Foliar Insecticides Research Articles

Efficacy of Foliar Insecticides for Management of Soybean Aphid, 2015

Efficacy of Foliar Insecticides for Management of Soybean Aphid, 2015

Evaluation of Foliar Insecticide Applications for Thrips Control in Seedling Cotton, 2022

Evaluation of Foliar Insecticide Applications for Thrips Control in Seedling Cotton, 2022

Efficacy of Selected Foliar Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton, 2021

Efficacy of Selected Foliar Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton, 2021

Amine-β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. The role of cyclodextrin amphiphilicity in the imidacloprid uptake

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and sorption performance of cyclodextrin nanosponges (NSs). Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides with remarkable amphiphilic properties, allowing for a vast range of applications. The synthesis of nanosponges of β-cyclodextrins was carried out using two uncommon cross-linkers: hexane-1,6-diamine (am6) and dodecane-1,12-diamine (am12). It has been found that the physico-chemical properties of the nanosponges are highly influenced by the chain length of the crosslinker. Nanosponge with crosslinker with shorter chain length is characterized by a higher active surface area (21.8 m2 cm−1), pore size (24.3 nm) and structural disorder; on the other hand, the use of am12 leads to a higher thermal stability but lower porosity (7.5 nm), suggesting the occurrence of intermolecular alkyl chain interactions. It can also be concluded that by increasing the crosslinker alkyl chain length, the CD gains additional degrees of freedom and, consequently, a higher structural organization is favored. The more compact structure of the CD-am12-CD led to less available amine groups, consequently it shows a more pronounced response to pH variation. Such properties make the am6–containing NS a better sorbent for imidacloprid – an active substance used as systemic foliar insecticide and veterinary substance. A preliminary factorial study was performed to determine the effect of several parameters (IMD concentration, amount of sorbent, volume of solution and pH) on sorption abilities of the NSs. Hence, the sorption analysis were performed at the optimal experimental conditions pH 3.8, s/l ratio 5 and 25 °C in which CD-am6-CD shows the ability for an efficient sorption of the active substance. From the application perspective, the maximum adsorption capability is 68 ± 5 mg g−1 and the removal efficiency is 95%.

Tallgrass prairie wildlife exposure to spray drift from commonly used soybean insecticides in Midwestern USA

Insecticides are widely used in the Midwestern USA to combat soybean aphids (Aphis glycines), a globally important crop pest. Broad-spectrum foliar insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin (hereafter, “target insecticides”) are toxic to wildlife in laboratory settings; however, little information exists regarding drift and deposition of these insecticides in fragmented tallgrass prairie grasslands such as those in Minnesota, USA. To address this information gap, target insecticide spray drift and deposition were measured on passive samplers and arthropods in grasslands adjacent to crop fields in Minnesota. Samples were collected at focal soybean field sites immediately following target insecticide application and at reference corn field sites without target insecticide application. Target insecticides were detected 400 m into grasslands at both focal and reference sites. Residues of chlorpyrifos, an insecticide especially toxic to pollinators and birds, were measured above the contact lethal dose (LD50) for honey bees (Apis mellifera) up to 25 m from field edges in adjacent grasslands. Chlorpyrifos residues on arthropods were below the acute oral LD50 for several common farmland bird species but were above the level shown to impair migratory orientation in white-crowed sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Deposition of target insecticides on passive samplers was inversely associated with distance from field edge and percent canopy cover of grassland vegetation, and positively associated with samplers placed at mid-canopy compared to ground level. Target insecticide deposition on arthropods had an inverse relationship with vertical vegetation density and was positively associated with maximum height of vegetation. Tallgrass prairie with cover ≥25 m from row crop edges may provide wildlife habitat with lower exposure to foliar application insecticides. Prairie management regimes that increase percent canopy cover and density of vegetation may also reduce exposure of wildlife to these insecticides.

Development of Economic Thresholds Toward Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Management in Bt Cotton, and Assessment of the Benefits From Treating Bt Cotton With Insecticide.

Widespread field-evolved resistance of bollworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] to Cry1 and Cry2 Bt proteins has threatened the utility of Bt cotton for managing bollworm. Consequently, foliar insecticide applications have been widely adopted to provide necessary additional control. Field experiments were conducted across the Mid-South and in Texas to devise economic thresholds for foliar insecticide applications targeting bollworm in cotton. Bt cotton technologies including TwinLink (TL; Cry1Ab+Cry2Ae), TwinLink Plus (TLP; Cry1Ab+Cry2Ae+Vip3Aa), Bollgard II (BG2; Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab), Bollgard 3 (BG3; Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab+Vip3Aa), WideStrike (WS; Cry1Ac+Cry1F), WideStrike 3 (WS3; Cry1Ac+Cry1F+Vip3Aa), and a non-Bt (NBT) variety were evaluated. Gain threshold, economic injury level, and economic thresholds were determined. A 6% fruiting form injury threshold was selected and compared with preventive treatments utilizing chlorantraniliprole. Additionally, the differences in yield from spraying bollworms was compared among Bt cotton technologies. The 6% fruiting form injury threshold resulted in a 25 and 75% reduction in insecticide applications relative to preventive sprays for WS and BG2, respectively. All Bt technologies tested in the current study exhibited a positive increase in yield from insecticide application. The frequency of yield increase from spraying WS was comparable to that of NBT. Significant yield increases due to insecticide application occurred less frequently in triple-gene Bt cotton. However, their frequencies were close to the dual-gene Bt cotton, except for WS. The results of our study suggest that 6% fruiting form injury is a viable threshold, and incorporating a vetted economic threshold into an Integrated Pest Management program targeting bollworm should improve the sustainability of cotton production.

In-Field Evaluation of Drone-Released Lacewings for Aphid Control in California Organic Lettuce.

Aphids are one of the most economically important pests to California's Central Coast lettuce industry. Aphids vector the lettuce mosaic virus and are crop contaminants in the packaging of the product. Lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the predominant aphid species in lettuce, and it poses unique management challenges forming colonies inside the lettuce head. Current management practices rely on repeated foliar insecticide applications to reduce aphid densities per plant. Some organic growers have explored the release of laboratory-reared beneficial insects to manage aphids in their commercial fields. This project sought to document the effects of drone-released lacewing eggs on lettuce aphid densities in organic romaine lettuce fields. Commercially reared lacewing eggs were released at a rate of 74,131 eggs/ha and organic-certified insecticides were sprayed following their respective label recommendations. Our results could be interpreted as preliminary evidence that drone release of lacewings could reduce aphid densities (15.6-150.0 aphids/lettuce head) when compared to the untreated plots (32.1-257.9 aphids/lettuce head). Aphid densities were also decreased after the application of foliar organic-certified insecticides (11.77-143.5). Traditionally, the cost of labor has limited the use of beneficials in the lettuce production system, but the use of drones for these releases may make this strategy more attractive. Based on our calculations, spraying an organic-certified insecticide is less expensive (direct operational costs of U.S. $ 116.36/ha) than releasing beneficial insects by hand ($ 185.40) or by drone ($ 176.00) when mimicking the conditions of this study.

Impact of foliar insecticide sprays on Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and natural enemy populations in grain sorghum

The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari is an important pest of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in the United States. Current M. sacchari management programs aim to control M. sacchari with insecticides while minimizing impacts on natural enemies that contribute to biological control of aphid populations. As a result, balancing both insecticide efficacy on the target pest and preservation of biological control agents remains an important step toward sustainable management of M. sacchari in grain sorghum. To document tradeoffs between M. sacchari control and non-target impacts, we evaluated three common aphicides (afidopyropen, flupyradifurone, and sulfoxaflor) for M. sacchari control and natural enemy safety. Treatments were paired with surfactants when recommended. Insect abundance was measured before and after foliar insecticide application using randomized complete clock design small plot studies during the 2019 and 2020 field seasons. All plots were harvested at maturity to document the relationship between in-season aphid abundance and grain yield. In this two year study, the average aphid abundance three days after insecticide application was lower in some but not all insecticidal treatments when compared to the untreated control, suggesting some insecticides had limited aphid suppression capabilities. Mean cumulative aphid days were lower in all treated plots compared to the untreated control with the exception of Sefina (afidopyropen). Twenty-eight days after foliar insecticide application, there were no differences in total natural enemy abundance in any of the treatments including the untreated control, suggesting that while M. sacchari populations were reduced by foliar insecticide treatments, the insecticides did not have clear adverse effects to natural enemy populations.

Management of Pea Leaf Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Development of a Nominal Threshold in Faba Beans.

Pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), can reduce the yield of field pea [Pisum sativum (L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae)] and faba bean [Vicia faba (L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae)]. Adults feed on the foliage and larvae feed on root nodules and nodule-associated Rhizobium Frank (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiacea) bacteria. In this study, we developed a data-based nominal threshold for pea leaf weevil in faba bean. We further tested the efficacy of insecticidal seed treatment and foliar insecticide (thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively), and nitrogen amendment for pea leaf weevil control using a multi-year field plot study at two sites in Alberta, Canada. Pea leaf weevil feeding damage significantly reduced faba bean yields. Thiamethoxam reduced adult and larval damage, and protected faba bean yield, while neither lambda-cyhalothrin nor a nitrogen amendment was effective in protecting yield. The percentage of seedlings with feeding on the terminal leaf had a negative relationship with yield and was used to estimate a nominal threshold near 15% of seedlings with terminal leaf damage. Since lambda-cyhalothrin is not effective in managing pea leaf weevil on faba bean, there is a need to research additional integrated pest management strategies to reduce prophylactic insecticidal seed treatments.

Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Life-Stage Risks from Foliar and Seed-Treatment Insecticides.

Conservation of North America's eastern monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) population would require establishment of milkweed (Asclepias spp.) and nectar plants in the agricultural landscapes of the north central United States. A variety of seed-treatment and foliar insecticides are used to manage early- and late-season pests in these landscapes. Thus, there is a need to assess risks of these insecticides to monarch butterfly life stages to inform habitat conservation practices. Chronic and acute dietary toxicity studies were undertaken with larvae and adults, and acute topical bioassays were conducted with eggs, pupae, and adults using 6 representative insecticides: beta-cyfluthrin (pyrethroid), chlorantraniliprole (anthranilic diamide), chlorpyrifos (organophosphate), imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam (neonicotinoids). Chronic dietary median lethal concentration values for monarch larvae ranged from 1.6 × 10-3 (chlorantraniliprole) to 5.3 (chlorpyrifos) μg/g milkweed leaf, with the neonicotinoids producing high rates of arrested pupal ecdysis. Chlorantraniliprole and beta-cyfluthrin were generally the most toxic insecticides to all life stages, and thiamethoxam and chlorpyrifos were generally the least toxic. The toxicity results were compared to insecticide exposure estimates derived from a spray drift model and/or milkweed residue data reported in the literature. Aerial applications of foliar insecticides are expected to cause high downwind mortality in larvae and eggs, with lower mortality predicted for adults and pupae. Neonicotinoid seed treatments are expected to cause little to no downslope mortality and/or sublethal effects in larvae and adults. Given the vagile behavior of nonmigratory monarchs, considering these results within a landscape-scale context suggests that adult recruitment will not be negatively impacted if new habitat is established in close proximity of maize and soybean fields in the agricultural landscapes of the north central United States. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1761-1777. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Conservation risks and benefits of establishing monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) breeding habitats close to maize and soybean fields in the north central United States: A landscape-scale analysis of the impact of foliar insecticide on nonmigratory monarch butterfly populations.

Establishing habitat in agricultural landscapes of the north central United States is critical to reversing the decline of North America's eastern monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) population. Insecticide use could create population sinks and threaten recovery. Discouraging habitat establishment within a 38-m zone around crop fields is a suggested risk mitigation measure. In Story County, Iowa, United States, this mitigation would discourage habitat establishment in 84% of roadsides and 38% of noncrop land. It is unclear if the conservation benefits from establishing habitat close to crop fields outweigh suppression of population growth owing to insecticide exposure. Consequently, monarch conservation plans require spatially and temporally explicit landscape-scale assessments. Using an agent-based model that incorporates female monarch movement and egg laying, the number and location of eggs laid in Story County were simulated for four habitat scenarios: current condition, maximum new establishment, moderate establishment, and moderate establishment only outside a 38-m no-plant zone around crop fields. A demographic model incorporated mortality from natural causes and insecticide exposure to simulate adult monarch production over 10 years. Assuming no insecticide exposure, simulated adult production increased 24.7% and 9.3%, respectively, with maximum and moderate habitat establishment and no planting restrictions. A 3.5% increase was simulated assuming moderate habitat establishment with a 38-m planting restriction. Impacts on adult production were simulated for six representative insecticides registered for soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) management. Depending on the frequency of insecticide applications over a 10-year period, simulated production increased 8.2%-9.3%, assuming moderate habitat establishment with no planting restrictions. Results suggest that the benefits of establishing habitat close to crop fields outweigh the adverse effects of insecticide spray drift; that is, metapopulation extirpation is not a concern for monarchs. These findings are only applicable to species that move at spatial scales greater than the scale of potential spray-drift impacts. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:989-1002. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Soybean aphid infestation and crop yield in relation to cultivar, foliar insecticide, and insecticidal seed treatment in South Dakota

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), remains an important pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in areas of the Midwestern United States and southern Canada. Options for managing soybean aphid are currently limited to insecticides and aphid-resistant varieties. Farmers commonly employ a prophylactic treatment of soybean seed with a neonicotinoid insecticide such as thiamethoxam and often a remedial, late-season application of foliar insecticides such as the pyrethroid, λ-cyhalothrin. Environmental concerns about detrimental side effects of neonicotinoids and the substantiation of pyrethroid resistance in field populations of soybean aphid have strengthened the case for planting aphid-resistant soybean cultivars. We conducted a three-year field study in eastern South Dakota, United States, that evaluated commercially-available active substances and enhanced plant materials for soybean aphid management that included a thiamethoxam seed treatment, spray application of λ-cyhalothrin, and an aphid-resistant soybean cultivar containing a pyramid of the Rag1 and Rag2 aphid-resistance genes. Soybean aphid infestations had sustained, economically injurious levels in 2015, but not the other two years. The three management tactics independently reduced soybean aphid population densities. Thiamethoxam and the resistant cultivar suppressed cumulative aphid-days (CAD) in all three years, whereas the λ-cyhalothrin spray decreased CAD in 2015 and 2017. By far, the resistant cultivar had the greatest impact on soybean aphid populations, reducing CAD by 28- to 150-fold year−1, with mean numbers of aphids much less than 100 soybean aphids plant−1. Thiamethoxam seed treatment reduced CAD by 1.7- to 3.5-fold year−1, and λ-cyhalothrin reduced it from 2.0- to 5.6-fold year−1. Soybean yield was not affected by treatments in 2015. Yield was greater for the susceptible than for the resistant cultivar in 2016, and yield was greater for plots without foliar insecticide in 2017. Implications for the use of these management tactics against soybean aphid are discussed.

Inoculum reduction and vector control on the temporal progress of citrus variegated chlorosis incidence.

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is an important citrus disease caused by the sharpshooter-transmitted bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. Information about the efficacy of its disease management is bounded to either inoculum reduction or vector control. This study aimed to assess the role of different frequencies of roguing of symptomatic trees combined with different chemical control programs for the sharpshooters on CVC temporal progress. The experimental area was set up in October 2005 and had a 3 × 3 factorial design. Symptomatic tree removal intervals were every 28, 56, and 112 days to May 2012. Vector control treatments were no control, program A (PA), and program B (PB). Contact insecticides were sprayed every 28 (PA) or 14 (PB) days. Trees within both programs were treated with systemic and foliar insecticides to October 2008. After this, systemic insecticides were discontinued and only foliar treatments were applied. The number of diseased trees and the sharpshooter population were assessed to April 2015. Detection of the first symptomatic trees was similar for all treatments and occurred, on average, in month 50 after planting. Sharpshooter population and cumulative disease incidence were similar for all roguing intervals and between vector control programs, differing in plots with no control. We observed a reduction over 85% in disease incidence for both PA and PB compared with no control. These results support systematic control of sharpshooters as an efficient strategy for reducing CVC progress. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Economic Injury Levels for Bt-resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cotton.

Thresholds for Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. have been understudied since the widespread adoption of Bt cotton in the United States. Our study was possible due to the widespread presence of H. zea populations with Cry-toxin resistance. We initiated progressive spray timing experiments using three Bt cotton brands (Deltapine, Stoneville, and Phytogen) widely planted across the U.S. Cotton Belt expressing pyramided toxins in the Cry1A, Cry2, and Vip3Aa19 families. We timed foliar insecticide treatments based on week of bloom to manipulate H. zea populations in tandem with crop development during 2017 and 2018. We hypothesized that non-Bt cotton, cotton expressing Cry toxins alone, and cotton expressing Cry and Vip3Aa19 toxins would respond differently to H. zea feeding. We calculated economic injury levels to support the development of economic thresholds from significant responses. Pressure from H. zea was high during both years. Squares and bolls damaged by H. zea had the strongest negative yield associations, followed by larval number on squares. There were fewer yield associations with larval number on bolls and with number of H. zea eggs on the plant. Larval population levels were very low on varieties expressing Vip3Aa19. Yield response varied across experiments and varieties, suggesting that it is difficult to pinpoint precise economic injury levels. Nonetheless, our results generally suggest that current economic thresholds for H. zea in cotton are too high. Economic injury levels from comparisons between non-Bt varieties and those expressing only Cry toxins could inform future thresholds once H. zea evolves resistance to Vip3Aa19.

The Use of Insecticides to Manage the Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, LeConte: History, Field-Evolved Resistance, and Associated Mechanisms.

Simple SummaryThe structure of agricultural enterprises in the western United States Corn Belt (large irrigated monocultures, continuous planting of maize, strong aerial pesticide application and livestock industries) has led to a tradition of extensive insecticide use over time to manage the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Dvv) a key insect pest of maize. Dvv damages maize roots, which can cause maize plant instability, reduced plant growth, and significant yield loss. Long-term insecticide use has contributed to Dvv becoming resistant to cyclodiene, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides since the 1950s. This paper reviews the historical and current use of insecticides in Dvv management programs and Dvv adaptation to insecticide use. Currently, insecticides have a reduced role in Dvv management programs but are still used as complementary tactics with other management approaches. Past history suggests that the probability of selecting for resistance to any future Dvv control technology will be high if it is not used within an integrated pest management framework with other tactics.The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Dvv) is a significant insect pest of maize in the United States (U.S.). This paper reviews the history of insecticide use in Dvv management programs, Dvv adaptation to insecticides, i.e., field-evolved resistance and associated mechanisms of resistance, plus the current role of insecticides in the transgenic era. In the western U.S. Corn Belt where continuous maize is commonly grown in large irrigated monocultures, broadcast-applied soil or foliar insecticides have been extensively used over time to manage annual densities of Dvv and other secondary insect pests. This has contributed to the sequential occurrence of Dvv resistance evolution to cyclodiene, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides since the 1950s. Mechanisms of resistance are complex, but both oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism contribute to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid resistance facilitating cross-resistance between insecticide classes. History shows that Dvv insecticide resistance can evolve quickly and may persist in field populations even in the absence of selection. This suggests minimal fitness costs associated with Dvv resistance. In the transgenic era, insecticides function primarily as complementary tools with other Dvv management tactics to manage annual Dvv densities/crop injury and resistance over time.

Effects of chlorantraniliprole residual on Helicoverpa zea in Bt and non-Bt cotton.

Helicoverpa zea is managed with foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole in cotton varieties that do not express the Vip3Aa19 toxin in the US Cotton Belt. Foliar insecticides and Bt could interact to influence larval susceptibility. Therefore, it has been suggested that chlorantraniliprole can be used as a tool for Bt resistance management. We designed field and laboratory studies to test the hypothesis that the interaction of Bt toxin and chlorantraniliprole application would result in lower H. zea larval survival when compared to the individual effect of Bt or chlorantraniliprole alone. We also tested for these interactions over time, since chlorantraniliprole residual has not been studied in cotton. Results from two field experiments and two laboratory experiments were similar. We found no interactions with Bt and chlorantraniliprole using data not corrected for natural mortality in untreated plots, indicating that these factors did not interact to influence survival. Moreover, we found that Bt and chlorantraniliprole did not interact to influence larval weight and instar. Chlorantraniliprole had lethal and sublethal effects on H. zea larval growth parameters feeding on cotton leaves up to 22 days after application, the final time period that we tested. Finally, concentration of chlorantraniliprole in the leaf was associated with larval survival for the duration of this study, but not larval growth or instar. Our findings complement the recommendation to use chlorantraniliprole for managing H. zea in cotton, given its long-residual effects. However, the utility of chlorantraniliprole as a Bt-resistance management tool for H. zea remains unclear. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of foliar and seed treatments for integrated management of root rot and pea leaf weevil in field pea and faba bean

Increased production of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Canada has led to a greater incidence of disease and the range expansion of insect pests. Several soil-borne pathogens cause root rot in these crops, while the feeding activity of the pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) significantly reduces nitrogen fixation. As pathogens and pea leaf weevil larva are associated with the roots of their mutual host, there is potential for synergistic interactions to occur that may ultimately reduce yield. Field trials at three locations in southern Alberta in 2016 and 2017 evaluated the use of insecticidal and fungicidal seed treatments, a foliar insecticide spray, alone and in combination, and nitrogen amendment as strategies to reduce impacts of both root rots and pea leaf weevil. The fungicides ethaboxam and fludioxonil did not reduce disease severity in pea or faba bean during the two-year field study. Quantitative PCR assays demonstrated that the pathogens Aphanomyces euteiches and Fusarium spp. co-infect pea roots under field conditions, but pathogen levels were not consistently reduced by any of the treatments. The insecticide thiamethoxam reduced nodule and foliar herbivory, whereas the foliar insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin, and nitrogen fertilization at seeding had no consistent impact. No single or combined treatment protected yield or seed quality, therefore an effective method of managing these constraints to pea and faba bean production is still required.

Double‐crop soybean management practices for high yield and profitability

AbstractDouble‐crop soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in Kentucky involves planting soybean after soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest during June and July. Double‐crop soybean yields are lower than full‐season soybean yield planted earlier in the spring. This research aimed to determine the effect of seeding rate, seed treatment, and applying foliar fungicide and insecticide at the R3 growth stage at two planting timings on double‐crop soybean seed yield, yield components, and seed quality. Field trials were established in Princeton, KY, in 2017, 2018, and 2019 after wheat harvest. Planting double‐crop soybean early, after wheat was harvested at 20 to 22% grain moisture, resulted in increased seed yield, seeds ft–2, and protein concentration compared with double‐crop soybean planted later. A seeding rate of 225,000 seeds acre–1 resulted in increased seed yield, seeds ft–2, and seed protein concentration compared with 150,000 seeds acre–1. A seed treatment including fungicides and an insecticide did not impact seed yield, yield components, or seed protein or oil concentration compared with no seed treatment. Applying a prophylactic foliar fungicide and insecticide treatment at the R3 growth stage increased seed yield and seed mass compared with an economic threshold application. In addition, the most intensive management (225,000 seeds acre–1, seed treatment, and prophylactic fungicide and insecticide) yielded ∼25% more than the base treatment and had more seeds ft–2. The results are the first to indicate the potential for intensive management practices to increase double‐crop soybean productivity in Kentucky.

Efficacy of Three Foliar Insecticides Against Sesame Leafroller in Sesame, 2020

Efficacy of Three Foliar Insecticides Against Sesame Leafroller in Sesame, 2020

Efficacy of Insecticide Seed Treatments and Foliar Insecticides on Aphid Control in Wheat, 2013 (Test 1)

Efficacy of Insecticide Seed Treatments and Foliar Insecticides on Aphid Control in Wheat, 2013 (Test 1)