% think that food can increase or slow down the effects of medications. 77.6% believe that the effect of food-drug interactions varies depending on dose, age, and health status. 68.5% believe that food-drug interactions may lead to serious side effects. 45.8% believe that food-drug interactions can lead to death. 49.2% chose that the age group of patients at highest risk for food-drug interactions should be over 60 years of age. The questionnaire results showed that the level of knowledge and awareness of participants about food-drug interactions was good because the overall average of the number of participants who answered correctly was 63.34%.

Trends and current food safety regulations and policies for functional foods and beverages containing botanicals.

Globally, the demand for functional foods and beverages has significantly increased due to socioeconomic changes, particularly in health consciousness to enhance their functionality. Functional ingredients derived from botanicals are widely used because of their phytochemical properties with health benefits. This study aims to (1) review the capabilities and challenges of botanical addition in functional foods, (2) review current policies and regulations for functional foods containing botanicals in the European Union (EU), Canada, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Thailand, and (3) provide recommendations on effective food safety control measures for better consumer trust and trade facilitation. This critical review was analyzed from online publications and available guidelines, regulations, and control measures published by food industries and governments in the EU and the four selected countries. The result confirmed that potentialities of botanicals arise from numerous bioactive compounds with varieties of sources. However, the usage may potentially raise health risks through hazardous substances in different species or plant parts, contaminants from environments and uncontrolled processes. Inadequate knowledge of botanical formulation and the maximum limit for daily consumption may elevate health risks through food-drug interaction or adverse effect incidents. Current policies and regulations show that varieties of measures are implemented influencing both economic growth and consumer awareness. The novel finding is that countries that provide a comprehensive national food control system influence not only the growth of the functional food subsectors but also build trust in food safety among trade partners and consumers.

CYP3A4-associated food drug interactions: The impact of combined intake of alprazolam with cranberry and pomegranate juice treating anxiety caused by kidney stones

Nephrolithiasis is a common disease and incurs a significant burden on the health care system globally. Patients with kidney stones can be treated with natural remedy such as cranberry, pomegranate, and grape juice. Patients with kidney stone experience anxiety and insomnia as a result of the pain caused by the stones. As a result, physicians may prescribe anxiolytics to treat anxiety, among which alprazolam is a commonly prescribed medication. Meanwhile, cranberry and pomegranate juice are prescribed by many herbal specialists for the treatment of renal calculi. The enzyme CYP3A4 primarily metabolizes alprazolam, while fruit juices such as cranberry and pomegranate juices are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. Therefore, there could be a drug-food interaction between alprazolam and cranberry and pomegranate juices when consumed concomitantly. A detailed pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigation is required to ascertain the food- drug interaction between alprazolam, cranberry, and pomegranate juice to avoid the possible toxicity of alprazolam. This review article provides insights about the possible CYP3A4-associated drug interactions between alprazolam and juices of cranberry and pomegranate, for the safe and effective usage of alprazolam in treating anxiety disorders caused by kidney stones.

Together or Apart? Revealing the Impact of Dietary Interventions on Bioavailability of Quinolones: A Systematic Review with Meta-analyses.

Managing drug-food interactions is essential for optimizing the effectiveness and safety profile of quinolones. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the influence of dietary interventions on the bioavailability of 22 quinolones. All studies describing or investigating the impact of food, beverages, antacids, and mineral supplements on pharmacokinetic parameters or pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices of orally taken quinolones were considered for inclusion. We excluded reviews, in vitro and in silico studies, studies performed on animals, and those involving alcohol. We performed the search in Medline (via PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane Library, covering reports from database inception to December 2022. We used the following tools to assess the risk of bias: version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for parallel trials, the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for cross-over studies, and the NIH quality assessment tool for before-after studies. We performed quantitative analyses for each quinolone if two or more food-effect studies with specified and comparable study designs were available. If meta-analyses were not applicable, we qualitatively summarized the results. We included 109 studies from 101 reports. Meta-analyses were conducted for 12 antibiotics and qualitative synthesis was employed for the remaining drugs. Of the studies, 60.5% were open-label, cross-over, as recommended by FDA. We judged 46% of studies as having a high risk of bias and only 4% of having a low risk of bias. Among 19 quinolones with available food impact data, 14 (74%) had potentially clinically important interactions. For nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, and tosufloxacin, food exerted a high positive impact on bioavailability (AUC or Cmax increased by > 45%), whereas, for all the remaining drugs, postprandial absorption was lower. The most significant negative influence of food (AUC or Cmax decreased by > 40%) occurred for delafloxacin capsules and norfloxacin, whereas the moderate influence (AUC or Cmax decreased by 30-40%) occurred for nemonoxacin and rufloxacin. All 14 analysed quinolones showed a substantial reduction in bioavailability when co-administered with antacids and mineral supplements, except for calcium preparations. The impact of beverages was evaluated for 10 quinolones, with 50% experiencing significantly reduced absorption in the presence of milk (the highest negative impact for ciprofloxacin). Moreover, both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin demonstrated compromised bioavailability when consumed with orange juice, particularly calcium-fortified. Several factors may influence interactions, including the physicochemical characteristics of quinolones, the type of intervention, drug formulation, and the patient's health status. We assessed the quality of evidence as low due to the poor actuality of included studies, their methodological diversity, and uneven data availability for individual drugs.

Effect of Pomelo Extract on Behavioral Activity of Rats

Food drug interactions are again one of the most emphasized sectors of drug interactions. The effect of drug alters when ingested with food, beverages and dietary supplements which interact in person. Diet and lifestyles sometimes play a significant role on the metabolism of drugs. In this experiment the effects Citrus maxima fruit are studied with respect to a Benzodiazepine moiety diazepam which includes the Locomotory, Muscle tone and the Anti-anxiety activity tests. Synergistic effect of C. maxima with diazepam is being achieved that gives an idea about the usage of diazepam in low dosing units with minimum adverse drug reactions.

A Study on Impact of Self Medication in Adults and Paediatrics in COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Self-medication is defined as the use of medicinal products by the consumer to treat self-recognized disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a medication prescribed by a physician for chronic or recurring diseases or symptoms, which often is accompanied by potential risks to the consumers, including toxicity, therapeutic failure and drug-drug as well as drug-food interactions. The practice of self-medication has exponentially risen during the Covid-19 pandemic due to fear of visiting healthcare setups and subsequently contracting infections. Aim: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of self-medication in adults and pediatric patients during Covid-19. settings and Design: A cross-sectional community-based survey study was conducted among 556 participants, including pediatric and adult populations, for a period of 6 months, through an online platform. Methods and Material: The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which included informed consent, questions on patient demographics and self-medication practices, and plausible reasons for it. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0, and R environment ver.3.2.2 software. Results: Out of 556 participants the prevalence of self-medicating with paracetamol was considered to be high both in adults and paediatrics which was found to be 72.6% (319) and 66.6% (117) respectively. During Covid-19 symptoms, it was reported that Azithromycin consumption was found to be more than paracetamol. It also showed that 62.9% (439) were self-medicating before the Covid-19 pandemic and 20.5 % (439) were not aware of the risks associated with self-medication. The major source of self-medication was found to be Google (46.5%) followed by using old prescriptions (121.5%) and using family or friends’ prescriptions (10.9%). Conclusions: The study showed a conclusive rise in self-medication practices during the Covid pandemic among the SM-naïve population. Keywords: Self-medication, Prevalence, Prescription, Covid-19

EVALUATION OF PHARMACY EMPLOYEES’ USAGE OF HERBAL PRODUCTS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FOOD–DRUG INTERACTIONS

EVALUATION OF PHARMACY EMPLOYEES’ USAGE OF HERBAL PRODUCTS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FOOD–DRUG INTERACTIONS

Analyzing the Iatrogenic Triad: Discovering Strategies for Preventing Harm in the Elderly.

The iatrogenic triad is a significant global health problem in the elderly population. This study aimed to evaluate the iatrogenic triad in the elderly and identify potential preventive measures to mitigate its occurrence. A preliminary observational study was conducted on 150 ambulatory elderly patients to assess potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), polypharmacy, and drug interactions. The AGS Beers Criteria 2019, Polypharmacy, Medication Complexity Regimen Index (MRCI), and Micromedex (a drug information software) were used to assess the harmful triad. Before and after data collection, we observed, identified, and unfolded potential strategies to avoid the harmful triad in the elderly population. MRCI is 30.49 ± 13.77, suggesting a moderate level of complexity in the drug regimens of elderly patients. Among the PIMs identified by the AGS Beer criteria for 2019, glimepiride (45) and diclofenac (23) were found to be the most frequently prescribed. Moderate-level drug-drug interactions were identified between aspirin and metoprolol (20), metoprolol and metformin (13), and aspirin and enalapril (11). All drug-ethanol and drug-food interactions were rapid and often unknown to patients. Furthermore, the study found that MRCI and polypharmacy were significantly associated with the number of PIMs and drug interactions (p < 0.01). Based on data collection, this study identified three possible ways to prevent the iatrogenic triad in elderly patients: interaction, collaboration, and continuing education. In conclusion, this study sheds light on medication regimen complexity, PIMs, and drug interactions in elderly patients. The study also highlights three possible ways to prevent the iatrogenic triad: interaction, collaboration, and continuing education. By implementing these strategies, healthcare providers can help prevent harm and improve the quality of care for elderly patients.

Assessment of Cardiovascular Diseases Knowledge among Adults Population in Sulaimani City: A Descriptive Study

Background: The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease has emerged as a significant global and public health issue within the category of non-communicable diseases. In this study, we have to assess cardiovascular diseases knowledge and risk factors among adult population in Sulaimani City. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done with 131 people in Sulaimani city was collected the data includes socio demographic, clinical characteristics, and information about some risk factors of cardiovascular disease through direct interview. Results: The results of the present study revealed that 60.3%, 39.7% of the participants were males and female respectively. Most of them married and from urban area, 35.9% was graduated from primary school. 51.9% of them were unemployed. 76.3% of them had insufficient economic state. 81% of them were current and second-hand smoke. More than half of them had no information about heart disease, it is risk factors. Most 80.2% of them did not do regular exercise. Conclusion: From this present study, we have concluded that insufficient knowledge of the participants regarding risk factors of heart disease, especially food drug interaction and drug- drug interaction. More than half and nearly a quarter of them did not sure about existing dyslipidemia and hypertension respectively. The majority of them did not perform regular daily exercise. Keywords: cardiovascular diseases, knowledge, adults, population, Sulaimani city, descriptive study