Food Costs Research Articles

Perspectives of Home-Based Child Care Providers in New Mexico on Barriers and Facilitators to Participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program, 2021-2022.

This study examined New Mexico home-based child care provider perspectives (n = 75) on barriers to and facilitators of Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) participation. Two thirds of the sample were Spanish speakers. Providers reported that CACFP reimbursement does not cover actual food costs and the time-and-effort costs of obtaining qualifying foods and completing required documentation. They noted that additional reimbursed meals are needed for children in care for extended hours and that linguistically competent CACFP sponsor staff facilitated their participation. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S3):S215-S219. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307402).

A qualitative exploration of immigrant’s experiences, practices and feelings about health‐care management, diet quality and food security issues, in Greece

PurposeThe study aims to have adults discuss experiences, practices needs and feelings related to health management, diet and food security.Design/methodology/approachA total of 22 immigrants were recruited from the Open School of Immigrants in Piraeus, Attica, Greece, to participate in focus group discussions. The discussions were audio recorded and thematically analyzed. Three major themes were developed: pathways to health care, nutrition management and experiences related to food shortages.FindingsMost of the participants identified internet as the most commonly used way to obtain health advice; they also stated that unexpected ill-health is usually accompanied by feelings of fear, anxiety and loneliness. Immigrants, who had visited a public hospital in Greece, identified the language barrier as the most challenging issue, followed by the long waiting lists. Fear and anxiety of hospital visits was an important factor in their decision to vaccinate against COVID-19. Lack of time, high cost of healthy food and lack of knowledge were the most common obstacles to a healthy diet. One in two immigrants reported that they have faced food insecurity issues in the past. Stress, psychological distress and irritation were reported, due to food shortages, especially during the first few years of arriving in Greece. The exclusion of some foods, reduced portion sizes and buying cheaper foods were among the coping strategies to address food shortages.Originality/valueThe study offers an insight into immigrant’s experiences, practices and feelings about managing health issues and could be useful for health-care practitioners, researchers and policymakers.

Nitrogen Enriched Organic fertilizer (NEO) elevates nitrification rates shortly after application but has no lasting effect on nitrification in agricultural soils

Amidst population growth, escalating food costs, limited arable land, and farmland degradation, the adoption of innovative technologies—like organic waste recycling and nutrient recovery—is crucial for enhancing the resilience of global agri-food systems. Nitrogen-Enriched Organic fertilizer (NEO) is produced using a new method, where dinitrogen (N2) is captured from the air through a plasma process and mixed with slurries or digestates as nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-). This process leads to solid slurry acidification and a high NO2- content, potentially yielding toxic inorganic or organic N compounds. This study investigated the impact of NEO derived from cattle slurry and biogas digestate on soil nitrification—conversion of NH4+ to NO2- and NO3- by aerobic autotrophic bacteria and archaea. We investigated and compared the potential nitrification rates in soil samples from two agricultural trials (cereal and grass) treated with NEO and other fertilizers after two consecutive fertilization years. Additionally, we examined the immediate nitrification response to NEO through 73-hour soil incubations. Our results revealed that NEO significantly stimulated nitrification rates in agitated soil slurries, regardless of the feedstock used, surpassing rates observed in ammonium controls. Similarly, this pattern was also observed in loosely placed soil samples, with high nitrification rates occurring with NEO and ammonium chloride. Interestingly, the differences in nitrification rates between field-fertilized soil samples were minimal and inconsequential, suggesting that while NEO exhibits a rapid boost in nitrification rates shortly after application, this effect is not sustained ≈ six months after fertilization under field conditions. Consequently, NEO indicates its potential as an environmentally benign fertilizer without adversely affecting soil nitrification.

The importance of supply chain integration in the performance nexus: A case from developing country

Effective supply chain management (SCM) hinges on seamless integration among stakeholders, a concept extensively explored in literature. This involves efficient coordination, collaboration, and swift information sharing to align everyone toward common goals, ultimately reducing costs and inefficiencies. Integration enhances communication decision-making and standardizes processes, reducing errors and waste. Organizations must continually assess and monitor integration processes, emphasizing effective communication and collaboration in areas such as vendor management, procurement, and distribution. Success in SCM depends on vigilant monitoring and assessment of integration strategies, ensuring optimized outcomes. The study conducted a quantitative data analysis with survey questionnaires. The study found that for sustainable supply chains, it is essential to consider the competitive priorities of networked firms, industry type, and stakeholder collaboration. Different industries require varying levels of supply chain integration, necessitating exploration of integration-related topics for a comprehensive understanding. Sustainable supply chains depend on member collaboration, ethical practices, and a balance of economic and environmental considerations. Specifically, the agricultural food sector's focus on sustainability drives the demand for better integration. The lack of integration results in inefficiencies, higher costs, and a lack of collaboration, preventing the realization of potential benefits. Current research aims to explore the reliability of adopting SCM integration methods in the Asian agricultural food industry. This research explored the practical aspects of integrating supply chains in this sector that was neglected in the Asian agricultural food industries, hindering efficiency and cost reduction.

The impact of demonetization on Indian economy

The demonetization strategy implemented by the Government of India on November 8th, 2016, was designed with the objective of eliminating illicit funds inside the economy and curbing the circulation of counterfeit currency, which were believed to be utilized for the purpose of financing acts of terrorism. Two further significant aims were to broaden the formal economy's scope and to make gradual progress in digital transactions. However, the implementation of this policy shock was deemed unjustified due to its potential to disrupt economic operations, particularly in the short term. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach have been subject to substantial deliberation and analysis within the realm of print media and policy discourse. However, it has been observed that there is a lack of empirical information about the influence of this policy shock on economic activity. Within the confines of this particular setting, employing econometric research, the current investigation has ascertained that demonetization did not provide a statistically significant influence on the general trajectory of economic growth. Instead, the repercussions were confined to certain sectors. Likewise, the effect of demonetization on inflation was particularly noticeable in relation to food costs only. However, a significant policy implication arising from demonetization is the transformative impact it has had on digital transactions in the years following its implementation.

State Agency Perspectives on Successes and Challenges of Administering the Child and Adult Care Food Program

The federal Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) improves nutrition and reduces food insecurity for young children while helping cover food costs for care providers and families. Despite its important benefits, the program is underutilized. This report uses qualitative interviews with state CACFP administrators representing 28 states to explore federal and state policies and practices that support or discourage CACFP participation among licensed child care centers. We report on successful approaches to program outreach and administration, barriers that make CACFP participation challenging, and recommendations to expand access to CACFP for eligible child care providers and the populations they serve.

Fenomenologis Peran Industri Rokok dalam Memberdayakan Kaum Perempuan (Studi Kasus Pabrik Rokok Tunas Mandiri, Pacitan, Jawa Timur)

The cigarette industry is an industry that has an important role in the economy and employment. The objectives of this research are (i) to determine the share of female workers compared to male workers at the Tunas Mandiri Cigarette Factory; (ii) To find out the benefits obtained by female workers in helping their household economy. The method used is a qualitative method supported by primary data, namely sourced from interviews. The results of this research are (i) The share of workers at the Tunas Mandiri Cigarette Factory, female workers, is greater than male workers, in 2023, namely the share of female workers will reach 95.4% and the share of male workers 4.6%; (ii) Women workers receive various benefits that are useful in helping their household economy, namely for school fees, for paying motorbike loans, for paying bank installments, for saving, for daily food costs. The implication of this research is to provide information and references that women can help their household economy by working in various industrial sectors.

Food Choice Motives, Physical Activity Level and Body Mass Index Status Among Undergraduates Students: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: University students had high risk of unhealthy lifestyle habits such as being sedentary and having poor dietary choices due to higher cost of healthy food and the wide availability of fast food. These may contribute to overweight, obesity and co-morbidities. The aim of the study was to determine the association of food choices motives, physical activity (PA) level and body mass index status among undergraduates in Universiti Sains Malaysia. Methods: A total of 125 undergraduate students were recruited. Self-reported online questionnaire was administered to obtain information about sociodemographic information, anthropometric measurements, food choice motives using Food Choices Questionnaire and physical activity using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between food choice motive, PA and body mass index was assessed using Spearman correlation and Fisher`s Exact Test. Results: The three most important food choice motives are religion, price and sensory appeal. A total of 16% of the subjects were underweight, 19.2% were overweight and 11.2% were obese. 21.6% of the students had low PA level. There was significant inverse association between sensory appeal and BMI (p = 0.002, r = - 0.269). Physical activity was not significantly different between BMI categories. Conclusion: Those who have lower BMI reported to have greater sensory appeal, but association between PA and body mass index had no significant difference. Future studies are required for understanding the direct impact of food choice motives on dietary quality and its association with PA motivation and BMI status for reducing the prevalence of obesity among undergraduates.

Effects of Sanctions on Food Intake of Urban Households in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran (2017-2019)

Background: Sanctions are a type of forfeit aimed at forcing the subject to obey the desired political will. Since sanctions affect various components of the economic sectors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on food intake of households living in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Methods: To investigate the effect of sanctions on food intake of households living in Khorasan Razavi province, the survey data of the National Statistics Center of Iran (NSCI) on cost and income was used. 2129 households (number of households in 2017: 702, 2018: 726 and 2019: 701) were studied. In the N4 program, macronutrients and micronutrients were calculated. The studied variables were analyzed based on four income categories. In the SPSS software, quantitative variables of 2017 to 2019 were reviewed by ANOVA test and variables in pairs of the same period were reviewed by post hoc Tukey test. Results: The analysis showed that by intensifying sanctions, the cost of food has increased more than the average of income, and prices of all food groups spesifically healthy food groups have increased. The diet quality index has decreased significantly. The lower-income classes had the most insufficient dietary intake of micronutrients and the gap between dietary intake of different income classes increased during the study. Conclusion: Sanctions have affected the dietary intake due to the rise in the price of food expenditure and as a result people tend to consume cheaper and lower quality food.

Key implications on food storage in cold chain by energy management perspectives

Over the past decades, increase in food shortages and food costs with the drought caused by population growth and climate change, it becomes more important to prevent food losses with the widespread use of cold storage. That’s why many countries provide incentives for the widespread use of cold stores. However, with cold storages becoming more widespread, keeping energy consumption under control becomes an important issue. Especially in most developing countries, the status and energy performance of installed cold stores are unknown. In this study, energy consumption data were examined by using data from cold stores from different countries. The relationships between some parameters (capacity, volume, etc.) affecting energy consumption were analyzed for 67 established cold stores. In order to measure the energy consumption data of the system under ideal operating conditions, experiments were carried out in the test room under laboratory conditions and comparisons were made according to the data obtained from the field. The data obtained showed that energy consumption in cold stores increased by up to 30%, depending on operating conditions. Therefore, it is very important that cold stores are inspected by the relevant institutions after they are established and during their operation.

NONLINEAR EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL DEPENDENCY ON FOOD PRICES IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM QUANTILE-ON-QUANTILE APPROACH

The repercussions of disruptions in the global crude oil market have a substantial influence on economies worldwide. Oil shocks are considered important estimators of many economic variables. The current research examines the effects of oil price shocks on food prices in China using monthly data from 2000M1 to 2021M12. The estimation is done using the Quantile on Quantile (QQ) estimation technique. The BDS test is used to test nonlinear dependence in variables. The results of this test confirm the presence of nonlinear dependence in variables. The estimated results of the QQ technique suggest a strong association between oil prices and food prices nexus in China with significant disparities across the quantiles. The lower and medium quantiles show a poor negative effect of crude oil prices on food prices. Nevertheless, it has been shown that there exists a strong positive correlation in the higher quantiles of the distribution, which suggests that an increase in global oil prices directly impacts the costs of food. The outcome of the study offers significant policy recommendations aimed at mitigating the detrimental impact of oil prices on food prices in China.

Sustainbility of the Small Industrial Sector in The Face of Increasing BBM in Indonesia

The assessment of various parties is that the government has not implemented a plan that can minimize the impact of the increase in subsidized fuel prices, the transfers carried out prioritize only social interests, so that weak market mechanisms must be taken seriously. This is certainly homework for the industrial sector to immediately take appropriate action regarding the impact of rising fuel prices. The types of research data collected are primary data obtained through direct observation and surveys as well as secondary data in the form of reports from each relevant SME department and data through case studies and comparative studies through reviews of previous research and policy references, in order to obtain sufficient data. and accountable. Case studies are carried out on SME target objects according to predetermined criteria. Based on the research results, it was found that the turnover of the two MSME respondents in the food and beverage sector was reduced because of the fuel price increase policy. The food and beverage cost variables for MSMEs most affected by the increase in subsidized fuel are as follows: (1) Transportation costs (2) Raw material costs (3) Capital costs.

Study of Production Performance and Economic of Broiler Farms in Parwan Afghanistan

Poultry industry is one of the main source of income in Afghanistan, where about 1.5 million people are engaged in this sector. In recent years, from 476 poultry farms only 165 farms are continuing their activities in Parwan province of Afghanistan, which means that most of previous farms are broken down. In this research, 30 broiler chicken farms were selected by random sampling method and to evaluate the production performance and economical status of broiler farms in Parwan, Afghanistan. Data were collected by using questionaries’ and personal interviews. Based on the results, it was found that the production performance of the chickens was such as the feed conversion ratio was 1.83, the livability percentage was 90.23%, the average market weight was 1.9 kg, and the mortality rate was 9.77%. The fixed costs included 5.64% worker's salary, 0.79% farm rent and 0.32% electricity bill which are totally (6.75%). Variable costs include the cost of a day-old chicken 6.98%, feed cost 70.45%, veterinary service cost 3.44%, litter cost 1.41%, worker food cost 2.11%, fuel cost 7.05% and miscellaneous cost were 1.47%, which totally reached (93.25%). The total income which were earned 97.93% from live chickens as main product and 2.07% from manure as by product and the benefit cost ratio was 1.07%. To conclude this, as the broiler production is profitable, but the proportion of income is less than the investment. In order to improve the income, it is recommended to provide high-quality feed, prevent diseases, providing high-quality vaccines and medicines, and hiring experts in broiler farms.

Achieving greater participation in agricultural production: A study of government workers in the Upper west region of Ghana

This paper assessed factors influencing participation in agricultural production by government workers in the Upper West Regions of Ghana. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select 400 respondents across four (4) municipalities in the Upper West Region (UWR) for interview. Data were analyzed using the Heckman two-stage model to determine the extent to which factors critical to the participation in agricultural production by government workers. Results show that the majority (85.2 %) of government workers participate in one form or the other in agricultural production. They are specifically involved in crop production that is; food, and cash crops production as well as animal production. The need to supplement family food needs and to earn extra income was seen to condition their choice to participate in agriculture. The first and second stage predicting factors are income, access to extension, knowledge in agriculture and government policies; these were found to be statistically significant at 1 %. Time availability was significant at 5 %, however, sex, age, household size, credit availability, access to credit, passion for agriculture, scarcity of food, market access and cost of food were all found to be statistically significant at 10 %. We recommend that MoFA and its development partners in agriculture, effectively use local media and community visits to create more awareness among government workers on agricultural programmes and policies, since extension and knowledge in agriculture influence participation in agriculture production as revealed by the study in the UWR.

A qualitative study on the role of financial toxicity on adoption of healthy lifestyle behavior after breast cancer among Black and Latina women.

273 Background: This study aims to understand the role of financial toxicity on lifestyle behavior change for Black and Latina breast cancer survivors. More specifically, we sought to identify the strategies that survivors employed to overcome the effects of financial hardship on behavior change. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted on qualitative interview data of 26 breast cancer survivors who self-identified as Black or Latina and 10 healthcare providers from an oncology setting. Transcripts were coded using deductive and inductive approaches by a team of three coders and aggregated into thematic categories using content analysis. Results: Barriers identified by survivors included the high cost of healthy food and gym memberships, challenges with unemployment during cancer treatment, and transportation. To address these barriers, survivors relied on strategies that utilized three levels of access: interpersonal, community, and institutional. At the interpersonal level, access to resources was mediated by the self, friends, and family. This strategy involved getting family members to help with bills and incorporating alternative approaches to exercise such as working out at home or going on walks with family. At the community level, access to resources was mediated by local organizations and support groups. This strategy involved receiving free food from church, free exercise programming from local organizations, and/or using government-based resources to mitigate food and housing insecurity. Finally, at the institutional level, access to resources was mediated by the multidisciplinary oncology care team to identify availability and eligibility and apply for various types of resources. This strategy involved social workers facilitating knowledge and assistance for grants to access financial resources and transportation for appointments. Conclusions: The study found that financial toxicity among Black and Latina breast cancer survivors influences their ability to afford, implement, and maintain healthy behavior changes after cancer. Participant identified strategies offer potential venues for interventions that couple financial toxicity mitigation strategies with lifestyle behavior change after breast cancer for Black and Latina women.

Identifying the Health Concerns of Pregnant British Pakistani Women Living in Deprived Areas: A Qualitative Study

IntroductionPregnant British Pakistani women have disproportionately poorer health than the wider population. Bradford has a strong Pakistani presence and a wide range of public health problems including high levels of gestational diabetes, high obesity rates and a high infant mortality rate, which is highest for babies of Pakistani origin. For women to be healthy, we need to know what concerns they have about their health so they can be addressed appropriately. The aim of this study, therefore, was to explore the health concerns of pregnant British Pakistani women living in deprived areas.MethodsSemi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 pregnant Pakistani women in a hospital setting. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsPakistani women identified safety issues, barriers to undertaking physical activity in the areas where they live, concerns surrounding exercising during pregnancy and cultural and religious constraints that prevented them from engaging in physical activity. They reported issues around food, concerns around a lack of culturally appropriate diet information, the cost of unhealthy food locally, and the lack of healthy food options in their residences. Women were unsure on where to obtain health promotion information and reported a lack of access in obtaining that information. Language barriers in accessing health promotion information were further reported as a concern.DiscussionResearchers, midwives, health providers, local authority and policy makers interested in improving the health of pregnant Pakistani women may use these findings to develop further research and interventions to improve the poor health of this population.

Analysis of factors that influence the food security of rubber farming households in Musi Rawas regency

The study aims to (1) analyze the income and consumption values of rubber farming family households in Musi Rawas Regency, (2) analyze food security and the factors that influence the food security of rubber farming family households in Musi Rawas Regency. The research was conducted in Lubuk Rumbai Village and Jaya Bakti Village with a sample of 100 rubber farmers registered as underprivileged families. The research results show that income House ladder farmers in Musi Rawas Regency that is source income farming rubber amounting to Rp. 77,280,000 per month (49%), source income farming other amounting to IDR 2,300,000 per month (21%) and source non- farm income amounting to IDR 3,300,000 per month (30%). As for the size expenditure food costs an average of IDR 565.950 and non- food expenses IDR 402.506 per month. The magnitude proportion expenditure food to total spending respondent is expenditure food by 58,44% and non- food expenditure by 41,56% with House ladder as many as 100 respondents. According to category resilience food respondents in the District of Tuah Negeri stated vulnerable food if proportion expenditure food is at above 60% meanwhile below 60% stated vulnerable food. F influencing factors _ real to resilience food in Tuah Negeri District includes income House ladder farmers and production For food House ladder farmer rubber.

Understanding Community Participation in Tree Planting and Management in Deforested Areas in Cameroon's Western Highlands.

Deforestation and forest degradation continue to take place at alarming rates in Africa despite global net forest loss reductions. This is prompting large-scale forest restoration involving community volunteers to prevent, halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity for the sustainable development of forest landscapes in Africa. The study explored the motivations, challenges, barriers and negotiation strategies of community volunteers in ecosystem restoration and conservation initiatives in Cameroon's Western Highlands (Mount Bamboutos landscape), given that many such interventions are not achieving desired targets and goals. A total of 134 respondents involving farmers and local implementing NGO workers were interviewed, using semi-structured open-ended questionnaires. One focus group discussion was held with paramount traditional rulers to assess the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the community-led ecosystem restoration and conservation initiative. The principal components analysis with oblique (Direct oblimin) rotation was used to reduce the number of constitutive items in each dimension of motivation, challenge and barrier to community participation. Linear regression analysis was used to examine how the different dimensions of motivations, challenges and barriers influence community participation. Community participation was initially driven more by environmental motivations given the highly deforested and degraded Mount Bamboutos landscape, but later on driven more by economic and community motivations. Social factors were least expressed and non-significant predictors of participation. Community participation was primarily limited by management, financial, psychological, personal, and information challenges and barriers. Providing financial incentives to cover daily subsistence costs of food and transport was a key negotiation strategy that increased community participation. Conservation organisations should capitalise on environment, community and social motivational appeals during community education and awareness campaigns to increase voluntary community participation. The local knowledge on ecosystem restoration and conservation motivations, challenges, barriers, negotiation strategies, recommendations and SWOT analysis provide relevant baseline information for environment management decision-makers in Cameroon and other Sub-Saharan African countries.

Sociodemographic Barriers to Physical Activity and Healthy Diet Through Social Networks in Mexican Breast Cancer Survivors.

Introduction Female breast cancer (BC) survivors are affected by poor eating habits and physical inactivity due to certain environmental, physical, and social barriers to healthy lifestyles. This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic, physical, and economic barriers hindering the adoption of physical activity (PA) and a healthy diet, as well as providing insights into how BC survivors cope with these barriers using social networks. Methods A cross-sectionalmixed-methods study was conducted, with a self-administered questionnaire and open-ended questions to determine the barriers to PA and healthy eating, while in the second phase, an interpretive qualitative study was carried out with semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, odds ratios (ORs), correspondence analysis, and multivariate analysis were used to estimate the association between moderate to vigorous PA and fruit and vegetable consumption and BC covariates. Results During the COVID-19 lockdown, 150 Mexican BC survivors were studied. The multivariate analysis showed that age (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 7.03), socioeconomic level (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.3 to 8.2), and overweight (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.5 to 9.7) were significantly associated with low schooling. BC diagnosis of less than three years and age > 40 years were associated with lack of exercise. Survivors individually addressed the challenges associated with BC without the support of specialists. As a result, they sought information on social networks. Conclusions Regarding BC survivors, age > 40 years, low socioeconomic status, and being overweight were important gaps to PA and a healthy diet. In the testimonials, the primary obstacle to engaging in PA was lack of time, while the high cost of food was the most frequently cited reason for not following a healthy diet. Many of the individuals maintained a poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables. Thus, appropriate information must be provided using technologies to develop skills to deal with BC.

Significant inequalities in the cost of food for households with children in Israel in 2018

Abstract Background Dietary guidelines for families with children are designed to reach the Dietary Recommended Intake. However, the cost of a healthy diet and the extent to which families can afford it in Israel is unclear. Methods The distribution of ages and the number of children per household in Israel in 2018 was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. Food prices were purchased from the commercial company Stornext. The cost of the recommended food items in the healthy diet for adults and children was calculated using standard food portions and meal frequency as well as a percentage of the household's net income. The proportion of households for which food expenditures exceed 15% of the net income was calculated by income quintiles, followed by changes in food prices during 2018. Results The average daily cost of a healthy diet was 35.51±7.7 new Israeli shekels (NIS). The older the individual, the more food costs increase. The ratio between the average cost of breakfast, lunch, dinner, and two intermediate meals was 1.5:3.4:1.2:1, respectively. The median monthly dietary cost for households with children as a percentage of net income was 20%. There was an inverse association with socioeconomic status (SES) as the median monthly food expenses for the first (lowest) quintile was 55% of the household's income and only 9.3% of the 5th (highest) income quintile. The food group that composed the highest component of the food budget was the vegetable group, with an average cost of 29% monthly, followed by the meat and meat substitutes group (19%). Discussions Policymakers should consider steps to decrease health inequality in food affordability targeting the three middle-lower income quintiles. The cost of a healthy diet compared with food expenditure in high-income countries was 1.8 higher in Israel. Our findings indicate that expanding the program to provide school lunches five days a week to more students would reduce household food expenditures by 15%. Key messages • Households with children in Israel would need to spend 20% of their net income to meet dietary guidelines. • Significant gaps by income quintile, number of children, and food group were identified.