Foliar Spray Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Response of date palm offshoots (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to the foliar spray of salicylic acid and citric acid under salinity conditions

Abstract Antioxidants enhance the salt tolerance of date palms. A field experiment was carried out on date palm offshoots to improve the salt tolerance of the Sayer cultivar. Salicylic acid and citric acid (500 and 1,000 ppm) were used. The results showed that all growth parameters of plant height, leaf area, and leaf numbers decreased under the salinity conditions. The antioxidant applications increased the plant height, leaf area, carbohydrates, and relative water content compared with the control. Citric acid at 1,000 ppm decreased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde. Indoleacetic acid decreased, whereas abscisic acid increased under salinity. The antioxidant application increased indoleacetic, whereas abscisic acid decreased. Proline, protein content, and peroxidase activity increased under antioxidants. Also, the potassium and K/Na ratio increased under antioxidant applications. Citric acid improved the characteristics more than salicylic acid, encouraging farmers to use it for its low cost as an antioxidant to reduce environmental stress damage.

Efficacy Evaluation of Abiotic Elicitors for the Management of Black Rot Disease of Cauliflower Incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Aims: To find out the effective abiotic elicitor for management of black rot disease of cauliflower.
 Study Design: Completely randomized block design (Pot experiment in glasshouse condition).
 Place and Duration of the Study: This experiment was conducted at glasshouse of Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi during the year 2021-22.
 Methodology: Different abiotic elicitors were applied by spraying whole plants (45 days old) with the aid of a fine atomizer onto the upper leaf surfaces. Pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris was inoculated after 72 h of elicitor treatment, Control plants were treated with the distilled water. The disease assessment was done at 14 and 21 days after inoculation by using six- point scale and Percent Disease severity was calculated.
 Results: In case of foliar spray of Salicylic acid before 72 h of inoculation of pathogen, minimum percent diseases severity (25.56) was recorded at the concentration of 3 mM after 21 days of pathogen inoculation. In case of BABA, minimum percent disease severity (18.37) was observed at 800 \(\mu g/ml\) concentration. INA helps to reduce the disease severity at 100 uM concentration. ASM was found effective at 350\(\mu g/ml\) with 14.07% disease severity and 82.91% disease control efficiency. In case of MeJA, minimum percent disease severity (30.32) was observed at 2mM concentration.
 Conclusion: Among all the tested abiotic elicitors at different concentration, ASM at the concentration of 350 \(\mu g/ml\)was found very effective to manage the disease.
 Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a very important and devastating disease of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) crop resulting into 10–50% yield losses every year. So for the management of black rot disease, five abiotic elicitors viz; salicylic acid(SA-0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mM), methyl jasmonte (MeJA-0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0mM), \(\beta\)-Aminobutyric acid (BABA-200, 400, 600, 800 \(\mu g/ml\), acibenzolar-S- methyl (ASM-150, 250, 350, 450 \(\mu g/ml\)) and dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA-50, 100, 150, 200 \(\mu \)M) were tested to induce systemic resistance against the disease. The experiment was conducted under glasshouse condition at Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi during the year 2021-22. Foliar application of these abiotic elicitors was done on 45 days old plants of susceptible cv. Pusa Sharad of cauliflower. Results indicated that among all the tested chemical elicitors at different concentration, ASM@350 \(\mu g/ml\) was found very effective to manage the disease. It shows 82.91% disease control efficacy with 14.07% disease severity.

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SALICYLIC ACID AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ENHANCE HEAT STRESS TOLERANCE IN TOMATO

The aim of this research was to enhance heat stress tolerance potential in local tomato germplasm through exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2). Various concentrations of salicylic acid (e.g., control, 2.5 mM, 3.5 mM and 4.5 mM) and calcium chloride (e.g., control, 0.3 mM, 0.4 mM and 0.5 mM) were applied for the duration of forty days. Physiological parameters include (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency) as well as biochemical attributes (chlorophyll content, enzyme activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxidase dismutase) of selected tomato genotypes estimated under heat stress conditions. The results revealed that SA and CaCl2 application enhanced vegetative growth of tomato genotypes as compared with control plants. An increased concentration of SA and CaCl2 showed the improved photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and induced transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzyme activity. The study proved that foliar spray of SA and CaCl2 involved in stabilizing the cell as well as cellular integrity under heat stress environment.

Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and abscisic acid on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system of rice

The key function of plant growth regulators is to adjust the growth and development of plants to adapt to the changing environment, which plays a vital role in the growth and yield of crops. This study was aimed to evaluate the ability of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) to regulate rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth quality at seedling stage and reproductive stage. The two rice cultivars Wanshengyoutianhong-4 (W4) and Huanghuazhan (HZ) were sprayed foliar with SA (100 mg L-1) and ABA (4 mg L-1) at two-leaf stage, and their effects on morphological growth, physiological characteristics, malondialdehyde (MDA), osmotic substances, protective enzyme activities, photosynthesis and yield components were studied. Results indicated that SA and ABA significantly increased morphological growth, osmotic substances, antioxidant enzyme activities; MDA content dropped significantly (p < 0.05) in W4. While the two regulators inhibited morphological growth and physiological characteristics in HZ. Additionally, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency and apparent mesophyll conductance were improved in both of rice cultivars at heading stage as well as grain weight. In conclusion, foliar spray of SA and ABA enhanced plant growth, induced an increase in protective enzyme activities and reduced the oxidative damage of the hybrid rice cultivar but not of the conventional rice cultivar at seedling stage. Meanwhile, photosynthetic parameters and grain weight were slightly enhanced at reproductive stage. These results served as a theoretical basis and technical support for the chemical regulation and cultivation practices of rice.

Induction of systemic acquired resistance in Capsicum annuum L. against Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus by foliar spray of salicylic acid

Induction of systemic acquired resistance in Capsicum annuum L. against Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus by foliar spray of salicylic acid

Effect of Salicylic Acid Foliar Application on Two Wheat Cultivars Grown under Zinc Stress

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on alleviating Zn stress in young wheat plants. Two rigorous pot experiments were conducted with two spring wheat cultivars growing on soil artificially contaminated with Zn. The experimental design included three levels of soil contamination with Zn: 0, 300 and 700 mg kg−1, and three levels of SA concentration: 0, 0.5 and 1 mM. Foliar spray of SA was applied twice at an interval of two weeks. Wheat biomass was harvested two months after plant emergence. Both cultivars showed similar biomass reduction due to Zn phytotoxicity, but differed in the accumulation and distribution of this metal in the plant. The positive effect of SA foliar application was obtained only for one of the two tested cultivars, where a reduction in the Zn translocation from the roots to the aboveground part was observed. As a consequence, the decrease in biomass caused by the toxicity of Zn was limited. A greater positive effect of SA application on wheat biomass was observed at 700 than at 300 mg kg−1 Zn in soil. The different responses of the cultivars to the SA was probably related to their different defense mechanisms against Zn stress.

Agro-meteorological indices, phenological stages and productivity of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) influenced by seed soaking and foliar spray of stress mitigating bio-regulators under conserved moisture condition

An experiment was conducted atAgricultural Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Dhandhuka during the rabi seasons of the years 2017-18 and 2018-19 to determine the response of meteorological indices on seed soaking and foliar sprays of stress mitigating bio-regulators under conserved soil moisture conditions in durum wheat. The experiment comprised of four treatments of seed soaking viz; No seed soaking (S0), Seed soaking with water (S1), Seed soaking with 100 ppm Salicylic acid (S2) and Seed soaking with 500 ppm Thiourea (S3) and four treatments of foliar spray viz; No spray(C0), Water spray (C1), 100 ppm Salicylic acid spray (C2) and1000 ppm Thiourea spray (C3) of stress mitigating bio–regulators on durum wheat var. GADW 3 was conducted in Randomized Block Design (Factorial). The results showed significant response for growing degree days (GDD), Helio thermal units (HTU), Helio thermal use efficiency (HTUE) to attain different phenological stages (emergence, CRI, tillering, flag leaf, heading, milking, dough and maturity). On the pooled basis, significantly higher heat use efficiency of grain yield recorded under seed soaking with salicylic acid (100 ppm) (S2) and foliar spray of salicylic acid (100 ppm) (C2) was 1.31 & 1.28 (kg/ha/0C day) respectively, over no seed soaking (S0) and no foliar spray (C0). However, it was found at par with seed soaking with 500 ppm thiourea (S3) as well as 1000 ppm foliar spray of thiourea spray (C3).

Integration of salicylic acid, vermicompost and bioagent for effective management of chickpea wilt disease

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of integration of salicylic acid, vermicompost and bioagent for effective management of chickpea wilt disease. Methodology: The effectiveness of salicylic acid and ZnSO4 unaided and in combination with Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and vermicompost were evaluated against Fusarium wilt of chickpea under natural condition. Three sets of experiment with nine treatments were conducted in earthen pots in completely randomized design. Ten seeds of wilt susceptible chickpea variety JG 62 were sown. Twenty-days-old plants were sprayed with salicylic acid (Set I), ZnSO4 (Set II) and distilled H2O (Set III). After 24 hr of foliar spray, the whole set of treatment was inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri inoculums, except uninoculated control. The number of wilted seedlings in each pot for each treatment were recorded at 10, 20 and 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) and compared with uninoculated pots. Results: The combined effect of vermicompost amendment @15% and pre-inoculation treatment of salicylic acid showed 0.00, 6.67 and 6.67% wilt incidence whereas treatments having ZnSO4 as pre-inoculation foliar spray resulted in 0.00, 13.33 and 13.33% wilt incidence at 10, 20 and 30 dpi, respectively. Further, the combined treatment of 15% vermicompost along with seed bacterization and pre-inoculation foliar spray of salicylic acid showed complete protection against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. The beneficial effect of vermicompost and PGPR isolate on root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of chickpea plants were also observed. Interpretation: High potential for integrating vermicompost, bioagent and foliar application of salicylic acid to surrogate chemical fungicides for eco-friendly and sustainable management of wilt disease in chickpea.

Management of powdery mildew of linseed by using plant defence inducers

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-2020 at AICRP on Linseed and Mustard College of Agriculture Nagpur to study the impact of plant defence inducers product on disease control in linseed. Among the ten different treatment tested the standard check hexaconazole (0.1%) followed by Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate (1%) was found most effective in minimizing the severity of powdery mildew 25.68 % and 29.39% respectively and significantly superior. Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 50 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate (1%) and Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of salicylic acid at 100 ppm and were remain at par with each other in reducing the disease intensity over control (62.90%). Maximum seed yield 1334 kg/ha was obtained with hexaconazole (0.1%) followed by Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate (1%) (1210 kg/ha).The highest ICBR (5.68) was recorded with hexaconazole (0.1%) i.e. 8.87 followed by Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate(1%).

Influence of pre-harvest sprays on flower quality and vase life of Alstroemeria

Alstroemeria, commonly known as Peruvian Lily, has high demand in the global market. The flowers are popularly known for their wide range of colours. Short postharvest life is a significant problem in Alstroemeria flowers. The objective of the study is to extend the vase life of flowers by application of pre-harvest foliar sprays. Foliar spray of Salicylic acid (50, 100 & 150 µM), Benzyl Adenine (50, 100 & 150 µM) and Gibberellic acid (200, 250 & 300 ppm) were applied twice during 2 weeks and 1 week before flower harvest with distilled water as control. The harvested flowers were placed in conical flasks containing distilled water as vase solution, and parameters like relative fresh weight, vase solution uptake, floret diameter, total chlorophyll content, ethylene evolution and vase life were recorded. The results showed that pre-harvest treatment of flowers with Gibberellic acid @ 300 ppm showed a significant increase in floret diameter (7.6 cm), total chlorophyll content (0.72 mg g-1 of fresh leaf), high relative fresh weight (88.50%) and high uptake of vase solution (2 g stem-1 day-1). Treatment with Benzyl adenine @ 150 µM has given favourable result by increasing the vase life of the flower up to 8 days followed by Gibberellic acid @ 300 ppm (7 days). Treatment with Salicylic acid did not show any favourable result. There was no significant difference in ethylene evolution pattern among treatments. From this experiment, it is concluded that pre-harvest treatment of flowers with Gibberellic acid @ 300 ppm and treatment of flowers with Benzyl adenine @ 150 µM showed positive results with treatment using Gibberellic acid @ 300 ppm as the best treatment.

Effect of soil and foliar supplementation of nitrogen, boron and salicylic acid on quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in alfisols of Konkan

The field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of soil and foliar supplementation of nitrogen, boron and salicylic acid either alone or in combinations applied along with the recommended dose of fertilizers (135:60:30 NPK kg ha-1) on quality and nutrient content of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in acid Alfisols of Konkan at Research and Education Farm, Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during the Summer season of 2018 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising ten treatment combinations replicated thrice. The results revealed that the quality parameters of cucumber grown in acid Alfisols of Konkan viz., TSS, reducing sugar, total sugar and titratable acidity; nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron content in plants significantly increased and recorded the maximum values due to the application of recommended dose of fertilizer (135:60:30 kg ha-1) + foliar spray of nitrogen through urea (1%) + soil application of boron through borax @ 2 kg ha-1 + foliar spray of salicylic acid (0.2%) along with 15 t ha-1 FYM.

Correction to: Foliar spray of salicylic acid induces physiological and biochemical changes in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under drought stress

Correction to: Foliar spray of salicylic acid induces physiological and biochemical changes in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under drought stress

Comparative Effect of Salinity on Antioxidant Enzymes of Two Wheat Genotypes by Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Potassium

The aim of this work was to examine the ameliorative effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and potassium on antioxidant enzymes activity in wheat under saline conditions. Two wheat genotypes WL-711 (salt tolerant) and Kohistan-97 (salt sensitive) were used with salicylic acid (SA) and potassium (K+) foliar spray which were applied at both vegetative and grain filling stage under saline conditions. Various enzymatic antioxidant activities include catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was assesed. Result cleared that foliar spray of salicylic acid and potassium decreased the damaged effect of salinity in both wheat genotypes especially Kohistan-97 which was more salt sensitive. Overall, foliarly applied salicylic acid and potassium reduces the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes on cellular metabolism that was disturbed by salt stress.

Organic nutrient management in aromatic rice-rice sequence: A critical review

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the “Effect of soil and foliar supplementation of nitrogen, boron and salicylic acid on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in alfisols of Konkan (M.S.)” at Research and Education Farm, Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during the Summer season of 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising ten treatment combinations replicated thrice, where the effect of soil and foliar supplementation of nitrogen, boron and salicylic acid either alone or in combinations applied along with the recommended dose of fertilizers (135:60:30 NPK kg ha-1) and an absolute control (to judge the fate of native nutrients) were studied. The study further revealed that the treatment receiving the application of recommended dose of fertilizer (135:60:30 kg ha-1) + Foliar spray of nitrogen through urea (1%) + Soil application of boron through borax @ 2 kg ha-1+ Foliar spray of salicylic acid (0.2%) was recorded the highest fruit yield (231.22 q ha-1) and yield attributing characters like number of fruits per vine (7.00) and weight of fruit i.e., 1.98 kg per vine as well as growth parameters viz. vine length (407.00 cm) and number of branches per vine (14.22) of Cucumber in alfisols of Konkan (M.S.).

Role of Beneficial Microorganisms and Salicylic Acid in Improving Rainfed Agriculture and Future Food Safety.

Moisture stress in rainfed areas has significant adverse impacts on plant growth and yield. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) plays an important role in the revegetation and rehabilitation of rainfed areas by modulating plant growth and metabolism and improving the fertility status of the rhizosphere soils. The current study explored the positive role of PGPR and salicylic acid (SA) on the health of the rhizosphere soil and plants grown under rainfed conditions. Maize seeds of two different varieties, i.e., SWL-2002 (drought tolerant) and CZP-2001 (drought sensitive), were soaked for 4 h prior to sowing in 24-h old culture of Planomicrobium chinense strain P1 (accession no. MF616408) and Bacillus cereus strain P2 (accession no. MF616406). The foliar spray of SA (150 mg/L) was applied on 28-days old seedlings. The combined treatment of the consortium of PGPR and SA not only alleviated the adverse effects of low moisture stress of soil in rainfed area but also resulted in significant accumulation of leaf chlorophyll content (40% and 24%), chlorophyll fluorescence (52% and 34%) and carotenoids (57% and 36%) in the shoot of both the varieties. The PGPR inoculation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (33% and 23%) and decreased the proline content and antioxidant enzymes activities (32% and 38%) as compared to plants grown in rainfed soil. Significant increases (>52%) were noted in the contents of Ca, Mg, K Cu, Co, Fe and Zn in the shoots of plants and rhizosphere of maize inoculated with the PGPR consortium. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and C/N ratio were increased (42%), concomitant with the decrease in the bulk density of the rhizosphere. The PGPR consortium, SA and their combined treatment significantly enhanced the IAA (73%) and GA (70%) contents but decreased (55%) the ABA content of shoot. The rhizosphere of plants treated with PGPR, SA and consortium showed a maximum accumulation (>50%) of IAA, GA and ABA contents, the sensitive variety had much higher ABA content than the tolerant variety. It is inferred from the results that rhizosphere soil of treated plants enriched with nutrients content, organic matter and greater concentration of growth promoting phytohormones, as well as stress hormone ABA, which has better potential for seed germination and establishment of seedlings for succeeding crops.

Exogenous salicylic acid and 24-epi-brassinolide improve antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites of Brassica nigra

Abstract One of the important aspects of salt tolerance is the regulatory roles of some plant growth regulators. The objective of this work was to evaluate the capability of salicylic acid and 24-epi-brassinolide to induce salt tolerance in black mustard (brassica nigra L.). Treatments were four levels of salinity (0, 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1 NaCl as non-salinity and low, moderate and severe salinities) and plant growth regulators (control, 1 mM salicylic acid and 0.1 μM 24-epi-brassinolide). Root and shoot Na contents, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, lipid peroxidation, proline and soluble sugars were enhanced, but root and shoot K, Ca and K/Na ratio, and leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were reduced due to salt stress. Foliar sprays of salicylic acid and 24-epi-brassinolide increased K, Ca and K/Na ratio, chlorophylls a and b, catalase activity and soluble sugars, particularly under moderate and severe salinities. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids of black mustard were significantly increased with increasing salinity. The production of these secondary metabolites was also stimulated by growth regulators. Anthocyanin content was enhanced under low salinity, while it was reduced under severe salinity. Exogenous application of growth regulators elevated anthocyanin content under all salinity levels. In general, physiological performance, antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites of black mustard were considerably enhanced by foliar spray of salicylic acid and 24-epi-brassinolide under salt stress.

Influence of salicylic acid on growth, yield and quality attributes of onion under temperate conditions

An experiment was conducted during rabi-2017-18, and 2018-2019 at experimental field of Division of Vegetable Sciences of, SKUAST-Kashmir with six treatments and three replications in randomised block design. The treatment consists of foliar spray of Salicylic acid at the rate of 250 mg/L at different intervals to study difference in plant height (cm), number of leaves, polar diameter (cms), Equatorial diameter (cm), Average bulb weight (gms), neck thickness and bulb yield including quality as well as storage parameters of onion bulb. The pooled results indicated that significant improvement in vegetative, growth yield and quality parameters were found as compared to control application. Foliar application of salicylclic acid at 30 & 120 days after transplanting recorded maximum plant height (81.55 cms), number of leaves/plant (12.95), Average Bulb weight (98.70 gms), maximum polar diameter (6.38 cms), equatorial diameter (7.16 cms), total bulb yield (322.81 q ha-1), neck thickness (0.46 cms), and also same treatment registered maximum quality attributes like dry matter content (15.31), soluble solid content (11.92 0Brix), Pyruvic Acid (µmol g-1) content (7.66 mg/100 g) besides lowest storage losses were also recorded with same treatment (9.15%).

Foliar spray of salicylic acid and oxalic acid ameolirates temperature (Heat) stress on wheat at anthesis stage

This study endeavors to quantitatively cognize the impact of changes in physiological mechanism due to climate change on wheat at vegetative stage and reproductive stage of crop. This experiment was conducted and evaluated for wheat crop using two chemicals salicylic acid and oxalic acid and meteorological data from a field site at Students Instructional Farm of the Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during Rabiseasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17. This experiment was planned under FRBD (Factorial Randomized Block Design) with three replications and two date of sowing viz; 25th November and 25th December with two varieties NW-5054 and NW-2036.Results indicated that physiological traits were adversely affected by time of sowing due to onset of high temperature during crop growth and particularly grain filling. All the treatments reduced the detrimental effect of heat stress on both the varieties by improving physiological traits which ultimately helped in obtaining higher yield.

Physiological changes of Mentha pulegium in response to exogenous salicylic acid under salinity

Plant productivity could be largely limited by salt stress. Thus, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of Mentha pulegium to foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) under different salinity levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM NaCl). The results revealed that accumulation of malondialdehyde, H2O2, proline, glycine betaine and total phenol as well as the activities of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were increased with increasing salinity level. However, leaf water content and photosynthetic pigments were significantly decreased by salt stress. SA treatment had no significant effect on glycine betaine, total phenol content and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in salt-stressed plants, while this treatment enhanced proline content via increasing pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity and decreasing proline oxidase activity. Foliar spray of SA also stimulated the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes and thereby limited H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Application of 1 and 1.5 mM SA considerably improved leaf water content and chlorophyll content of M. pulegium under different levels of salinity. These results suggest that exogenous application of 1 and 1.5 mM SA could mitigate salt toxicity and improve antioxidant capacity of M. pulegium under different levels of salinity.

Interactive role of salicylic acid and nitric oxide on transcriptional reprogramming for high temperature tolerance in lablab purpureus L.: Structural and functional insights using computational approaches

Salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) are considered as putative plant growth regulators that are involved in the regulation of an array of plant’s growth and developmental functions under environmental fluctuations when applied at lower concentrations. The possible involvement of NO in SA induced attenuation of high temperature (HT) induced oxidative stress in plants is however, still vague and need to be explored. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigates the biochemical and physiological changes induced by foliar spray of SA and NO combinations to ameliorate HT induced oxidative stress in Lablab purpureus L. Foliar application of combined SA and NO significantly improved relative water content (27.8 %), photosynthetic pigment content (67.2 %), membrane stability (45 %), proline content (1.0 %), expression of enzymatic antioxidants (7.1–18 %) along with pod yield (1.0 %). Heat Shock Factors (HSFs) play crucial roles in plants abiotic stress tolerance, however there structural and functional classifications in L. purpureus L. is still unknown. So, In-silico approach was also used for functional characterization and homology modelling of HSFs in L. purpureus. The experimental findings depicted that combine effect of SA and NO enhances tolerance in HT stressed L. purpureus L. plants by regulating physiological functions, antioxidants, expression and regulation of stress-responsive genes via transcriptional regulation of heat shock factor.