Foliar Penetration Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF BENTAZONE ON STOMATAL BEHAVIOUR IN CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L.

SUMMARYThe herbicide bentazone induces stomatal opening in epidermal strips of C. album in a light‐dependent response, over a temperature range of 9 to 29 °C. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to stomatal structure and the foliar penetration of the herbicide.

FOLIAR PENETRATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS: STUDY WITH ISOLATED PEAR LEAF CUTICLES OF CUTICULAR RETENTION AND PENETRATION OF ZINC

ISHS Symposium on Mineral Nutrition and Fruit Quality of Temperate Zone Fruit Trees FOLIAR PENETRATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS: STUDY WITH ISOLATED PEAR LEAF CUTICLES OF CUTICULAR RETENTION AND PENETRATION OF ZINC

Effect of cuticular components on foliar penetration

Pesticide ScienceVolume 11, Issue 3 p. 367-370 Synopsis Effect of cuticular components on foliar penetration Edward A. Baker, Edward A. Baker Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AFSearch for more papers by this author Edward A. Baker, Edward A. Baker Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AFSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780110312Citations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue3June 1980Pages 367-370 RelatedInformation

PHYTOTOXIC INTERACTIONS INVOLVING METRIBUZIN AND OTHER PESTICIDES IN TOMATOES

Metribuzin was tested for phytotoxic interactions with 16 pesticides on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill. ’Heinz 1706’). Synergistic phytotoxic interactions were repeatedly observed with metribuzin in combination with either malathion or carbaryl under growth room conditions. Additive phytotoxicity to tomato was commonly observed with metribuzin plus chlorothalonil, diazinon or demeton but few interactions were observed with metribuzin in combination with 11 other pesticides. Under field conditions synergistic phytotoxicity was observed with metribuzin plus carbaryl but not with metribuzin plus malathion. In growth room studies, synergistic interactions with either carbaryl or metribuzin could be avoided if the application of the insecticide was delayed at least 3 days after metribuzin application. Malathion or carbaryl did not increase the foliar penetration of metribuzin but pretreatment of tomato plants with either insecticide did inhibit the metabolism of metribuzin in tomato leaf tissue.

Spray retention, foliar penetration, translocation and selectivity of asulam in wild oats and flax

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe spray retention, foliar penetration and translocation of asulam [methyl (4 aminobenzenculphonyl) carbamate] by wild oats (Avena fatua L.) (Susceptible) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)(Tolerant) were examined in an attempt to elucidate the nature of differential sensitivity. Wild oat plants retained about four times as much spray solution of a commercial formulation of asulam as did flux. Penetration into flax was much more rapid than into wild oats. Added surfactant and high relative humidity greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oats. An increase in temperature from 10 to 30° C resulted in a large increase in penetration into both species. After foliar application of 14C‐asulam the radioactivity was distributed throughout the wild oat plants. But the translocation in flax was very limited. Here most of it remained in the treated leaf, probably as a result of contact injury caused by the chemical No detectable qualitative or quantitative differences in the metabolism of asulam in the two species were found. Our studies suggest that spray retention, foliar penetration and translocation all play an important role in the selectivity of asulam between wild oats and flax. Rétention'de la pulvérisation, pénélration foliaire, migration el selectivity de I'asulamt chez la folle‐avoine et Ie lin La rëtention de la pulvérisation, la pénétration foliaire et la migration de I'asusulame (4 aminobenzënesulfonyl carbamate de méthyle) not étéétudJiees chez la folle avoine (Avfna fatua L.) (sensible)ct chez le lin (Linum usitalissimum L) (resistant) pour tenter d'ëlucider la nature de la difference de scnsibilité. LES plantes de folle‐avoine ont retenu quatre fois plus que le lin de la pulvérisation d'une formulation commercial d'asulame. La pénétration dans Ie lin a été beaucoup plus rapide que dans la folle‐avoine. L'addition d'un agent de surface et one humidité relative êlevêe ont grandement favorisê la pênetration de I'herbicide dans la folle‐avoine one élévation de la temperature de 10 à 30° C a provoqué one import ante augmenta tion de la pênêtration dans les deux espèces. Après one application foliaire d'asulame marqué au 14C. la radioactivité a été rêpartie dans l'ensemble de la plante chez la folle‐avoine. mais la migration chez le lin a êtê três limitêe. La plus grande panie de cette radioactivitê est restêe dans la feuille traitèe. probablement en raison des damages provoquês par le contact duproduit. ll n'a pasêtêdecelê de differences, ni qualitatives. niquantitatives. Dans)le mêtabolisme de l'asulame chez les deux espêces. Nos recherches suggèrent que la retention de la pulvêrisation, la pénétration fotiaire et la migration jouent un röle important dans la sélectivité de l'asulame entre la folle‐avoine et le lin. Spritzmitelrterenrntion, Blmprnetlration, Tronslokation and Selekrivitär von Asulam hei Flughafer and Flachs Spritzmittelretention. Blat penetration and Translokation von Asuiam [Methyl‐l‐aminobenzolsulfonyl)‐carbamat] bei Flughafer (Avina fatua L.)empfindlich) and Flachs (Limum usiiaiis imum L.)(tolerant) wurden untersucht mit dem ziel. Aufklärung über die Ursache der unter Mhiedlichen Emptindlichkeit zu erhalten Flughaferpflanzen hielten etwa vicnnai so vicl Spritzmittellösung ciner handclsüblichen Asulamformulierung zurück wie Flachs. Die Penetration bei Flachs erfolgte vicl schnelier als bei Flughafer. Der Zusatz von oberflächenaktiven Stoffen and hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit erhöhten die Penetration des Herbizids bei Flughafer beträchtlish. Tcmperaturerhöhung von 10 auf 30°C führte bei beiden Pflanzenarten zu einer starken Zunahme der Penetration. Nach Blattapplikation von 14C‐Asu lam war bei Flughafer die Radioaktivität über die gesamte Pflanze verleilt; bei Flachs dagegen fand nur eine sehr beschränkteTranslokation statt. Hier verblieb die meiste Radio aktivität im behandelten Blatt. was wahrscheinlich auf eine Schädigung durch Kontaktwirkung des Mittels zURÜCKZU führenist. Qualitative oder quantitative Unlerschiede im Metabolismus von Asulam in den beiden Pflanzen konnten nicht gefunden werden. Unscre Untersuchungen lassen vermuten. dass Spritzmittelretention. Biattpenetration and Translokation gemeinsam für die Selektivität von Asulam zwisehen Flughafer und Flachs eine wichiige Rolle spielen.

Foliar Penetration of Succinic Acid‐2,2‐dimethylhydrazide: Mechanism and Rate Limiting Step

The foliar penetration of succinic acid‐2,2‐dimethylhydrazide (SADH) into primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Blue Lake) was studied using detached leaves and a leaf disc method. SADH penetration was linear with time and directly related to concentration and the fraction of non‐ionized SADH molecules in the treating solution. The addition of a surfactant, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, increasing temperature and light enhanced penetration. Surfactant and light enhanced penetration are discussed in relation to increased wetting and area of contact over guard and accessory cells and the greater permeability of the cuticular ledges in open than in closed stomata. Evidence is presented that foliar penetration of SADH takes place by diffusion controlled by the cuticular membrane. Metabolic processes were not rate limiting.

Foliar Penetration of Naphthaleneacetic Acid: Enhancement by Light and Role of Stomata

Light enhanced the penetration of naphthaleneacetic-1-14C acid (NAA) into the stomatous lower surface of pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett) leaf discs. The light effect was rapidly lost on transfer to the dark and was diminished by pretreatment of leaf discs with a Hill reaction inhibitor (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropyl-amino-s-triazine). The effect of light on NAA penetration was isolated from its effect on stomatal opening. A similar stimulation of NAA penetration was obtained with stomata opened and closed, providing evidence that penetration did not take place by mass movement into the substomatal chamber.

Penetration, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Difenzoquat in Wild Oat and Barley

Foliar penetration of14C-difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1-H-pyrazolium), in the presence of a surfactant, into both wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) and barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Conquest’), was rapid and continued at a nearly constant rate for 72 hr, the maximum time period studied; 93 and 84% of the applied dose was absorbed by the leaves of wild oat and barley, respectively. Added surfactants at 0.01% to 0.3% and high relative. humidity (RH) greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oat. An increase in temperature from 10 to 30 C resulted in a large increase in penetration. Commercial formulations of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile) + MCPA {[(4-chloro-O-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} (1:1, w/w), 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] ester and barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate) markedly increased the penetration of14C-difenzoquat into wild oat. Amine formulation of 2,4-D, on the other hand, had no effect on penetration. Foliarly-applied14C-difenzoquat rapidly translocated mainly in the acropetal direction. Most of the absorbed14C, however, was accumulated in the treated area and a few centimeters above the treated area. There was some basipetal movement, and 24 hr after treatment14C was detectable in the roots. Root uptake of14C-difenzoquat was very rapid, but upward movement of14C was slight, and even 24 hr after treatment most of it was retained by the roots. Chromatographic analysis of plant extracts up to 15 days after treatment with14C-difenzoquat revealed no evidence of difenzoquat metabolism by wild oat, barley, and wheat (Triticum vulgareL. ‘Thatcher’). The selective action of difenzoquat in wild oat and barley cannot be accounted for by differences in its foliar penetration, translocation, or metabolism in these species.

Environmental influences on cuticle development and resultant foliar penetration

Environmental influences on cuticle development and resultant foliar penetration

Studies on Some Morphological Factors Affecting Foliar Penetration of Chemicals in the Needles of Akamatsu and Sugi

Studies on Some Morphological Factors Affecting Foliar Penetration of Chemicals in the Needles of Akamatsu and Sugi

THE SELECTIVE ACTION OF PICLORAM IN RED MAPLE AND WHITE ASH

Summary. White ash (Fraxinus americana L.) trees, 2 years of age, treated continuously with 10 ppm picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid) in nutrient culture were only slightly injured after 4 weeks whereas red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees were killed after only 2 weeks treatment.When the roots were exposed to 10 ppm 14C‐picloram, the rate of root uptake, acropetal translocation in the stem, and accumulation in the leaves was much lower in the susceptible red maple than in the tolerant white ash. The foliar penetration and translocation of 14C‐picloram applied to the leaves was very slight but similar in both species. Although a radiolabelled picloram metabolite was isolated from plant extracts, it was formed at equal rates in both species.It was concluded that the tolerance of white ash was not related to lower rates of picloram uptake or faster rates of picloram detoxication. It was postulated that the high susceptibility of red maple was due to a blockage of the xylem by picloram which caused death by a dessication of the leaves and upper stems. Action sélective du piclorame sur Fraxinus amerieana L. et Acer rubrum L.

Selectivity of Benazolin in Wild Mustard and Rape Species

The selectivity of 4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid (benazolin) in wild mustard [Brassica kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], turnip rape (Brassica campestris L. ‘Echo’), and rape (Brassica napus L. ‘Target’) was studied. On an ED50 basis wild mustard was 19 and 32 times more susceptible to foliar-applied benazolin than was turnip rape and rape, respectively. The addition of surfactant increased the toxicity of benazolin to the Brassica species. Benazolin was less selective when applied via roots. Selectivity was further studied on the bases of differential spray retention and foliar penetration. Rape retained less spray than did wild mustard and turnip rape. The inclusion of surfactants in formulations increased spray retention by rape. Less 14C-benazolin penetrated leaves of the rape species as compared to wild mustard. Surfactant enhanced penetration of 14C-benazolin into leaves of the three species. Leaf surface features which resulted in high spray retention and rapid penetration of benazolin partly explained the susceptibility of wild mustard. The variation in tolerance between the two rape species was attributed to differential spray retention.

Absorption and Translocation of Bioxone in Cotton

Absorption and translocation of the 14C-labeled herbicide 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (bioxone) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Acala 4-42-77′) were studied using autoradiography and counting. Foliar penetration and acropetal distribution of 14C occurred within 3 hr and increased with time. No basipetal translocation of 14C out of treated leaves was detected 6 days after treatment. Radioactivity first occurred in the leaf veins, then more generally in interveinal tissues distally from the point of application. Absorption into roots of 30-day-old plants via nutrient solution was rapid; translocation into stem and leaves occurred 12 to 24 hr after treatment. Translocation of 14C was more rapid in 40-day plants. Radioactivity in leaves of root-treated plants was first located in the veins, then distributed throughout with accumulation of 14C in lysigenous glands and leaf margins. Little 14C moved into young growing points; most accumulated in older leaves. Plants treated with heterocyclic ring-labeled and phenyl ring-labeled bioxone-14C had similar distribution patterns of 14C, characteristic of compounds which move only in the apoplast.

Detoxification of 2,4-D by Several Plant Species

The amount of free, unaltered (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) in resistant and susceptible plant species 1, 4, and 8 days after treatment was determined by three procedures. Centrifugation and chromatography of plant homogenates was a more reliable assay than trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation or dialysis procedures. The foliar penetration of 14C-2-4-D and radioactivity which moved from roots into the growth media following foliar application of 14C-2,4-D varied from one plant species to another, but no general correlations with 2,4-D resistance was observed. The resistant burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were not fatally injured primarily because unaltered 2,4-D was immobilized in the treated leaves and unaltered, free 2,4-D was reduced to nontoxic concentrations. The 2,4-D in susceptible cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) remained largely as free and mobile 2,4-D, and the treated plants were near death 8 days after treatment.

Factors Influencing the Penetration of Naphthaleneacetamide into Leaves of Pear (Pyrus Communis L.)1,2

Abstract Factors influencing the foliar penetration of naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm) were established by following penetration from a glass vial into pear leaf discs (Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett). Penetration through the upper surface was linear for 96 hr, whereas, through the lower surface there was rapid penetration for 48 hr followed by a reduced rate. Uptake of NAAm was proportional to the concentration applied. Penetration was not influenced by pH of treatment solutions ranging from 3.0 to 7.0. Increasing temperature from 5–35°C caused a marked increase in penetration with Q10 values ranging between 1.59 to 5.46. Increasing light intensity resulted in increased penetration through the lower surface up to about 300 ft-c, but had no effect on NAAm penetration through the upper surface. Penetration was greater through the upper than lower surface in expanding leaves, but the reverse was true when leaves were fully expanded. Tween 20 and Triton B-1956 (0.1%) increased NAAm penetration through the lower surface, but to a lesser degree than X-77 (0.1%). No surfactant studied enhanced penetration through the upper surface. Penetration from microdroplets was similar to that from solutions in glass cylinders until the droplets dried. Droplet drying resulted in an immediate increase in penetration.

Environmental Influence on the Tolerance of Corn to Atrazine

Corn(Zea maysL.) in the two to three-leaf stage grown 18 to 21 days in a growth chamber under cold, wet conditions was injured by postemergence application of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) plus emulsifiable phytobland oil. Injury was most severe when these plants were kept under cold, wet conditions for 48 hr after the herbicidal spray was applied, followed by exposure to high light intensity and high temperature. Under these growth chamber conditions, approximately 50% of the atrazine-treated plants died. Since wet foliage before and after application increased foliar penetration and low temperature decreased the rate of detoxication to peptide conjugates, atrazine accumulated under cold, wet conditions. This accumulation of foliarly-absorbed atrazine and the “weakened” conditions of the plants grown under the stress conditions is believed to be responsible for the injury to corn. Hydroxylation and the dihydroxybenzoxazin-3-one content in the roots were reduced at low temperature, but it is unlikely that this contributed to the death of the corn.

Root and Foliar Absorption of Atrazine Applied Postemergence to Broadleaf Weeds

Results from both growth chamber and field experiments indicate that root absorption of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) applied postemergence to small broadleaf weeds is not a requisite for their control. Though broadleaf weeds absorb toxic quantities of atrazine from wet soil, they can be killed by foliar absorption alone because all of their meristems are exposed to a foliar spray. They are particularly sensitive when foliar penetration is enhanced by high relative humidity and wet foliage.

Foliar Penetration of Picloram and 2,4-D in Aspen and Balsam Poplar

Added surfactant (Atlox 210) at 1% (v/v) and high relative humidity enhanced the penetration of both 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) into detached leaves of aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The influence of added surfactant was greater for picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D than for the ethyl or butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D. Penetration of picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D occurred more readily from the abaxial than from adaxial surfaces of leaves. The ethyl ester of 2,4-D penetrated equally readily from both leaf surfaces. Penetration of picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D from the adaxial surface of leaves occurred readily in young leaves in early June. There was an increase in penetration in early July followed by a decrease in August and September to a level equal to or less than that in June. Penetration from the abaxial surface of leaves was nearly equal in June and July, but there was a gradual decrease in August and September. An increase in temperature from 10 to 25.5 or to 40.5 C resulted in a sharp increase in penetration of both picloram and 2,4-D under both low and high relative humidity. Autoradiographic evidence showed that movement of picloram within the leaf also was much more extensive at the higher temperatures. Partial removal of cuticular waxes from the adaxial surface of leaves with chloroform resulted in up to four-fold increases in penetration of picloram and 2,4-D. Differences in penetration rate of picloram between leaves of aspen poplar and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) did not account for reported differences in susceptibility between these two species.

Studies on Foliar Penetration

A comparative study has been made of the penetration into leaf disks of Phaseolus vulgaris of (a) phenoxyacetic acid and its 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,6-, 3-5, 2,4,5-, and 2,4,6chloro derivatives, and (b) benzoic acid and its 2-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,3,6 chloro and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy derivatives. The methods of synthesis of each compound with 14C incorporated in the carboxyl group are described. In the series of substituted phenoxyacetic acids it was established that only for 2,4,5-T was there an appreciable loss of radioactivity from the system either in the light or darkness. In contrast, with the exception of 2,4-DCBA, 14C is lost from each member of the series of substituted benzoic acids. The level and pattern of penetration in the two series is differentially affected by chlorination. In general progressive chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid leads to an increase in the rate of penetration in both light and darkness. There are, however, exceptions; for illuminated disks the rate of entry of 2,4,5-T is exceeded by 2,4,6-T, 2,4-D, and 2,6-D whereas in the dark 2,4,5-T has by far the highest rate of penetration. Progressive chlorination of benzoic acid, however, depresses entry in both light and darkness. Possible relationships between these findings and changes in selected physical properties of each series of compounds have been examined. Between members of the series of substituted phenoxyacetic acids there is little variation in the dis sociation constant whereas for the substituted benzoic acids there is a marked lowering of the pK as the degree of chlorination increases. The rate of elution with chloroform of each compound from a buffered Silocel column gives a measure of the degree of partition into a lipid medium at a given pH. At pH 5-2 chlorination of phenoxyacetic acid results in more rapid elution whereas chlorina tion of benzoic acid causes a longer hold up. An apparatus was designed to enable measurements to be made of the rate at which a compound moves from one aqueous phase to another through a layer of lipid. Chlorination promotes the rate of transfer of phenoxyacetic acid through octanol but retards the transfer of benzoic acid. The extent to which chlorination depresses the rate of transfer of benzoic acid matches the diminution in the rate of leaf penetration. For the series of substituted phenoxyacetic acids transfer rates and penetration rates follow similar trends in the dark but in the light agree ment is less good. These findings are discussed in relation to prior studies on the rate of uptake and the metabolic fate of the individual compounds in a number of plant tissues. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 20, No. 63, pp. 426-50, May 1969. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.163 on Fri, 08 Jul 2016 06:06:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Studies on Foliar Penetration, III 427

Mechanisms of Foliar Penetration of Solutions

From a classical point of view green leaves appear to be organs whose sole purpose is the production of organic materials by photosynthesis. While gases like CO2 and O2, both necessary for and arising from assimilation and respiration, are exchanged by stomata and intercellular spaces, water and mineral salt s are supplied by the roots. However, during the last few decades it has become more and more evident that absorption of inorganic and or­ ganic materials can also take place through the surfaces of leaves. This is rather surprising at first sight, since these surfaces are covered by the cuticle, which has been considered impenetrable. The same is true for excretion. Aside from gases and water vapour, it was thought that other materials, which are no longer useful to the plant or which are surplus, could not leave the assimilating organs but must be stored within the vacuoles or in special tissues. It has been shown, however, that some export of substances takes place from roots and even more from leaves which may sometimes be impor­ tant for the plant itself and perhaps for plant communities. There are numerous reports on foliar spraying, foliar abso rption and foliar leaching, many of which have already been discussed in former reviews in this series (8, 69, 107). Since then, the number of substances applied to leaves has grown enormously; more and more growth regulators, pesticides and nutrients are used for theoretical and practical purposes. The results of such work have been reviewed primarily in relation to applied problems during the last few years (11-13, 17, 36, 44- 46, 108, 109) . While practical aspects were emphasized, the location of the sites of foliar absorption and excretion and the nature of the underlying mecha­ nisms have more recently been investigated. Since substances to be absorbed or excreted by leaves must pass through a cell wall covered by a cuticle, the process of penetration may be somewhat different from that of absorption by root cells, which do not possess an outer layer structurally comparable to that of the leaves. The purpose of this review is to present current views, to reveal gaps in the existing knowledge and to reflect on both. No attempt has been made to refer to the whole body of information available at present. The amount of published work has made it necessary to select only literature directly relevant to the matters considered below. Further literature is cited in reviews referred to above. To understand the mechanisms of foliar penetration it is necessary to find out what the pathways are through which penetrating solutions pass