Font Size Research Articles

The Effect of Danmaku Font Size on Online Learning Outcomes for Learners with Different Cognitive Styles: Evidence from Eye Movements

Danmaku is increasingly used during online interactions - such as learner communication in online learning. As an emerging online interaction method, Danmaku not only enhances the viewer interaction experience, but also allows learners to achieve better learning outcomes. Therefore, this study used a 2 (Danmaku font size: large, small) × 2 (cognitive style: field-independent, field-dependent) between-participants design to investigate the effect of Danmaku font size on online learning through eye-tracking studies and to reveal the mechanism of the effect of Danmaku font size on the learning outcomes of field-independent and field-dependent learners. The results show that Danmaku font size affects the learning perception of learners with different cognitive styles in online learning, i.e., under the field-independent cognitive style, small font Danmaku can improve the online learning perceptual experience. Under the field-dependent cognitive style, learners focus more on the Danmaku area, so the Danmaku with large font size can improve the online learning perceptual experience. In summary, this study found that the Danmaku font size impacts the online learning effect of learners with different cognitive styles. Therefore, different Danmaku font sizes should be selected according to different cognitive styles during online teaching. This study can provide research basis and optimization suggestions for how to use Danmaku in online teaching design, which will help deepen the understanding of the role of Danmaku in online teaching.

Are the content and usability of a new direct observation tool adequate for assessing competency in delivering person-centred care: a think-aloud study with patients and healthcare professionals in Sweden

ObjectiveTo evaluate the content and usability of a new direct observation tool for assessing competency in delivering person-centred care based on the Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (gPCC) framework.DesignThis is...

Role of participation committee in developing workplace condition, safety and welfare services in Ready-Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh

An abstract is a summary of entire paper should be written in Cambria with font size- 10. The Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh plays a crucial role in the country's economy. Nonetheless, it frequently encounters challenges concerning workplace conditions, safety standards, and welfare services. This study investigates the participation committee's (PC) role in ensuring sustainable working conditions, workplace safety, and welfare within Bangladesh's RMG industry. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducted interviews with 30 respondents using semi-structured questions and employed a convenient sampling technique to select participants. The findings reveal that the participation committee has notably enhanced workplace safety in the RMG industry. Through active involvement, the committee has fostered improved communication between management and employees, leading to better working conditions, the eradication of labor rights neglect, and strengthened enforcement of national employment and labor regulations. The paper concludes by stressing the necessity for collaborative efforts involving stakeholders at various levels to consistently enhance workplace conditions, safety standards, and welfare services in Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garment industry. Originality in a study on participation committees in Bangladesh's ready-to-garment industry lies in presenting innovative approaches, methods, or insights, addressing literature gaps, or exploring uncharted territories, thus enhancing welfare services and workplace health and safety.

#2978 Formative usability test of a novel device for peritoneal dialysis (WEAKID)

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease is a growing problem worldwide with a growing number of patients requiring kidney replacement therapy. In recent years we have developed a novel device for peritoneal dialysis (PD), the WEarable Artificial KIDney (WEAKID); composed of a wearable device connected to a dialysate reservoir. WEAKID uses both sorbent technology and continuous flow PD to improve dialysis efficacy. Formative usability testing aids to the identification of design issues that may interfere with a device's safe and effective use and thus may influence decisions made in the design process. Here, we present the results of an international, multicentre, formative usability study of WEAKID among nurses and patients. Method This study used a mixed-methods design and was conducted in hospitals in Italy (Modena University Hospital), Spain (La Paz University Hospital, Madrid), and the Netherlands (University Medical Center Utrecht) between November 2021 and December 2022. An individual, formative usability testing session was conducted with each participant (nurse or patient) under the conditions of simulated use. Participants were asked to perform basic operational procedures (i.e. turning the device on/off, input of dialysis settings, handling an alarm) with the device according to a usability task list. Their performance was observed and use errors (i.e., something that a participant does or fails to do that results in an unexpected or unintended outcome) were noted. Furthermore, participants were asked for feedback, both verbally and by means of completing the system usability scale (SUS), reflecting perceived usability on a scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Results We included 14 participants (n = 6 nurses, n = 8 patients) in three participating centres. All nurses were female and had a median experience with PD of 20.5 years (range 0.5-32). Patients were generally highly educated (n = 5, 63%). In total, 22 use errors occurred, 10 in nurses and 12 in patients. These use errors included factors not related to the device, e.g. not taking appropriate hygiene measures. In particular, use errors occurred during the priming/connection of catheter and handling the alarm. Participants’ feedback mainly concerned the small screen (and thus font) size, user interface (e.g. lack of colour-coded soft buttons), and (short) length of the patient line. The mean SUS score was 70 (range 57.5–85) for nurses, and 71.9 (range 55–87.5) for patients. Conclusion Despite the slightly above-average perceived usability of the device's current design stage, participants made a lot of suggestions for improvements, and usability must be improved to make the device ready for market introduction.

Text-based information design for in-vehicle displays: A systematic review

Reading short texts at a brief glance behaviour has been increasing, especially in the in-vehicle interface of the multitask context of driving. This behaviour led to a change in the approach of preparing and designing in-car information. Consequently, understanding the current status of existing design principles is necessary for designers to find the appropriate solution for text presentation on the in-vehicle display under driving conditions. Thus, the present study conducts a systematic review of text-based information design for in-vehicle displays. A total of 1,495 studies (1980–2022) were screened, and 360 emerged for full-text review; 27 studies met the inclusion criteria, including journal articles concerning the design of text-based information for in-vehicle displays involving text design and the effect on safe driving or reducing workload and distraction. The results were summarised in three themes of literature: existing design guidelines, design factors, and evaluation methodology. The existing guidelines and recommendations focus on the physical presence of text (modality, location, colour, typeface, font size), with few recommendations on the linguistic presence of the text (message style and message length). The discussion and future work section enables further work on developing usable and safe informational text displays on the in-vehicle interface and other short glance reading engagements.

Pengembangan Sistem Evaluasi OSCE Berbasis Aplikasi Ponsel untuk Mahasiswa Kedokteran di Indonesia

Pengembangan Sistem Evaluasi OSCE Berbasis Aplikasi Ponsel untuk Mahasiswa Kedokteran di Indonesia

The impact of multidirectional text typography on text readability in word clouds

Word clouds are an essential tool for text visualization, and the readability of word clouds significantly affects the reading comprehension of users. Consequently, this study investigates the influence of text typography direction and font size in word clouds on their readability. Besides, The study assesses how text typography affects the readability of information presented in word clouds through a combination of objective reading performance metrics and subjective evaluations. Objective reading performance is measured through a word search task, whereas subjective evaluations include three metrics: readability, fatigue, as well as aesthetic appeal, assessed employing a 9-level Likert scale questionnaire. Participating in all three experiments were 120 individuals and the independent variables were the direction and number of text typography directions and font size. The study determined that word clouds with horizontal typography exhibit remarkably higher reading search accuracy, readability scores, and fatigue scores in comparison to word clouds with vertical and diagonal typography. Furthermore, more text directions included in word clouds result in a significant decrease in reading search accuracy, reading ease scores, and fatigue scores. Additionally, the font size notably influences the legibility of text displayed in word clouds, and yet there is no substantial interaction effect between font size and direction on the readability of word clouds. Accordingly, the study draws the following conclusions. In the first place, the readability of word clouds with horizontal typography text is considerably higher than that of word clouds with vertical and diagonal typography text. Second, an increase in text typography directions results in a substantial decrease in readability. Third, font size seriously influences the readability of text, with larger font sizes contributing to higher readability on the word cloud. Fourth, the text typography direction and the number of text typography directions included lacking a substantial influence on the aesthetic appeal of word clouds. This research can be adopted to optimize the layout design of word clouds. Besides, the findings of this study have wide applications in multi-directional text typography scenarios, including graphic design, human–computer interaction, and information visualization.

Developing a Multiprofessional Mobile App to Enhance Health Habits in Older Adults: User-Centered Approach.

Although comprehensive lifestyle habits are crucial for healthy aging, their adherence tends to decline as individuals grow older. Sustaining a healthy life over time poses a motivational challenge. Some digital tools, such as smartphone apps aimed at promoting healthy habits, have been used to counteract this decline. However, a more profound investigation is necessary into the diverse experiences of users, particularly when it concerns older adults or those who are unfamiliar with information and communications technologies. We aimed to develop a mobile app focused on promoting the health of older adults based on the principles of software engineering and a user-centered design. The project respected all ethical guidelines and involved the participation of older adults at various stages of the development of the app. This study used a mixed methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methodologies for data collection. The study was conducted in Ribeirão Prêto, São Paulo, Brazil, and involved 20 older adults of both genders who were aged ≥60 years and enrolled in the Physical Education Program for the Elderly at the University of São Paulo. The research unfolded in multiple phases, encompassing the development and refinement of the app with active engagement from the participants. A total of 20 participants used a mobile health app with an average age of 64.8 (SD 2.7) years. Most participants had a high school education, middle-class status, and varying health literacy (mean score 73.55, SD 26.70). Overall, 90% (18/20) of the participants owned smartphones. However, 20% (4/20) of the participants faced installation challenges and 30% (6/20) struggled with web-based searches. The focus groups assessed app usability and satisfaction. Adjustments increased satisfaction scores significantly (Suitability Assessment of Materials: 34.89% to 70.65%; System Usability Scale: 71.23 to 87.14). Participant feedback emphasized font size, navigation, visual feedback, and personalization, and suggestions included health device integration, social interaction, and in-app communication support. This study contributes to the development of health care technologies tailored to the older adult population, considering their specific needs. It is anticipated that the resulting app will serve as a valuable tool for promoting healthy habits and enhancing the quality of life for older adults.

Validation of the Standardized Needs Evaluation Questionnaire in Polish Cancer Patients.

Cancer influences various aspects of patients' functioning. Cancer patients face not only medical problems but also organizational, socio-psychological, and spiritual problems. Their needs often seem to be unrecognized because patients do not express their concerns and clinicians do not ask appropriate questions. Unmet needs impact patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to select, adapt, validate, and introduce a simple instrument for estimating cancer patients' unmet needs in Poland. The Needs Evaluation Questionnaire (NEQ) was chosen for validation in a Polish population. The Polish version of the NEQ was developed with a back-translation procedure, as approved by a psycho-oncologist and a public health specialist. The psychometric properties of the NEQ (content analysis, reliability, construct validity, comprehensibility, and acceptability) were measured. This study was performed on a group of 121 cancer patients. The median time of completion for the NEQ was 10 min. The form, length, and font size of the NEQ were accepted by the respondents. Overall, the meaning of the questions was well understood, with only a few cases of discreetly heterogeneous interpretation of the content. The questionnaire showed good reliability and internal factor structure validity. The NEQ is a simple, easy-to-administer instrument with good psychometric properties and seems to be useful in assessing the unexpressed needs of cancer patients.

From word clouds to Word Rain: Revisiting the classic word cloud to visualize climate change texts

Word Rain is a development of the classic word cloud. It addresses some of the limitations of word clouds, in particular the lack of a semantically motivated positioning of the words, and the use of font size as a sole indicator of word prominence. Word Rain uses the semantic information encoded in a distributional semantics-based language model – reduced into one dimension – to position the words along the x-axis. Thereby, the horizontal positioning of the words reflects semantic similarity. Font size is still used to signal word prominence, but this signal is supplemented with a bar chart, as well as with the position of the words on the y-axis. We exemplify the use of Word Rain by three concrete visualization tasks, applied on different real-world texts and document collections on climate change. In these case studies, word2vec models, reduced to one dimension with t-SNE, are used to encode semantic similarity, and TF-IDF is used for measuring word prominence. We evaluate the technique further by carrying out domain expert reviews.

Korean version of the MNREAD acuity chart

To investigate the efficacy of the Korean version of the Minnesota low vision reading chart. A Korean version consisting of 38 items was prepared based on the MNREAD acuity chart developed by the University of Minnesota. A linguist composed the representative sentences, each containing nine words from second and third grade levels of elementary school. Reading ability was measured for 20–35-year-old subjects with normal visual acuity (corrected visual acuity of logMAR 0.0 or better). The maximum reading speed (words per minute [wpm]) for healthy participants, reading acuity (smallest detectable font size), and critical print size (smallest font size without reduction of reading speed) were analyzed. The average age of the subjects was 28.3 ± 2.6 years (male:female ratio, 4:16). The average reading time for 38 sentences was 3.66 ± 0.69 s, with no differences in the average maximum reading speed between sentences (p = 0.836). The maximum reading speed was 174.2 ± 29.3 and 175.4 ± 27.8 in the right and left eye, respectively. Reading acuity was measured as logMAR 0.0 or better in 80% of the cases. All subjects showed a critical print size of 0.2 logMAR or better. The overall reading ability can be measured using the Korean version of the MNREAD acuity chart, thereby making it useful in measuring the reading ability of those with Korean as their native language.

ANALYSIS OF INSTALLING HISTORY SUMMARY FORM IN AND OUT OF ADULT PATIENTS IN KINDERGARTEN HOSPITAL. IV KENCANA SERANG

Background: A summary form of admission and discharge history is a medical record form that is used to record a summary of the course of the disease from the time the patient enters until the patient leaves the hospital. Therefore, it is one of the forms that are immortalized, so it is necessary to design a design that is in accordance with the standards.Research Objectives: To identify the physical aspects, anatomical aspects, and aspects of the contents of the summary form of admission and discharge history of adult patients at the Kindergarten Hospital. IV Kencana Serang in 2022. Research Methodology: This study used descriptive research with observation and interview methods. The subjects in this study were medical record officers and the object in this study was a summary form of admission and discharge history of adult patients. The research instrument used observation sheets and interview guidelines. Research results: From the physical aspect, the material is HVS 75 gram paper, rectangular shape, HVS F4 paper size, the color of the paper is white with black ink writing. From the anatomical aspect, the heading in the form of the title of the form has been included, the subtitles are missing, the name of the hospital has been included, the hospital logo is not included, the revision number is not included. page numbers are included. Introduction in the form of the title of the form. Instruction in the form of * Adult and child patients. Body in the form of top margin (5 cm), bottom margin (2 cm), side margin (1.5 cm), back margin (1.5 cm). Spacing 1.15 spaces. Vertical and horizontal rules. Type Style Times New Roman with font size 11. The way of recording is done by handwriting. Close in the form of a clear name and signature has been included. From the aspect of content, the completeness of the data items is appropriate. Terminology / Terms in the form of diagnosis, complications, anesthesia, transfusion. Abbreviations in the form of Date, Goal, NRP, NIP, Kls, dr, Sp, Lk / Pr, Is / Kk / Kp / H / B, S / N / J / D. The symbol is the symbol * Adult and child patients. Suggestion: It is necessary to redesign the entry and exit history summary form for adult patients from the physical, anatomical and content aspects.

Distinctiveness, not dual coding, explains the picture-superiority effect.

The picture-superiority effect is the finding that memory for pictures exceeds memory for words on many tasks. According to dual-coding theory, the pictures' mnemonic advantage stems from their greater likelihood to be labelled relative to words being imaged. In contrast, distinctiveness accounts hold that the greater variability of pictures compared to words leads to their mnemonic advantage. Ensor, Surprenant, et al. tested these accounts in old/new and forced-choice recognition by increasing the physical distinctiveness of words and decreasing the physical distinctiveness of pictures. Half of the words were presented in standard black font, and half were presented in varying font styles, font sizes, font colours, and capitalisation patterns. Half of the pictures were presented in black and white and half in colour. Consistent with the physical-distinctiveness account but contrary to the dual-coding account, the picture-superiority effect was eliminated when comparing the black-and-white pictures to distinctive words. In the present study, we extend Ensor, Surprenant, et al.'s results to associative recognition and free recall. Results were consistent with physical distinctiveness. We argue that dual-coding theory is no longer a viable explanation of the picture-superiority effect.

Patient information leaflets and package inserts of ibuprofen provided in the UK and Thailand: a comparative assessment.

Written medicine information (WMI) is important for ensuring patients understand and use their medicines optimally, but relatively little research has assessed the quality of available WMI. This study assessed the quality of WMI using a sample of leaflets for ibuprofen in the UK and Thailand. Leaflets were obtained by purchasing a product from retail outlets or community pharmacies, 18 from each country. In the UK, these were patient information leaflets (PILs); in Thailand, they were package inserts PIs not specifically designed for patients. Leaflets were assessed for content, layout, and readability using standard methods and compared to relevant guidelines. The UK PILs were uniform and conformed to EU regulatory requirements for content, whereas Thai PIs varied considerably, many failing to include important information required by Thai regulations. Several forms of Thai PIs were found, including some very short leaflets, containing minimal information. The readability of both was rated as poor, all used small font size and had less than desirable white space. Fewer Thai PIs than UK PILs met the Keystone Criteria for ibuprofen. The extent of variation in format and content of Thai WMI could potentially cause confusion and reduce willingness to read it. PILs, conforming to Thai regulatory guidelines, should be provided with medicines instead. Leaflets in both countries would benefit from improved readability and layout.

Exploring patient perspectives on EQ-5D-5L data visualization within an individualized decision aid for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Alberta, Canada

BackgroundDecision aids can help patients set realistic expectations. In this study, we explored alternative presentations to visualise patient-reported outcomes (EQ-5D-5L) data within an online, individualized patient decision aid for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) that, in part, generates individualized comparisons based on age, sex and body mass index, to enhance usability prior to implementation into routine clinical practice.MethodsWe used data visualization techniques to modify the presentation of EQ-5D-5L outcomes data within the decision aid. The EQ-5D-5L data was divided into two parts allowing patients to compare themselves to similar individuals (1) pre-surgery and (2) 1-year post-surgery. We created 2 versions for each part and sought patient feedback on comprehension, usefulness, and visual appeal. Patients from an urban orthopedic clinic were recruited and their ratings and comments were recorded using a researcher-administered checklist. Data were managed using Microsoft Excel, R version 3.6.1 and ATLAS.ti V8 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and directed content analysis.ResultsA total of 24 and 25 patients participated in Parts 1 and 2, respectively. Overall, there was a slight preference for Version 1 in Part 1 (58.3%) and Version 2 in Part 2 (64%). Most participants demonstrated adequate comprehension for all versions (range 50–72%) and commented that the instructions were clear. While 50–60% of participants rated the content as useful, including knowing the possible outcomes of surgery, some participants found the information interesting only, were unsure how to use the information, or did not find it useful because they had already decided on a treatment. Participants rated visual appeal for all versions favorably but suggested improvements for readability, mainly larger font and image sizes and enhanced contrast between elements.ConclusionsBased on the results, we will produce an enhanced presentation of EQ-5D-5L data within the decision aid. These improvements, along with further usability testing of the entire decision aid, will be made before implementation of the decision aid in routine clinical practice. Our results on patients’ perspectives on the presentation of EQ-5D-5L data to support decision making for TKA treatments contributes to the knowledge on EQ-5D-5L applications within healthcare systems for clinical care.

The Development Of Interactive Learning Media Using Ispring Suite 10 For Office Management Lesson At 48 Vocational High School

Edutech is an innovation to help the learning process to be interactive that can lead to students to be more motivated and actively involved in class. Researcher develops a learning media using Ispring Suite 10 for office management lesson in 10th Grade at Vocational High School. The method used in this research is ADDIE. This research is being reviewed by learning experts, instructional design expert, media expert, one-on-one evaluation, small group evaluation, and field test. The result from learning expert, it got 88% or we can say it very decent. Then for instructional design review got 76% or decent. Media expert review got 100% or very decent. Then for one-to-one evaluation, the students give feedback, e.g., improving the font size, using Gather Town game for learning process, and rechecking each of link in the media to give more good user experience. The small group evaluation got 84,89% or very decent. For field test got 91,47% or very decent. Overall, this research motivates students to get involved in the learning process.

Strategies of rendering non-verbal components in multimodal constructions comprising nationally-biased lexical units (based on British political video interviews and debates)

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research exploring non-verbal components observed in modern British political texts across two video genres, particularly focusing on the rendering of nationally-biased units. The emphasis lies on the phenomenon of realization of non-verbal speechcomponents in Ukrainian translations of political discourse texts and the claim that the strategy of rendering significantly depends on the emotional pattern of the presented material, such as interviews and political debates. Each genre of the political discourse has unique parameters for conveying informationto the interlocutor. Since the communicative aim differs in each of the presented genres, an interpreter encounters challenges in grasping the gist of the main idea in the utterance. Notably, non-verbal components of a communicative act are considered as the confounding factor in choosing the appropriate strategy of source language text translation. This article also investigates features of non-verbal communication, aiming to create a novel paradigm for rendering non-verbal components. To achieve this objective, the author analyses videos of two video genres such as interviews and political debates featuring nationallymarked lexicon of Great Britain. The study concludes that the genre-specific nature of multimodal texts is the contributing factor in selecting the suitable strategy for rendering discourse as a semantic unity. Specifically, the author considers two ways of non-verbal lexical units representation including subtitling and stenographic description and suggests “The Code of Subtitling” comprising criteria of subtitles creation, namely: accuracy, timing, length and readability, punctuation and grammar, speaker identification, handling accents and dialects, capturing audience reaction, censorship and sensitivity, font style and size and localisation. It is proved that the use of non-verbal components in multimodal constructions comprising nationally-biased units poses difficulties for translators and interpreters, who are therefore required to possess skills in understanding cultural awareness, empathy and a profound knowledge of both the source and target languages.

The effect of emotional valence and font size on metacognition and memory

ABSTRACT Predictions about memory involve the use of metacognition, and metacognition can rely on various cues. The present study investigated metacognition and recall performance when to-be-remembered words differed in font size and emotional valence, to determine what cues are utilised when making metacognitive judgments. Participants were presented with lists of words varying in font size (small and large) and emotional valence (negative and neutral) and were asked to remember as many words as possible for a later recall test while engaging in item-level metacognitive assessments. Specifically, after studying each word, participants either made only judgments of learning (JOLs, Experiment 1) or both JOLs and restudy judgments (Experiment 2). Across experiments, results revealed that while JOLs were sensitive to both font size and emotional valence, restudy judgments were mostly sensitive to emotional valence, and participants’ metacognitive assessments mapped onto memory performance generally for emotional words. Additionally, we found that the effect of font size on metacognition and memory was robust to experience-based learning. Together, the current study extends our understanding of how emotion and font size affect metacognition (monitoring and control) and memory and suggests that when presented with multiple cues, certain diagnostic cues can be harnessed to mitigate metacognitive illusions.

Validation of a Web App Enabling Children with Dyslexia to Identify Personalized Visual and Auditory Parameters Facilitating Online Text Reading

Previous research has shown the importance of font type, size, and spacing to facilitate text reading in dyslexia. Great heterogeneity in the population of readers with specific learning disorders suggests that personalized parameters should be preferable compared to one-fits-all ones. A special automatized procedure was designed to select the most favorable parameters for both text visualization and text-to-speech conversion. A total of 78 primary and middle school students (29 typical readers, 49 children with atypical reading skills, either diagnosed as specific reading disorder or as special learning needs) took part in this study, which included the application of the procedure and a validation of its outcomes through a systematic comparison of the use of the personalized versus standard fonts and voices in reading and writing tests. The results show a significant advantage for the personalized parameters. Moreover, in the case of text-to-speech personalization, the advantage is significantly larger for dyslexic readers than for typical readers. These results confirm the usefulness of a personalization approach in providing support to facilitate learning in dyslexic students.

Working memory program for improving language skills in older adults with mild neurocognitive disorders: A pilot study

Background: Older adults with mild neurocognitive disorders (mild NCD) have a higher risk of major NCD. Cognitive deterioration can cause a deficit in working memory and language. Recent studies have shown some involvement overlapping the brain structure of working memory and language skills. Therefore, working memory intervention effectively enhances language skills in mild NCD. However, more research on this topic in Thailand is required. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and implement a pilot study on a working memory program for improving language skills in older adults with mild NCD. Materials and methods: This study was a developmental research design with two phases. Phase one involved the development and examination of the content validity of the working memory program for improving language skills by five experts. Phase two involved piloting the program with three older adults with mild NCD. The participants were asked to provide suggestions about the clarity of content and images, language usage, font size, the comprehensibility of instructions in each activity, and the quality of audio files used to complement the program activities through semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the collected data. Results: The program comprised nine activities associated with the phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive tasks. The program’s content validity was evaluated by five experts, resulting in a content validity index of 0.94, meeting the established criteria. Among the pilot users, three participants meeting the specified criteria indicated their ability to use and practice the program at home effectively. While most participants agreed that the images were clear and the font size was appropriate, there were concerns regarding the clarity of the training process steps and instructions. Additionally, some participants encountered challenges in accessing audio files through quick response (QR) codes. Conclusion: In summary, the pilot study of the working memory program for improving language skills in older adults with mild NCD passed the content validity test and underwent revisions based on suggestions from the pilot users. Consequently, the program could enhance the language abilities of older adults with mild NCD. The next phase will investigate its effectiveness in improving language skills in older adults with mild NCD.