Foliar Spray Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Plant Growth Regulators on Stomatal Resistance, Leaf Temperature and Transpiration Rate and Yield of Banana cv Ney Poovan

The present Study was carried out to understand the effects of certain plant growth regulators under different nitrogen levels on different gas exchanging parameters viz., stomatal resistance, leaf temperature, transpiration rate and yield of banana cv. neypoovan. Different levels of nitrogen viz.,150 g Nplant-1 (45g + 75g +30g N plant-1 at 3,5 and 7 MAP, respectively), M1 + Urea 2% foliar spray, 200 g N plant-1 (60g + 100g + 40g N plant-1 at 3,5 and 7 MAP respectively), M3 + Urea 2% foliar spray and foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm, mepiquat chloride 500 ppm, chlormequat chloride 1000 ppm, nitrobenzene 50 ppm, benzyl adenine 20 ppm and 25 ppm of 2, 4-D at 3rd , 5th and 7th month after planting were given and compared with untreated control.Salicylic acid treated leaves showed high stomatal resistance with low transpiration. The yield components were favourably influenced by higher level of N application. Soil application of 200 g N plant-1 and giving two per cent urea spray on 3rd, 5th,and 7th month after planting distinctly enhanced all the yield components. Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm improved the number of hands, fingers and finger size. Benzyl adenine at 20 ppm spray also was found beneficial in increasing yield components. More number of fingers per bunch were observed in benzyl adenine treatment. With maximum fruit weight, salicylic acid spray surpassed benzyl adenine by recording maximum bunch weight of 12.58 kg (13.9 % increase over control), while benzyl adenine recorded 12.52 kg (13.4 % increase).

Agronomic Interventions for Alleviating Water Stress and Optimizing Productivity of Field Crops: A Review

Water scarcity is the most significant concern facing agriculture today. Agriculture currently utilizes more than 70% of the world's freshwater, with much of it lost through evaporation, leaching and runoff. Drought escape and drought tolerance are the two significant mechanisms for plant growth under water-stressed conditions. Drought, a primary abiotic factor, limits crop productivity. It is a climatic phenomenon characterized by a prolonged lack of rainfall, resulting in moisture loss from the soil and a lack of water potential in plant tissues. It prevents the crop from obtaining its potential yield and substantially reduces crop production. Field crop rely on rainfall and are vulnerable to unpredictable drought stress throughout their vegetative and reproductive growth cycle. Drought stress is typical during the flowering stage in mostly crops, resulting in lower yield when cultivated with scarce rainfall. It can be reduced through agronomic means, such as mulching, tillage, intercropping and nutrient management, as well as chemical measures, such as the use of soil additives herbal hydrogel (Gond katira), foliar spray of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Herbal hydrgel helps in reducing the effect of drought stress on plants while also promoting increased plant growth and opverall performance. Foliar application of salicylic acid boosted bioactive chemical synthesis in the presence of water deficiency. Potassium nitrate to enhance water uptake, promote longer pod length and improve drought tolerance in plants.

Role of defense inducers in modulating biochemical responses to Alternaria leaf blight

Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower has been considered as a potentially destructive disease. Due to cons of using chemical pesticides, the present investigation was undertaken to know the effect of three plant defence inducers viz., salicylic acid, monopotassium phosphate and sodium propionate for the eco-friendly management of Alternaria leaf blight disease. Seed treatment with salicylic acid at 100 ppm followed by foliar spray of salicylic acid at 100 ppm recorded highest secondary metabolites such as flavonoids (68.71 mg g FW) and phenols (73.53 mg g FW) -1 -1 -1 when compared to phenolics (45.07 mg g FW) and flavonoids (51.43 mg g FW) in control plants -1 . Seed treatment with salicylic acid at 100 ppm followed by foliar spray of salicylic acid at 100 ppm showed increased defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (40.45 mg/50 per cent inhibition) and peroxidase (16.86 mg min mg protein) when compared to superoxide dismutase -1 -1 (54.36 mg/50 per cent inhibition) and peroxidase (9.63 mg min mg protein) in control plants. This study -1 -1 demonstrated that seed treatment followed by foliar spray with salicylic acid can be used effectively for the management of Alternaria blight in fields as it exhibited more defense enzyme activity and secondary metabolites.. KEYWORDS :Alternaria, defense enzymes, secondary metabolites, seed treatment

Performance of Phytohormones under Distinct Levels of Drip Irrigation on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Background: Agronomic practices such as the precise water application with drip irrigation and strategic use of phytohormones are crucial for optimizing wheat growth and productivity. This study assesses the performance of different phytohormones under distinct levels of drip irrigation on wheat. Methods: The research trail was conducted during rabi 2022-23, to evaluate the performance of distinct phytohormones (ABA, SA and GA) under varying levels of drip irrigation regimes on wheat (Triticum asetivum L.). The three drip irrigation levels were taken in main plots (1.0 ETc, 0.8 ETc, and 0.6 ETc) and three distinct phytohormone (ABA, SA, and GA) and water spray were taken as a subplot with three replications under split plot design. Result: The experimental results revealed that, drip irrigation at 1.0 ETc recorded significantly highest growth attributes i.e. plant height (83.32 cm), number of tillers (343.8 no.) and dry matter accumulation (688.4 g m-2) which was 8, 18, 5.6 % higher over drip irrigation level at 0.6 ETc and also foliar spray of salicylic acid recorded the highest plant height (84.77 cm), number of tillers (334.2 no.), dry matter accumulation (691.3 g m-2) compared to foliar spray of water (control). ETc 1.0 with SA spray enhanced the Chlorophyl index by 1.21% and 14.8% over ETc 0.8 and 0.6, respectively. Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with SA increased grain yield by 8.1% and straw yield by 5.6% over drip irrigation at 0.6 ETc which were at par with drip irrigation at 1 ETc. Hence, application of 80% irrigation through drip with 150 ppm of salicylic acid foliar spray can be recommended to farmers.

Exogenous application of plant bio-regulators improve yield and water use efficiency of maize under drought stress

Moisture stress in rainfed areas has significant adverse impact on plant growth and yield. Exogenous application of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) plays an important role to mitigate drought stress in plants. A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 to explore the positive role of PBRs on the yield, economic feasibility and water use efficiency of maize grown under rainfed conditions. Ten treatments including PBRs, mulching and control were evaluated in a randomized block design. The result showed that foliar spray of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) with 1% urea solution improved the grain yield of maize by 24% as compared to control plot. Other PBRs such as glycine betaine, gibberellic acid and thiourea also increased the grain yield in the range of 10–21%. Application of 1% urea solution with PBRs synergise the effect of PBR to alleviate drought stress. The foliar applied PBRs maintained higher membrane stability index (73–78%), significantly increased relative water content (5–11%), chlorophyll content and decreased the proline content (11–21%) as compared to plants grown in control plot. Significant increase were noted in the rain and crop water use efficiency of maize with the foliar application of PBRs. Net returns were improved by 33% with application of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) + 1% urea as compared to control (₹49 × 103 /ha). Thus, foliar spray of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) with 1% urea solution could be an economic feasible strategy to reduce the adverse effects of drought and may increase the maize yield and water use efficiency.

Mechanistic Insights on Salicylic Acid-Induced Enhancement of Photosystem II Function in Basil Plants under Non-Stress or Mild Drought Stress.

Photosystem II (PSII) functions were investigated in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants sprayed with 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) under non-stress (NS) or mild drought-stress (MiDS) conditions. Under MiDS, SA-sprayed leaves retained significantly higher (+36%) chlorophyll content compared to NS, SA-sprayed leaves. PSII efficiency in SA-sprayed leaves under NS conditions, evaluated at both low light (LL, 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and high light (HL, 900 μmol photons m-2 s-1), increased significantly with a parallel significant decrease in the excitation pressure at PSII (1-qL) and the excess excitation energy (EXC). This enhancement of PSII efficiency under NS conditions was induced by the mechanism of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) that reduced singlet oxygen (1O2) production, as indicated by the reduced quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO). Under MiDS, the thylakoid structure of water-sprayed leaves appeared slightly dilated, and the efficiency of PSII declined, compared to NS conditions. In contrast, the thylakoid structure of SA-sprayed leaves did not change under MiDS, while PSII functionality was retained, similar to NS plants at HL. This was due to the photoprotective heat dissipation by NPQ, which was sufficient to retain the same percentage of open PSII reaction centers (qp), as in NS conditions and HL. We suggest that the redox status of the plastoquinone pool (qp) under MiDS and HL initiated the acclimation response to MiDS in SA-sprayed leaves, which retained the same electron transport rate (ETR) with control plants. Foliar spray of SA could be considered as a method to improve PSII efficiency in basil plants under NS conditions, at both LL and HL, while under MiDS and HL conditions, basil plants could retain PSII efficiency similar to control plants.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid ameliorates salinity stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a significant cereal crop belonging to Poaceae that is essential for human food and animal feeding. The production of barley grains was around 142.37 million tons in 2017/2018. However, the growth of barley was influenced by salinity which was enhanced by applying a foliar spray of salicylic acid. The current study investigated to evaluated the potential effect of SA on the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants under salinity stress and its possible effects on physiological, biochemical, and growth responses. The experiment was conducted at Postgraduate Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture; Faisalabad to assess the influence of salicylic acid on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under highly saline conditions. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replicates. In plastic pots containing 8 kg of properly cleaned sand, two different types of barley (Sultan and Jau-17) were planted. The plants were then watered with a half-strength solution of Hoagland’s nutritional solution. After the establishment of seedlings, two salt treatments (0 mM and 120 mM NaCl) were applied in combining three levels of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1). Data about morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes was recorded using standard procedure after three weeks of treatment. The morpho-physiological fresh weight of the shoot and root (48%), the dry mass of the shoot and root (66%), the plant height (18%), the chlorophyll a (30%), the chlorophyll b (22%), and the carotenoids (22%), all showed significant decreases. Salinity also decreased yield parameters and the chl. ratio (both at 29% and 26% of the total chl. leaf area index). Compared to the control parameters, the following data was recorded under salt stress: spike length, number of spikes, number of spikelets, number of tillers, biological yield, and harvest index. Salicylic acid was used as a foliar spray to lessen the effects of salinity stress, and 1 mg L-1 of salicylic acid proved more effective than 0.5 mg L-1. Both varieties show better growth by applying salicylic acid (0 mg L-1) as a control, showing normal growth. By increasing its level to (0.5 mg L-1), it shows better growth but maximized growth occurred at a higher level (1 mg L-1). Barley sultan (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the best variety as compared to Jau-17 performs more growth to mitigate salt stress (0mM and 120mM NaCl) by improving morpho-physiological parameters by enhancing plan height, Root and shoot fresh and dry weights, as well as root and shoot lengths, photosynthetic pigments, area of the leaves and their index, and yield attributes and reduce sodium ions.

Influence of Foliar Nutrition for Maximising the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Irrigated Condition

Background: A field experiment was conducted at the Central farm of Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, during Thaipattam (Jan.- Feb.) 2019 to study the influence of foliar nutrients for maximizing the yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under irrigated condition. Methods: The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised six different foliar nutrients viz.,T1 - Control (RDF alone - 25:50:25 kg NPK ha-1), T2 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% TNAU Pulse wonder, T3 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% (19:19:19), T4 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% KCl, T5 - RDF + foliar spray of 2% DAP, T6 - RDF + foliar spray of Salicylic acid 100 ppm, T7 - RDF+ foliar spray of PPFM @ 500 ml ha-1. The variety used VBN(Bg) 5. The foliar nutrients were sprayed on 30 and 45 DAS. Result: The results revealed that among the different foliar nutrients, foliar application of 1% pulse wonder resulted in higher LAI and DMP, closely followed by 2% DAP spray. Similar to the yield parameters, foliar application of 1% TNAU pulse wonder produced more pod clusters plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1,and it, however, was on par with 2% DAP spray. Foliar spray of 1% TNAU pulse wonder produced a higher grain yield of 918 kg ha-1, comparable with a grain yield of 2% DAP (896 kg ha-1). The highest gross return (` 50,490 ha-1), net return (` 26,000 ha-1) and BCR (2.03) were obtained with foliar spray of 1% pulse wonder followed by 2% DAP spray, Hence, it is concluded that raising blackgram with foliar spray of pulse wonder spray @ 1% twice at 30 and 45 DAS is the viable package for getting higher yield and higher income.

Salt stress memory in tall fescue: Interaction of different stress stages, pollination system and genetic diversity.

The effects of salinity memory and its interaction with genetic diversity for drought tolerance and pollination system in terms of morphological, physiological, root characteristics and spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) in tall fescue is still unknown. Four tall fescue genotypes (two drought-sensitive and two drought-tolerant) were manually controlled to produce four selfed (S1) and four open-pollinated (OP) progeny genotypes (finally eight progeny genotypes). Then all genotypes were assessed for two years in greenhouse under five salinity treatments including control treatment (C), twice salinity stress treatment (primary mild salinity stress in two different stages and secondary at the end stage) (S1t1S2 and S1t2S2), once severe salinity stress treatment (secondary only, S2), and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) simultaneously with secondary salinity stress (H2S2). Results indicated that obligate selfing (S1) caused to inbreeding depression in RWC, plant growth, catalase activity, root length and the ratio of root/shoot (R/S). Once salinity stress treatment (S2) led to depression in most measured traits, while pre-exposure to salinity (salinity memory) (S1t1S2 and S1t2S2) improved photosynthetic pigments, proline, antioxidant enzymes and R/S. Salinity memory was more pronounced in drought-sensitive genotypes, while it was more evident in OP than S1 population. Foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) was almost equally effective in reducing the effects of salinity stress in both populations. The efficacy of application was more pronounced in tolerant genotypes compared to sensitive ones. The possibility of modeling correlated spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) for prediction of different morphological, physiological and root characteristics will be discussed.

Resistance induction in Vanilla planifolia Jacks. by foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae

Resistance induction in Vanilla planifolia Jacks. by foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae

Production of an important antidiabetic compound mangiferin through elicitation in Salacia chinensis under in vivo condition

Salacia chinensis L. (Celastraceae) is an important antidiabetic and anticancer plant. Mangiferin is a principal bioactive component of this plant and is well known for important antidiabetic and anticancer properties. The objectives of the present study were to examine the accumulation of mangiferin in S. chinensis grown under in vivo conditions, upon application of abiotic (NaCl and salicylic acid) and biotic elicitors (mycorrhiza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal endophytes (Cladosporium tenuissimum and Trichoderma atroviride). The present study shows that bioactive metabolite accumulation was recorded in all tested plant parts. Significantly, mangiferin content was more elevated in treated plant parts as compared to non-treated ones. NaCl treated plant had higher production of mangiferin than other treatments. Mangiferin content was higher at 50 mM NaCl (368.8 ±5.6 µg/g DW), which is 2.08 times higher than the control (160.05± 2.5 µg/g DW). Upon foliar spray of salicylic acid (100 µM), root mangiferin content (263.80±5.14 µg/g DW) was 1.04 times higher than the control. Among the biotic elicitors, plants treated with P. aeruginosa produced more mangiferin than mycorrhiza-treated ones in tested plant parts. Overall, the root (368.8 5.6 µg/g DW) produced a higher quantity of mangiferin than the stem (297.91±4.05 µg/g DW) and leaves (168.36±5.25 µg/g DW) in S. chinensis. This is the first report on the exogenous application of endophytes in vivo to elicit mangiferin in different parts of S. chinensis. The current investigation revealed that isolated fungal endophytes can be used to produce industrially important bioactive metabolites at a large scale.

Effects of Hydrogel and Salicylic Acid on the Growth And Yield of Mustard Under Rainfed Condition

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2017-18 at Varanasi to evaluate the effects of hydrogel as Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) and salicylic acid (SA) as stress-ameliorating agent, in growth and productivity of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) at rainfed condition. The experiment comprised nine treatments such as Control (T1), Hydrogel (H) @ 2.5 kg/ha (T2), H @ 5 kg/ha (T3), SA 100 ppm (T4), Salicylic acid (SA) 200 ppm (T5), H @ 2.5 kg/ha+ SA 100 ppm (T6), H @ 2.5 kg/ha+ SA 200 ppm (T7), H @ 5 kg/ha+ SA 100 ppm (T8), and H @ 5 kg/ha+ SA 200 ppm (T9). Among the different treatments, soil application of H @ 5 kg/ha and foliar spray of SA@ 200 ppm registered the highest value (mean of two year) of plant height (177.66 cm), primary (7.37) and secondary branches (7.74), siliqua/plant (306.84) as well as maximum seed yield (18.02 q/ha) and straw yield (2344.09 kg/ha). Exogeneous spray of SA alone with higher dose performed better in all parameters than individual application of hydrogel, however, their combination also gave superior result in minimizing moisture stress in plant. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(1): 27-35, 2023 (March)

Foliar spray of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid ameliorates the biochemical compounds in hybrid chillies

Chillies (Capsicum annuum) are a spice crop with great medicinal value of its biochemical ingredients. Its high antioxidant value along with good nutritional properties. Foliar application of Salicylic Acid may stimulate various plant physiological parameter i.e., stomatal activity, ions uptake, seed germination, leave membrane response to electrolytes and growth rate. Salicylic Acid (SA) is known as a molecule that is participated in physiological processes in chillies, plant tolerance and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Ascorbic acid possesses antioxidant properties, has positive impact on flowering and expounds effective plant defense system against pesticide toxicity. Moreover, ascorbic acid is effective chemical to mitigate the destructive impacts of salt stress. All the treatments improved the yield, fruit length and fruit width as compared to control treatment. Although, various treatments, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid combination showed the maximum plant height (80.3 cm), shoot weight (161 g), root weight (47.1 g) and pericarp thickness (1.99 mm) in treatment T9 variety of V4. Results declared that foliar spray of plants growth regulators increased the carbohydrates, protein, fiber and ash content. Results declared that foliar spray of plants growth regulators increased the carbohydrates, protein, fiber and ash contents. Furthermore, Biochemical attributes and Enzymes like proline (19.1%), SOD (1.40ug-1Fw), POD (17.9 ug-1Fw g) and CAT (6.15ug-1Fw) were significantly improved in plants sprayed with salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA) at T9 treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid on the yield and biochemical traits of hybrid chillies. Generally, the highest values were obtained from T9 treatment application of SA and AA combination. Based on these findings, the SA and AA treatments may help alleviate the positive effect on the growth of Chillies.

Enhancing Productivity and Water Use Efficiency of Zaid Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) through Sprinkler Irrigation, Fertility Amendments and Bio-regulator

An experiment was conducted on mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) during three consecutive years of zaid (2016 to 2018) at Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan). The experiment consisted of 12 treatment combinations including three irrigation regimes (IW/CPE ratio 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) and four fertility amendments along with foliar spray of bio-regulator (100 % RDF, 100 % RDF + salicylic acid 100 ppm, 125 % RDF + salicylic acid 100 ppm and 150% RDF + salicylic acid 100 ppm) were under taken in split plot design with four replications. The maximum grain yield (930 kg ha-1) was recorded under application of IW/CPE ratio 1.2 over IW/CPE ratio 1.0 and 0.8. Significantly higher WUE (2.04 and 2.03 kg ha-mm-1) and WP (0.204 and 0.203 kg m-3) were recorded under irrigation regime of IW/CPE ratio 1.2 and 1.0 in comparison to IW/CPE ratio 0.8. Significantly higher net return (Rs. 37409/- ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.89) were recorded under irrigation regime of IW/CPE ratio 1.2 over irrigation regimes of IW/CPE ratio 1.0 and 0.8. The maximum grain yield (830 and 840 kg ha-1) was recorded with the application of 125 % RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm remained on par with 150 % RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm, but it was found significantly superior over application of over application of 100 % RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm and 100 % RDF. Significantly higher water use efficiency (2.06 kg ha-mm-1) and water productivity (0.206 kg m-3) were recorded in mungbean with the application of 125 % RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm over application of 100% RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm and 100 % RDF in mungbean. Application of 125 % RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm gave maximum net return (Rs. 31272/- ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.59) over application of 100% RDF + foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm and 100 % RDF.

Integrating Application Methods and Concentrations of Salicylic Acid as an Avenue to Enhance Growth, Production, and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat under Full and Deficit Irrigation in Arid Countries

As water deficit in arid countries has already become the norm rather than the exception, water conservation in crop production processes has become very critical. Therefore, it is urgent to develop feasible strategies to achieve this goal. Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) has been proposed as one of the effective and economical strategies for mitigating water deficit in plants. However, the recommendations concerning the proper application methods (AMs) and the optimal concentrations (Cons) of SA under field conditions seem contradictory. Here, a two-year field study was conducted to compare the effects of twelve combinations of AMs and Cons on the vegetative growth, physiological parameters, yield, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of wheat under full (FL) and limited (LM) irrigation regimes. These combinations included seed soaking in purified water (S0), 0.5 mM SA (S1), and 1.0 mM SA (S2); foliar spray of SA at concentrations of 1.0 mM (F1), 2.0 mM (F2), and 3.0 mM (F3); and combinations of S1 and S2 with F1 (S1F1 and S2F1), F2 (S1F2 and S2F2), and F3 (S1F3 and S2F3). The results showed that the LM regime caused a significant reduction in all vegetative growth, physiological, and yield parameters, while it led to an increase in IWUE. The application of SA through seed soaking, foliar application, and a combination of both methods increased all of the studied parameters in all the evaluated times, resulting in higher values for all parameters than the treatment without SA (S0). The multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis and heatmapping, identified the foliar application method with 1-3 mM SA alone or in combination with seed soaking with 0.5 mM SA as the best treatments for the optimal performance of wheat under both irrigation regimes. Overall, our results indicated that exogenous application of SA has the potential to greatly improve growth, yield, and IWUE under limited water application, while optimal coupling combinations of AMs and Cons were required for positive effects in field conditions.

Management of Chilli anthracnose/die-back or fruit rot by systemic acquired resistance activators

Chilli is an important spice, vegetable as well as cash crop of Gujarat, mostly cultivated in Kharif season, which is quite remunerative to farmers. Chilli is prone to several diseases, but anthracnose is a most devastating caused by fungus Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler and Bisby and one of the major constraints in chilli cultivation throughout the world. In the present study various systemic acquired resistance activators tested against chilli anthracnose during 2018, 2019 and 2020 at College of Horiculture, S.D. Agricultural University, Jagudan, Mehsana Gujarat. Data clearly revealed that minimum per cent disease intensity and highest green chilli yield was observed in seed soaking + foliar spray of Azoxystrobin 1000 ppm which was at par with seed soaking + foliar spray of Salicylic acid (SA) 100 ppm during individual year and pooled data also. Azoxystrobin and Salicylic acid (SA) induced systemic acquired resistance by increasing defense enzymes peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), -1, 3 glucanase, chitinase, catalase and defense-inducing chemicals (total phenols). Azoxystrobin is also registered in CIBRC for management of chilli anthracnose with PHI 5 days

Effect of salicylic acid on growth, physiological traits, yield and water productivity of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under different irrigation regimes

To evaluate the efficacy of salicylic acid in improving water productivity under different irrigation regimes, a field experiment was carried out in 2019-20 and 2020-21 in a split plot design with three irrigation regimes i.e., irrigation water (IW) to cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratios of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 in main plots and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) at four concentrations i.e., 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM in sub plots. Frequency of irrigation significantly affected the morphological and physiological traits. However, foliar application of salicylic acid alleviated the effect of less frequent irrigation on plant height (4.6-10.3%), biomass (10.4%) and leaf area (1.0%). SA application improved the water status of plants with 9.2% higher relative water content as compared to control. Root mass density was higher in I0.3 regime in the lower depths of soil profile as compared to I0.6 and I0.9, which further increased with salicylic acid application. The content of osmolytes was highest in I0.3 which increased up to 34-36% with salicylic acid. Highest seed yield was recorded under I0.6 regime and 1.5 mM SA but it was statistically at par with 1.0 mM SA. Water productivity was highest in the least irrigated regime (3.55 kg ha-1 mm-1) and 1.0 mM SA (3.25 kg ha-1 mm). Foliar application of 1.0 mM SA can be considered as the effective for improving seed yield under all irrigation regimes with more pronounced effect in less frequent irrigation regime.

Effect of salicylic acid on growth, physiological traits, yield and water productivity of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under different irrigation regimes

To evaluate the efficacy of salicylic acid in improving water productivity under different irrigation regimes, a field experiment was carried out in 2019-20 and 2020-21 in a split plot design with three irrigation regimes i.e., irrigation water (IW) to cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratios of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 in main plots and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) at four concentrations i.e., 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM in sub plots. Frequency of irrigation significantly affected the morphological and physiological traits. However, foliar application of salicylic acid alleviated the effect of less frequent irrigation on plant height (4.6-10.3%), biomass (10.4%) and leaf area (1.0%). SA application improved the water status of plants with 9.2% higher relative water content as compared to control. Root mass density was higher in I0.3 regime in the lower depths of soil profile as compared to I0.6 and I0.9, which further increased with salicylic acid application. The content of osmolytes was highest in I0.3 which increased up to 34-36% with salicylic acid. Highest seed yield was recorded under I0.6 regime and 1.5 mM SA but it was statistically at par with 1.0 mM SA. Water productivity was highest in the least irrigated regime (3.55 kg ha-1 mm-1 ) and 1.0 mM SA (3.25 kg ha-1 mm). Foliar application of 1.0 mM SA can be considered as the effective for improving seed yield under all irrigation regimes with more pronounced effect in less frequent irrigation regime

Coriander Seed Quality and Vigour Assessment as Affected by Bioregulators and Varied Irrigation Regimes Based on Climatological Approach

The evaluation of seed quality parameters in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) under different irrigation regimes based on climatological approach and varied compositions of stress mitigating chemicals was carried out in the Laboratory of Seed Technology Research Unit, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.). The investigation consisted of four Irrigation regimes ie IW/CPE 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 and stress mitigating chemicals (Salicylic acid, thiourea and KNO3) with different concentrations. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates during Rabi season (2020-21 and 2021-22). Marked influence of applied irrigation regime was exhibited by the seed lot collected from plots with IW/CPE ratio 0.8. The maximum standard germination of 82.89% was recorded in seeds from the plants which were grown in sufficient moisture content comprising of IW/CPE 1.2. Exogenous application of salicylic acid improved the seed germination parameters. The highest concentration was most effective in each treatment. Salicylic acid @ 150 ppm expressed better results. The results depicted higher test weight with 17.80g, higher plumule length of 15.75cm, radical length of 5.61 cm, seedling height of 21.36 cm, maximum magnitude 1841.64 and 28.33 of seed vigour index I & II respectively for Jawahar Dhaniya-10 was registered when the seeds harvested from plots with treatment combination of IW/CPE 0.8 along with foliar spray of salicylic acid @ 150ppm (I2C2). Higher content of 89.57% total solids was expressed under interaction of IW/CPE 0.6 with exogenous application of thiourea @ 500ppm (I1C3). Hence it can be concluded that treatment combination of IW/CPE 0.8 along with foliar spray of salicylic acid @ 150ppm (I2C2) ascertained better seed germination and quality attributes.

Application of growth promoting hormones alters the composition and antioxidant potential of dill essential oil under salt stress

The performance of dill plant may be affected by adverse environments such as salinity. Thus, this research was designed to evaluate changes in chemical composition and antioxidant activity of seed essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in response to salinity (0, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and 1 mM of each hormonal treatments (gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and cytokinin). Salicylic acid (SA) reduced Na+ content of roots and leaves by 15.4%, 30.9% and 12.4%, 24.3%, but enhanced K+ content by 29.8%, 51.6% and 76.6%, 73.4% under moderate and severe salinities, respectively. Essential oil yield was enhanced with progressing seed filling, despite decreasing essential oil percentage. Percentage of essential oil was increased under low and moderate salinities. Hormonal treatments, particularly SA enhanced seed mass and essential oil percentage, leading to enhanced essential oil yield. The amounts of most constituents were enhanced under moderate salinity. Foliar spray of SA and CK (cytokinin) increased almost all essential oil components, except dill ether and dill apiole, while the GA3 (gibberellic acid) treatment reduced most of the constituents. The α-fenchol was only induced by salt stress. The β-pinene, 1-terpineol, cryptone, oxypeucedanin hydrate, α-thujene and P-α-dimethylstyrene were also specifically synthesized in SA treated plants under salinity. The highest TPC (total phenolic content) and antioxidant activity were recorded for essential oil of SA treated plants at mass maturity under moderate salinity. In general, the SA spray was the most effective treatment for improving essential oil quantity and quality of dill plants.