Foliar Injury Research Articles

The ability of low levels of elevated ozone to change the growth and phytochemical constituents of a medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.

Ground-level ozone (O3) is well recognized as a secondary air pollutant with detrimental effects on plant growth and biochemistry. In a field study, Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitter) was exposed to ambient O3 and elevated O3 (AO + 20ppb) at three growth stages [45, 90, and 135days after treatment, (DAT)] using open-top chambers. Elevated O3 stress negatively impacted plant growth, increased cell damage, and induced foliar injuries. However, elevated O3 also boosted antioxidant production such as proline, phenol, and enzymatic antioxidants, as well as certain secondary metabolites such as tannins, phytosterols, saponins, and alkaloids. This may enhance the plant's medicinal properties, including compounds limonene dioxide, phytol, palmitic acid, and androstadiene. While, certain metabolites like Citronellol, Khusenol, and tocopherol displayed an adverse reaction under elevated O3 exposure. The novel detection of acrodiene, squalene, and neophytadiene under O3 stress emphasizes their medicinal significance. Notably, an important bioactive compound andrographolide in A. paniculata showed increased synthesis under elevated O3 at 45 and 90 DAT, suggesting that O3 exposure could enhance the plant's pharmaceutical value.

Probing ozone effects on European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) leaf water content through THz imaging and dynamic stomatal response

We investigated the impact of ozone exposure on Hornbeam using a novel dual approach based on Terahertz (THz) imaging in a free-air ozone exposure experiment (three ozone levels: ambient; 1.5 times ambient; twice ambient). The research aims at unraveling the physiological responses induced by elevated ozone levels on water dynamics. THz imaging unveiled dynamic changes in leaf water content, providing a non-invasive approach to leaf water monitoring. Leaf gas exchange measurements assessed stomatal responses to light variation. Our findings showcase a compelling correlation between elevated ozone levels and reduction in photosynthetic rate and impairment of stomatal function, i.e. “stomatal sluggishness”, indicative of nuanced regulatory mechanism. Stomatal sluggishness was particularly evident in Carpinus betulus (CB) compared to Ostrya carpinifolia (OC) and was linked to reduction in photosynthetic capacity. THz-based imaging techniques confirmed this result indicating a negative effect of O3 on leaf-level total water content. In addition, spatial analysis of leaf water status using these techniques also highlighted that the negative effect of O3 on water status was progressing even in less sensitive OC plants though visible foliar injury was not detected. In fact, OC showed a relative dry area of 1.6 ± 1.6 % in the control group and 3.8 ± 1.3 % under high ozone levels. THz-based imaging techniques provided a deep understanding of O3 behavior in plants and may be recommended for precision biosensing in the early detection of O3-induced damage. The integration of THz imaging and physiological analysis resulted in comprehensive understanding of Hornbeam acclimation response to ozone exposure.

Metabolism of the 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitor, Mesotrione, in Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri).

Metabolic resistance to the maize-selective, HPPD-inhibiting herbicide, mesotrione, occurs via Phase I ring hydroxylation in resistant waterhemp and Palmer amaranth; however, mesotrione detoxification pathways post-Phase I are unknown. This research aims to (1) evaluate Palmer amaranth populations for mesotrione resistance via survivorship, foliar injury, and aboveground biomass, (2) determine mesotrione metabolism rates in Palmer amaranth populations during a time course, and (3) identify mesotrione metabolites including and beyond Phase I oxidation. The Palmer amaranth populations, SYNR1 and SYNR2, exhibited higher survival rates (100%), aboveground biomass (c.a. 50%), and lower injury (25-30%) following mesotrione treatment than other populations studied. These two populations also metabolized mesotrione 2-fold faster than sensitive populations, PPI1 and PPI2, and rapidly formed 4-OH-mesotrione. Additionally, SYNR1 and SYNR2 formed 5-OH-mesotrione, which is not produced in high abundance in waterhemp or naturally tolerant maize. Metabolite features derived from 4/5-OH-mesotrione and potential Phase II mesotrione-conjugates were detected and characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS).

Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) to foliar wetting with low pH mine waters containing acid-generating metal cations

Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains metals that have detrimental effects on crop growth if present in excess in plant-available form. The use of untreated AMD from coal mines for crop irrigation on strategically limed soils is considered a potential option for mine water management, especially in remote areas without access to water treatment infrastructure. However, leaf scorching and trace element enrichment of plant tissue are of potential concern, as these waters often contain high concentrations of potentially toxic, acid-generating metals (Al3+, Fe2+ and Mn2+) which may cause foliar damage and hyper-accumulate in plant tissue. The objectives of this trial were to quantify any foliar injury and metal accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) vegetative material after foliar wetting with simulated AMD enriched with metal cations, and to ascertain if biomass production will be affected. In this trial, crop water requirements were not met through mine water irrigation, as this was only a foliar wetting investigation. Two pot experiments were set up, with wheat grown in the winter and cowpea in the summer season of 2021. Sulphuric acid was used to lower pH to 2, after the addition of low, intermediate and high concentrations of individual acid-generating metal cations, as well as a combination of all three cations. Areal foliar injury was greatest for cowpea (18.7%) with a combination of Al, Fe and Mn at the highest concentration. The crop was not able to recover at this injury level. No injury was recorded in wheat. Both crops accumulated only limited quantities of the metal cations. Calculated hazard quotient for cattle ranged from 0.022 to 0.53, indicating that such fodder would be safe to consume. It is concluded that there are large differences in crop specie susceptibility to leaf scorching after foliar wetting with acidic metal cation-rich mine waters. It is recommended, therefore, that because large volumes of mine water need to be managed, and centre pivot overhead irrigation is likely to be utilized to this end, that studies to screen more species to select crops tolerant to scorching through foliage wetting with mine water irrigation be conducted. Thereafter, studies to better understand root zone effects of irrigation with such waters need to be conducted on species that can tolerate foliar wetting with these waters.

Evaluation of weed control efficacy and crop safety of the PPO-inhibiting herbicide tiafenacil in California orchard cropping systems

Abstract Tiafenacil is registered in the United States for use in annual crops such as corn and soybean, but not on orchard crops. Field studies were conducted to determine orchard crop safety and efficacy of tiafenacil on important California orchard weeds. To evaluate crop safety, tiafenacil was applied at 74, 148, and 222 g ai ha−1 alone and with 38 g ai ha−1 of tolpyralate three times per year at the base of almond, pistachio, prune, and walnut trees. The first treatment was applied 2 mo after the trees had been transplanted. In all four tree crop experiments, treatments were applied once in May 2020, then three times again during the winter of 2021 and 2022 at 21-d treatment intervals. There were no visual foliar injury symptoms or treatment-related effects on tree trunk diameter change even at the highest tested rate of tiafenacil applied seven times over three growing seasons. In a separate study of weed control, in most instances, tiafenacil applied at 12 g ai ha−1 performed similarly to that of tiafenacil plus glufosinate. Control of glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane with tiafenacil applied alone at 25 g ai ha−1 was 65% by 14 d after treatment. Tiafenacil applied at 50 g ai ha−1 to hairy fleabane performed similarly to glufosinate plus glyphosate. In a greenhouse study, tiafenacil applied at 12 g ha−1 provided 95% to 100% control of barnyardgrass and junglerice, and there was no significant difference between tiafenacil applied alone or with glufosinate. Saflufenacil applied alone or in a mixture with glufosinate was not as effective as the tiafenacil treatments for grass weed control. Based on experiments conducted over three growing seasons in four tree fruit and tree nut crops, tiafenacil crop safety appeared to be acceptable even at up to 2- or 3-fold the expected use rate.

Ozone enrichment and drought stress have more negative effects on invasive leguminous woody species than co-occurring native species

Ozone (O3) enrichment and drought stress are common phenomenon of global climate change. However, it remains unknown to what extent these factors might affect leguminous woody plant species invasion. In an open-top chamber (OTC) experiment, we grew four congeneric pairs of invasive and native woody plant species under two levels of O3 concentrations (ambient vs. elevated) and water conditions (dry vs. wet). We studied the effects of O3 enrichment and drought stress on the biomass, biomass allocation and leaf number of these four pairs of invasive vs. native woody species that are common in temperate forests. The results showed that O3 enrichment and drought stress alone reduced the total biomass of invasive woody species significantly greater than those of co-occurring native species. Moreover, O3 enrichment reduced the root biomass allocation of invasive species significantly more than that of native species. Under elevated O3 environments, the ratio of damaged leaves to total leaves for invasive species was 22.6% and 33.9%, and for native species was 13.9% and 24.4%, under dry and wet conditions, respectively. Results suggested that negative effects of O3 enrichment on plants was alleviated under drought conditions, and such negative effects on invasions of woody plant species were both detected from biomass allocation and visible foliar injury perspectives. Our study demonstrated that elevated O3 and drought stress have stronger adverse effects on invasive woody species than that co-occurring native species. The invasive woody plant species may be facilitated for invasion to the areas with lower O3 concentration or higher precipitation.

Identification of key responsive leaf physiochemical traits for ozone sensitivity in 16 Italian cultivars of Triticum durum subjected to peak concentrations

AbstractPlants of 16 Italian cultivars of durum wheat at the tillering stage were exposed to a single pulse of ozone (O3, 200 ppb, 5 h) to reveal the mechanisms explaining their O3 tolerance/sensitivity by considering some leaf physiochemical traits [e.g., stomatal conductance, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activity, and phytohormone synthesis]. At the end of the recovery period (48 h from the beginning of the exposure), all cultivars showed visible foliar injury in the form of widespread chlorosis which developed in bifacial ivory necrotic lesions scattered among the leaf veins of completely expanded leaves. Mongibello leaves showed not only the highest severity of visible injury (McKinney index = 62%), but also a reduction of PSII performance (Fv/Fm ratio: −22% compared with controls) together with an activation of the dissipation of the excess excitation energy as heat (qNP: +35%). The photosynthetic impairment observed throughout the whole experiment, was likely due to stomatal limitations (gs: −36% as average) and indicated that this cultivar was very sensitive to a pulse of O3. Similar results were obtained for Latino and Meridiano. Conversely, Iride, Orobel, and Portorico showed the lowest severity of visible injury (McKinney index around 13%) suggesting that they could be considered tolerant to a pulse of O3. These cultivars showed none or only transient changes due to O3 in terms of photosynthetic activity (e.g., A values), while the slight decrease of Fv/Fm ratio did not determine the photoinhibition of the PSII activity, since mechanisms for dissipating excess excitation energy were being activated. Ozone treatment induced a significant reduction of CO2 assimilation rate (−34%) in Orobel and this is not attributable to stomatal and non‐stomatal limitations. The remaining cultivars were considered moderately sensitive to O3, with McKinney index in the range of 20–43%. The measured biochemical traits are not decisive in determining the O3 sensitivity. In particular, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase increased only in seven cultivars; among them, only in Latino, Vetrodur, and Simeto, this enhancement reflected in an accumulation of phenolic compounds suggesting potential higher protection against reactive oxygen species. This work highlights the relevance of identifying O3‐sensitive cultivars, in the optic to develop sustainable strategies to mitigate the impact of peak O3 episodes on wheat production.

A three-year free-air experimental assessment of ozone risk on the perennial Vitis vinifera crop species

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an oxidative air pollutant that promotes damage to several crops, including grapevine, which is considered moderately resistant to O3 stress. To study the O3 effect on this perennial crop species under realistic environmental conditions, a three-year experiment was performed using an innovative O3-FACE facility located in the Mediterranean climate region, where the target species, Vitis vinifera cv. “Cabernet sauvignon”, was exposed to three O3 levels: ambient (AA), 1.5 × ambient (×1.5), and 2 × ambient (×2.0). A stomatal conductance model parameterization was conducted, and O3-exposure (AOT40) and flux-based indices (PODy) were estimated. An assessment of O3-induced visible foliar injury (O3_VFI) was conducted by estimating VFI_Incidence (percentage of symptomatic leaves per branch) and VFI_Severity (average percentage of O3_VFI surface in symptomatic leaves). Biomass parameters were used to assess the cumulative O3 effect and calculate the most appropriate critical levels (CL) for a 5% yield loss and for the induction of 5, 10, and 15% of O3_VFI. We confirmed that the O3 effect on this grapevine variety VFI was cumulative and that POD0 values accumulated over the two or three years preceding the assessment were better related to the response variables than single-year values, with the response increasing with increasing O3 level. The estimated CL for 5% yield loss based on the O3-exposure index was 25 ppm h AOT40 and 21 or 23 ppm h for a 10% of VFI_Incidence or VFI_Severity, respectively. The suggested flux-based index value for 5% yield loss was 5.2 POD3 mmol m−2, and for 10% of VFI_Incidence or VFI_Severity, the values were 7.7 or 8.6 POD3 mmol m−2, respectively. The results presented in this study demonstrate that O3 risk assessment for this grapevine varietyproduces consistent and comparable results when using either yield or O3_VFI as response parameter.

Tolerance of little bluestem to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides in Pennsylvania

Core Ideas ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides cause foliar injury and stunting of little bluestem culms/inflorescences. Sethoxydim, fluazifop, and quizalofop cause moderate to severe foliar injury on little bluestem. Sethoxydim, fluazifop, and quizalofop cause severe stunting of little bluestem culms/inflorescences. Fenoxaprop produces only minor foliar injury and moderate stunting of little bluestem culms/inflorescences. Fenoxaprop produced less foliar injury and stunting than sethoxydim, fluazifop, and quizalofop.

Physiological and molecular responses of different rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cultivars to elevated ozone levels.

The increasing ground-level ozone (O3) pollution resulting from rapid global urbanization and industrialization has negative effects on many plants. Nonetheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge of how ornamental plants respond to O3. Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) is a commercially important ornamental plant worldwide. In this study, we exposed four rose cultivars ("Schloss Mannheim," "Iceberg," "Lüye," and "Spectra") to either unfiltered ambient air (NF), unfiltered ambient air plus 40 ppb O3 (NF40), or unfiltered ambient air plus 80 ppb O3 (NF80). Only the cultivar "Schloss Mannheim" showed significant O3-related effects, including foliar injury, reduced chlorophyll content, reduced net photosynthetic rate, reduced stomatal conductance, and reduced stomatal apertures. In "Schloss Mannheim," several transcription factor genes-HSF, WRKY, and MYB genes-were upregulated by O3 exposure, and their expression was correlated with that of NCED1, PP2Cs, PYR/PYL, and UGTs, which are related to ABA biosynthesis and signaling. These results suggest that HSF, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors and ABA are important components of the plant response to O3 stress, suggesting a possible strategy for cultivating O3-tolerant rose varieties.

The interaction of O3 and CO2 concentration, exposure timing and duration on stem rust severity on winter wheat variety ‘Coker 9553’

Wheat rusts, elevated ozone (O3), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are simultaneously impacting wheat production worldwide, but their interactions are not well understood. This study investigated whether near-ambient O3 is suppressive or conducive to stem rust (Sr) of wheat, considering the interactions with ambient and elevated CO2.Winter wheat variety ‘Coker 9553’ (Sr-susceptible; O3 sensitive) was inoculated with Sr (race QFCSC) following pre-treatment with four different concentrations of O3 (CF, 50, 70, and 90 ppbv) at ambient CO2 levels. Gas treatments were continued during the development of disease symptoms. Disease severity, measured as percent sporulation area (PSA), significantly increased relative to the CF control only under near-ambient O3 conditions (50 ppbv) in the absence of O3-induced foliar injury. Disease symptoms at higher O3 exposures (70 and 90 ppbv) were similar to or less than the CF control. When Coker 9553 was inoculated with Sr while exposed to CO2 (400; 570 ppmv) and O3 (CF; 50 ppbv) in four different combinations, and seven combinations of exposure timing and duration, PSA significantly increased only under continuous treatment with O3 for six weeks or pre-inoculation treatment for three weeks, suggesting that O3-predisposes wheat to the disease rather than enhancing disease post-inoculation. O3 singly and in combination with CO2 increased PSA on flag leaves of adult Coker 9553 plants while elevated CO2 alone had little effect on PSA.These findings show that sub-symptomatic O3 conditions are conducive to stem rust, contradicting the current consensus that biotrophic pathogens are suppressed by elevated O3. This suggests that sub-symptomatic O3 stress may enhance rust diseases in wheat-growing regions.

Exploring a New O3 Index as a Proxy for the Avoidance/Tolerance Capacity of Forest Species to Tolerate O3 Injury

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a detrimental air pollutant causing phytotoxic effects. Several O3 indices are used to assess the risk for vegetation, e.g., the exposure-based AOT40 (accumulated ozone exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb) and the stomatal-flux based POD1 (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold of 1 nmol m−2 s−1). Leaf Mass per Area (LMA) is recommended as a simple index to explain the plant tolerance capacity to O3. We therefore tested a new species-specific O3 index (Leaf Index Flux—LIF: calculated as stomatal O3 flux/LMA) as a proxy of the avoidance/tolerance capacity against O3 stress according to datasets of visible foliar injury (VFI) in forest monitoring and a manipulative Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) experiment. For the forest monitoring, AOT40, POD1, and LIF were calculated from hourly O3, soil moisture, and meteorological measurements at nine Italian forest sites over the period 2018–2022. The results were tested for correlation with the O3 VFI annually surveyed at the same sites along the forest edge (LESS) or inside the forest (ITP) and expressed as relative frequency of symptomatic species in the LESS (SS_LESS) and Plant Injury Index per tree in the plot (PII_ITP). Based on VFI occurrence at ITP and LESS, Fagus sylvatica was considered the most O3-sensitive species, whereas conifers (Pinus pinea and Picea abies) and other deciduous/evergreen broadleaf (Quercus petraea, Q. cerris, Q. ilex, and Phyllirea latifolia) showed rare and no O3 VFI. Shrub species such as Rubus spp. and Vaccinium myrtillus were O3-sensitive, as they showed VFI along the LESS. AOT40 did not show significant correlations with the VFI parameters, POD1 increased with increasing SS_LESS (p = 0.005, r = 0.37) and PII_ITP (p < 0.001, r = 0.53), and LIF showed an even higher correlation with SS%_LESS (p < 0.001, r = 0.63) and PII_ITP (p < 0.001, r = 0.87). In the FACE experiment, PII was investigated for five deciduous and three evergreen tree species following one growing season of exposure to ambient and above-ambient O3 levels (PII_FACE). Moreover, PII_FACE resulted better correlated with LIF (r = 0.67, p < 0.001) than with POD1 (r = 0.58, p = 0.003) and AOT40 (r = 0.35, p = 0.09). Therefore, LIF is recommended as a promising index for evaluating O3 VFI on forest woody species and stresses high O3 risk potential for forest species with high stomatal conductance and thin leaves.

Ethylenediurea protects against ozone phytotoxicity not by adding nitrogen or controlling stomata in a stomata-unresponsive hybrid poplar

Ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent environmental issue worldwide, which causes widespread damage to vegetation, deteriorating plant health and reducing plant productivity. Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a synthetic chemical that has been widely applied in scientific studies as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicities. Despite four decades of active research, the exact mechanisms to explain its mode of action remain unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal whether EDU's phytoprotective property is due to its control over stomatal regulation and/or its action as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer, utilizing stomatal-unresponsive plants of a hybrid poplar (Populus koreana × trichocarpa cv. Peace) grown in a free-air O3-concenctration enrichment (FACE) facility. Plants were treated with water (WAT), EDU (400 mg L−1), or EDU's constitutive amount of N every nine days, and exposed to ambient (AOZ) or elevated (EOZ) O3 during a growing season (June–September). EOZ led to extensive foliar injuries (but protected against rust disease), lower photosynthetic rate (A), impaired dynamics of responses of A to changes in light intensity, and smaller total plant leaf area. EDU protected against common phytotoxicities caused by EOZ without inducing stomatal closure, since stomatal conductance (gs) was generally unresponsive to the experimental treatments. EDU also modulated the dynamic response of A to light fluctuations under O3 stress. N addition acted as a fertilizer but did not satisfactorily protect plants against O3 phytotoxicities. The results suggest that EDU protects against O3 phytotoxicity not by adding N or controlling stomata, which provides a new insight into our understanding of the mode of action of EDU as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicity.

Responses of Eight Differentially Heat Sensitive Tomato Cultivars against Chronic Ozone Exposure in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Growth, Physiology, and Yield

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an important abiotic stress to plants and its rising concentration adversely affects crop yield. The studies associated with differential responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars to chronic elevated O3 are lacking and need to be further explored for the recognition of O3 resistant cultivars as an adaptive strategy. In the present research, differentially heat sensitive tomato cultivars were treated with elevated O3 (ambient + 20 ppb) to determine their responses by estimating the foliar injury symptoms, variations in growth, physiology, reproductive and yield related attributes. All the tomato cultivars exhibited foliar injury symptoms under elevated O3 treatment, and the intensity of injury corroborated with yield loss. Elevated O3 treatment negatively impacted biomass, growth, physiological and reproductive characteristics of all cultivars. The hierarchal cluster analysis, cumulative stress response index and yield indices differentiated cultivars into sensitive, moderately sensitive and O3 tolerant categories. The thermotolerant, VRT02 and Kashi chayan cultivars (O3 resistant) demonstrated lower yield losses, whereas the thermotolerant (O3 sensitive) Superbug exhibited higher foliar injury, greater alterations in physiology, growth and reproductive traits resulting in greater yield losses than other cultivars. The cultivars with different heat sensitivity did not respond similarly towards O3 stress. Cultivars VRT 02 and Kashi chayan can be recommended for cultivation in areas experiencing high O3 vis-à-vis high temperature conditions.

Physiological and growth responses of cacao to glyphosate exposure

Herbicide drift phytotoxicity is a problem in plantation crops due to application failures and unfavorable spray conditions. With the increased use of glyphosate in cacao plantations in Ghana, there are concerns about the effect on cacao growth and productivity from doses that potentially could be expected from drift. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and growth response of young cacao plants exposed to glyphosate. Two field experiments were conducted in randomized blocks, with four replications. Glyphosate was applied at rates 0 to 720 g a.e. ha−1. Crop injury, shikimate accumulation, chlorophyll content, quantum efficiency of PSІІ (Fv/Fm), height, and stem diameter were evaluated. Increased glyphosate rates increased crop injury and shikimate accumulation and decreased chlorophyll content, quantum efficiency of PSІІ (Fv/Fm), and plant growth. Glyphosate rates 360 g a.e. ha−1 or higher resulted in >60% foliar injury and more than 10-fold increase in shikimate accumulation. Glyphosate reduced chlorophyll content to <10 and Fv/Fm to <0.35 at the highest rates. Glyphosate rates ≥180 g a.e. ha−1 reduced height and stem diameter of plants and caused reductions in stand count. Thus, cacao showed sensitivity to glyphosate, and severe injury impaired plant growth.

Foraging Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Asian Weaver Ants: Assessing Its Potential as Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Bagworms Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Oil Palm Plantations

The bagworm (Metisa plana) is a recurrent indigenous invasive defoliator in oil palm plantations. Moderate foliar injury can cost up to 40% yield loss and more for years. The main objective of this review is to disseminate published research demonstrating the versatile services that would benefit farmers by adopting the Asian weaver ant into their pest management agenda. Oecophylla smaragdina is a natural indigenous enemy applied as a successful biological control agent (BCA) and strong component of integrated pest management (IPM) against important damaging pest infestations of commercial crops in the Asia-Pacific region. Farmers facing invasion could benefit by introducing Oecophylla ants as a treatment. The foraging behavior and population dynamics of this species are poorly documented, and hence need further evaluation. Ants of the Oecophylla genus, while exhibiting an intrinsic obligate arboreal pattern, demonstrate additional lengthy diurnal ground activity. The absolute territorial characteristic via continuous surveillance is significantly valuable to maintain pest balance. The exploratory scheme of major workers over large territories is derived from their inner predation instinct. The insufficient understanding of the population dynamics of this weaver ant species diverges from the knowledge of underground species. However, population density estimations of weaver ants by direct nest visual recordings are practicable and viable. The abundance assessment of individual underground ant species colonies by excavation ends with their extinction, which is not a sustainable model for O. smaragdina. Mathematical model estimation by simulation could not resolve this issue, adding inaccuracy to the deficiency of experimental proof. Thus, long-term monitoring of the population dynamics in real time in the field is compulsory to obtain a valid dataset. Oecophylla colonies, with the criteria of population stability, individual profusion, and permanent daily patrol services, are eligible as a BCA and alternative IPM treatment. The last decades have witnessed the closing of the scientific applied research gap between Asian and African species in favor of O. longinoda with comprehensive novel findings. By introducing Oecophylla ants, two main goals are reached: easing the burden of management costs for injurious insects and ending the practice of applying highly toxic pesticides that are harmful to non-target taxa, thus promoting environmental restoration.

Effects of Combined Pb and Cu Pollution on the Growth and Activities of Plant Antioxidant Enzymes and Rhizospheric Soil Enzymes of Miscanthus floridulus

Phytoremediation of mine wastes is a promising approach for the restoration of contaminated soils. Miscanthus floridulus is a perennial herbaceous grass with high productivity and tolerant to a variety of heavy metals. Sixty-day pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of combined Pb-Cu contamination on some physio-biochemical markers of M. floridulus and rhizospheric soil enzyme activities. M. floridulus was tolerant to a combination of 200 mg kg-1 Pb and 100 mg kg-1 Cu stress as indicated by invisible foliar injury, increased contents of photosynthetic pigments (increased by 17.2% to 22.8% compared to the control), enhanced accumulation of soluble sugar contents by 33.5% to 52.8% in response to all treatments except the Pb100Cu50, decreased contents of malondialdehyde by 5.18% at 100 mg kg-1 Pb and 50 mg kg-1 Cu. As a response to combined Pb-Cu stress, the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) activities in M. floridulus were reduced by any of the Pb-Cu treatments used in the present study. Although the growth parameters such as plant height, root number, maximal root length, and the dry biomass of aboveground parts and root were all lowered by Pb-Cu treatments, the rhizospheric soil invertase, catalase, urease and phosphatase enzyme activities of M. floridulus kept increasing when the concentration of Pb and Cu below 400 mg kg-1 Pb and 200 mg kg-1 Cu.

Exploration of Sources of Genetic Resistance in Maize Genotypes Against Stem Borer (Chilopartellus (Swinhoe))

Fourteen different maize genotypes were screened for their relative resistance to maize stem borer Chilopartellus (Swinhoe) under glass house condition at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan during two consecutive years 2018 and 2019. The design of the experiment was completely randomized design having 2 replications. The unit plot size was one row of one meter length with 50 cm row to row and 20 cm plant to plant spacing. Two second instar larva of C. partellus (Swinhoe) per plant were released two times, first at 8th leaves (vegetative) and second at 12th leaves (Before tasseling) stages. Insect damage parameters (IDPs) viz. dead heart percentage, damage % at vegetative and foliar stage, foliar injury rating (1-9) at vegetative and before tasseling stage, tunnel length (cm), exit hole number and yield per plot were recorded to study the germplasm susceptibility level. The result revealed that IDPs and yield varied significantly among the tested genotypes. Over the years, IDPs like dead heart percentage (5.17%), percent damage atpre-tasseling stage (10.6%), foliar injury level (2.25), tunnel length (10.15 cm) and exit holes (2.32) were found lower with high yield (2235 g/plot) in RML-95/ RML-96 followed by RML- 86/RML-96. Two pipeline maize hybrids RML-95/RML-96 and RML-86/RML- 96 with least damaged by maize stem borer in both years will be useful for maize stem borer resistance source.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 45(3): 293-301, September 2020

Cultivar assortment index (CAI): a tool to evaluate the ozone tolerance of Indian Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) cultivars.

The adverse impact of climate change on crop yield has accelerated the need for identification of crop cultivars resistant to abiotic stress. In the present study, a cultivar assortment index (CAI) was generated for the evaluation of forty Amaranthus hypochondriacus cultivars response to elevated ozone (EO) concentrations (AO + 30ppb) in Free Air Ozone Enrichment (FAOE) facility using the parameters viz. foliar injury, gaseous exchange attributes, namely, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide, and water use efficiency along with above ground biomass and grain yield attributes. The dataset was used to identify key indicator parameters responsive to EO through principal component analysis (PCA) and further transformed to obtain linear score and weighted score. The CAI varied from 70.49 to 193.43. Cultivars having CAI value less than 151 were ozone tolerant (OT) whereas cultivars with CAI values between 150 and 170 were moderately tolerant (MOT). The cultivars exhibiting CAI values above 170 were ozone sensitive (OS). The cultivars exhibited differential sensitivity to EO with IC-5994 (CAI = 187.26) being the most affected cultivar whereas IC-5576 (CAI = 83.38) and IC-5916 (CAI = 70.49) being the least affected ones. The CAI, based on linear score and weighted score, offers easy identification of ozone sensitive (OS) and ozone tolerant (OT) cultivars. This index could help researchers to define a clear and strong basis for identification of OT cultivars which will reduce the time required for preliminary screening and further evaluation of crop cultivars for the development of climate smart crops.

Bridging experimental and monitoring research for visible foliar injury as bio-indicator of ozone impacts on forests

ABSTRACT Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant and the O3-induced visible foliar injury (O3 VFI) is a biomarker. A recently developed Free-air O3 eXposure (FO3X) is a promising facility to verify field-observed “O3-like” VFIs and to establish a flux-based threshold for the O3 VFI onset. The present study compared O3-like VFI registered in the southern European forest sites with actual O3 VFI observed in a FO3X experiment. The O3-like VFIs were evaluated by eye in forests and thus it was subjective. According to the imaging analysis, we firstly demonstrated that major parts of the colors were similar in the field and the FO3X. The color pallets for O3 VFI was species-specific and considered a advanced tool for the O3 VFI diagnosis. In addition, we calculated a flux-based threshold for the O3 VFI onset at the FO3X based on a Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD1), which ranged from 4.9 to 18.1 mmol m−2 POD1. This FO3X-derived threshold partly explained but did not necessarily match with the observation for several tree species in actual forests. The multivariate analysis showed that O3 VFI was decreased by the presence of various species and suggested the importance of continuous monitoring activities in the field for the further analysis.