Foliar Fertilization Research Articles

Productivity and Profitability of Summer Blackgram in Response to Integrated Nutrient Management

Background: Pulse crops are commonly known as “rich man’s vegetable”. Blackgram is the most important pulse crops of Odisha after greengram. Poor productivity of blackgram in Odisha is due to soil related constraints such as organic matter and nutrient availability. Use of unbalanced and inadequate fertilizers accompanied by restricted use organic manures resulted decline in crop yield. Promising results of balanced fertilization was documented in various pulse crop but limited research was under taken in blackgram in East and South Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha. Therefore, current experiment focused on improving productivity of blackgram with different source of nutrient. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Siksha “O” Anusandhan (Deemed University), Bhubaneswar, during summer season of 2020 and 2021 to study the Influence of integrated nutrient management on productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility of summer blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Blackgram variety ‘LBG 787 (Tulsi)’ was sown at a spacing of 25 × 10 cm under randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations of FYM, inorganic and foliar fertilizer. Result: Application of 100% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray twice at 30 and 45 DAS led to maximum pods per plant (18.5), pod length (4.5 cm), seeds per pod (7.0), test weight (52.0 g), seed yield (843 kg/ha), stover yield (1214 kg/ha) and harvest index (41.0%). Besides, it also recorded highest gross return (Rs 54,840/ha), net return (Rs 27,050/ha), B:C ratio (2.1), production efficiency (10.83 kg/ha/day), economic efficiency (360.67 Rs/ha/day) and was at par with 75% RDF + FYM + nutrient priming + 2% DAP spray. The later recorded 49.1% higher yield and 152.4% higher net return/ha, respectively than that of 100% RDF alone in East and South Eastern coastal plain zone of Odisha.

The cultivation of five microalgae species and their potential for biodiesel production

BackgroundDue to the problems we face today, such as wastewater pollution of aquifers and climate change, it is necessary to search for environmental solutions that help us minimize this problem. An alternative solution might be the cultivation of microalgae that are efficient in the purification of wastewater, removal of greenhouse gases and production of biomass that can be used for the production of biofuels such as biodiesel, methane, bioethanol, among others. The aim of this work is to cultivate five strains of microalgae native in Mexico: Chlorella miniata, Coelastrella sp., Desmodesmus quadricauda, Neochloris oleoabundans and Verrucodesmus verrucosus. The cultivations were performed using municipal wastewater and a foliar fertilizer with the further purpose of assessing their capacity to produce various types of biomass, in particular lipids.MethodsThe experiments were carried out using triplicate 16-L glass bioreactors assays with a 12:12 light–darkness cycle at 25 °C ± 1 under constant aeration. Every 3rd day, a 1-mL sample was taken to determine cell density. In the stationary growth phase, each culture was harvested by sedimentation and lipid content analysis was performed. The biomass with the highest concentration of total lipids was subjected to an analysis of the methyl esters of fatty acids.ResultsAn ANOVA test showed significant differences between the growth rates (F = 6.8, p = 0.0001). The species that were able to produce biomass with the highest concentrations of total lipids were Coelastrella sp. with 44–46%; Verrucodesmus verrucosus with 43–44% and Neochloris oleoabundans 35–37%. As the analysis of the methyl esters of fatty acids showed, the species Coelastrella sp. and V. verrucosus produced lipids composed of 82.9% and 91.28% of fatty acids, respectively, containing C16–C18 carbon chains.ConclusionsAll the species used in the present study were able to grow on wastewater and produce high concentrations of lipids. Therefore, the demands for biodiesel production could be met in the immediate future after continuing working with different microalgae species. Therefore, it is necessary to determine their adaptation potential to grow on contaminated effluents and produce lipids that can be used for the benefit of people and environment.

Phosphate Foliar Fertilization Can Alleviate Water Deficit Effects on Photosynthesis and Yield

Phosphate Foliar Fertilization Can Alleviate Water Deficit Effects on Photosynthesis and Yield

Are Foliar Fertilizers Beneficial to Growth and Yield of Wild Lowbush Blueberries?

Wild lowbush blueberry is an economically and culturally important crop in North America. Different fertilizer companies have been advertising their foliar fertilizer products to the wild blueberry growers, claiming better growth and production of this crop with no scientific proof. Although foliar fertilization has shown to be efficient for delivering micronutrients in deficit for different crops by reducing soil activation and environmental contamination, limited research has been done in wild blueberries. It is still unknown how foliar fertilizers affect the physiology, growth, and yield of this crop. Therefore, we tested the impacts of seven foliar treatments containing macro- and micro-nutrients and plant hormones (Seacrop16, Salvador, Agro-Phos applied in 2019 and Kali-T, Nano-Gro, Poma, Poma + Nanocellulose applied in 2020) on this crop for one crop cycle from vegetative year (2019) to crop year (2020). We tested these products against the standard soil-applied granular fertilizer called Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and control (no fertilizer) in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates in a conventional wild blueberry field in Maine, USA. In 2019, no significant differences across the applied treatments were observed in crop physiology and growth except in leaf chlorophyll concentration. In 2020, there was significantly higher leaf chlorophyll concentration in SeaCrop16 and Poma+Nanocellulose plots, but significantly lower photosynthetic rates in DAP and SeaCrop16 treated plots compared to the control. Meanwhile, no significant differences in plant height, leaf characteristics, or blueberry yield were found among the treatments. Overall, mobile nutrients (N, P, K) from soil applied fertilizers and foliar fertilizers containing other immobile nutrients (Ca) and/or plant hormones might benefit crop growth, but the impact on yield is limited. We also reveal that the wild blueberry physiological and morphological traits and leaf nutrients in the vegetative year are more related to the crop yield than those traits in the crop year. This implies that a combination of wild blueberry physiology, morphology, and leaf nutrients in the vegetative year largely impact their yield in the following crop year.

Effectiveness of Various Foliar Fertilizer on the Growth and Performance of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Seedlings in Main Nurseries

Fertilizer can be applied through soil and leaves. Fertilizer application through leaves is more effective than soil application due to faster nutrient absorption. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of applying various foliar fertilizer compositions on the growth and performance of oil palm seedlings. The research was conducted from April 2020 to September 2020 at the Oil Palm Nursery Unit at Politeknik Negeri Lampung. A single factor in a completely randomized design with four replications was used in the experiment. The treatment involved the nutrient composition of foliar fertilizer consisting of five levels, namely control (no fertilizer), NPK 20-15-15, NPK 27-18-9, NPK 11-8-6, and NPK 27.5-5.5-4.8. Measurements were made on seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf greenness, rachis length, and leaflet length. The data were analyzed by means of variance, followed by orthogonal contrast if the result was significantly different. The results showed that the application of foliar fertilizers could increase the growth of seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf greenness index, rachis length, and leaflet length. Generally, a foliar fertilizer application gives better results than without a foliar fertilizer application (control). There was no difference in the powder and liquid foliar fertilizer effect on increasing the growth of oil palm seedlings. The formulation of NPK 20-15-15 and NPK 11-8-6 foliar fertilizer had a better effect on the leaf greenness index of oil palm seedlings.

Trichoderma harzianum Suşlarının Domates Fide Kalitesine Etkileri

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on seedling growth and quality as two consecutive experiments during the spring months of 2018. In the first experiment, four different T. harzianum strains and a commercial preparate were used by adding into seed sowing substrate and compared with control group which had no treatment. The most promising strain (strain2), was used with and without foliar fertilizer (20:20:20) and foliar fertilizer itself was considered as control. Emergence period and rate were determined to observe the effects of treatments of germination of seeds. Regarding the seedling growth and quality, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, leaf thickness, fresh and dry weights of root and shoots, dry matter content, color, chlorophyll index, leaf macro and micro plant nutrient contents and seedling quality index were determined at the planting stage. Data obtained from the first experiment showed that the effects of T. harzianum strains on seedling morphology, physiology and nutrient content were different. Among the tested strains, strain2 showed better performance on seedling length, root and shoot dry matter contents, total fresh weight, chlorophyll, a color value and P, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of leaves and improved seedling quality. The second experiment result showed that the foliar fertilizer application increased the efficiency of T. harzianum strain2. T. harzianum strain2 without foliar fertilizer remained below the control treament in all measured parameters. When all the data were evaluated together, it was concluded that T. harzianum could be used to increase seedling quality due to its positive effects on seedling biomass, plant nutrition uptake and quality index. Moreover, it can be used in organic seedling production as alternative biostimulant.

A Comparison of the Effects of Several Foliar Forms of Magnesium Fertilization on ‘Superior Seedless’ (Vitis vinifera L.) in Saline Soils

Magnesium (Mg) is the most essential element constituent in chlorophyll molecules that regulates photosynthesis processes. The physiological response of ‘Superior Seedless’ grapes was evaluated under different foliar magnesium fertilization such as sulfate magnesium (MgSO4·7 H2O), magnesium disodium EDTA (Mg-EDTA), and magnesium nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) during the berry development stages (flowering, fruit set, veraison, and harvest). In general, the ‘Superior Seedless’ vine had a higher performance in photosynthesis with Mg-NPs application than other forms. The Fy/Fm ratio declined rapidly after the fruit set stage; then, it decreased gradually up until the harvesting stage. However, both MgSO4 and Mg-EDTA forms showed slight differences in Fv/Fm ratio during the berry development stages. The outcomes of this research suggest that the Fv/Fm ratio during the growth season of the ‘Superior Seedless’ vine may be a good tool to assess magnesium fertilization effects before visible deficiency symptoms appear. Mg-NPs are more effective at improving ‘Superior Seedless’ berry development than the other magnesium forms. These findings suggest that applying foliar Mg-NPs to vines grown on salinity-sandy soil alleviates the potential Mg deficiency in ‘Superior Seedless’ vines and improves bunches quality.

Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar calcium fertilization

In tomato, foliar application of calcium-based nutrient solutions is used to complement soil fertilization. However, knowledge regarding the factors that influence the effectiveness of foliar fertilizer applications remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency foliar fertilization with calcium for improving production and quality of hydroponic Sweet Grape tomatoes. An experiment was conducted in a commercial hydroponic system in a split-plit-plot scheme, with two calcium doses: 1,5 and 3 mmol L-1 of Ca. The solutions were sprayed on the leaves at intervals of 7 and 14 days, using commercial foliar fertilizers containing 0.3 g L-1 of calcium chloride or calcium acetate. The results indicate that the foliar application of calcium fertilizers, regardless of the amount of calcium provided in the nutrient solution and the frequency of applications, positively affects fruit production and quality. No difference was found between the effects of application of the two calcium sources, as well as the frequency of application.

Effect of an Organic and Inorganic Foliar Fertilizer, Time and Fertilization Frequencies on Dendrobium Growth

Among many factors of cultivation succeed, fertilization is the most important supporting for Dendrobium cultivation. This experiment was conducted to evaluate an organic foliar fertilizer “Bio Super Sugima” the local product of fish extract and inorganic foliar fertilizers “Hyponex 20:20;20”, time and fertilization frequencies on two young plant Dendrobium cultivars G1 (BALITHI CF022.27) and G2 (Clone 22.25). Experimental activities were conducted at location which has altitude 100 meters above sea level. The treatments of time were at 8 a.m, as a standart fertilization (T1), (T2) at 6-7 a.m once a week; (T3) 5-6 p.m once a week; (T4) 6-7 a.m twice a week; (T5) 5-6 p.m twice a week; (T6) combination morning at 6-7 a.m and evening at 5-6 p.m once a week. Among these attributes, length of pseudobulb, number of leaves/pseudobulb, length of leaf, width of leaf and number of shoot were measured three times with interval 2 months after transplanting. After six months, observation were showed that an organic “Bio Super Sugima” and inorganic “Hyponex” foliar fertilizer were influenced toward growth of young Dendrobium. Fertilization using hyponex inorganic fertilizer has been given better affects of the Dendrobium vegetative growth than organic “ Bio Super Sugima”. Fertilization in Dendrobium performed at 06.00-07.00 a.m were better than at 17.00-18.00 p.m, both at the frequency of oncee or twice a week fertilization. Likewise, the use of an organic supplements were known that were better applied in the morning compared to the afternoon. In this case also showed that varieties were effected the growth response. Genotype BALITHI CF022.27 was more responsive toward fertilization than clone 22.25 using both organic or in organic fertilizers. In the present time, there were not much available information on fertilization application on Dendrobium cultivation. Thereby, the present experiment was conducted with a view to studying the effect of fertilizer on the vegetative growth of Dendrobium. Hopefully this experiment could be give benefit to orchid user

Utilization of foliar fertilizer as an alternative medium for enlargement of Vanda orchid plantlets before acclimatization

This study aims to obtain an appropriate and inexpensive alternative media combination for the growth of Vanda hybrid orchids prior to acclimatization. Experiment using Factorial Randomized Block Design. The first factor is the type of media (Vacin -Went and foliar fertilizer ) and the second factor is the addition of organic matter (coconut water composition, sweet corn composition, tomato composition, BAP, NAA and without organic matter or PGR). The results showed that the interaction of treatment on plant height was only seen at 18 weeks after treatment, while the number of leaves could be seen earlier at 16 weeks after treatment. The independent effect of organic matter and PGR on the number of leaves has been seen since the age of the plant 10 weeks after treatment, while the plant height was only seen 16 weeks after treatment. Independent treatment of growing media had no effect on height and number of leaves up to 18 weeks after planting. The use of foliar fertilizer media with the type of organic material composition being tested can be suggested as an alternative growth medium for plantlet growth, not significantly different from vacin-went with BAP media.

Economic feasibility of supplementary foliar fertilization for wheat cultivars under rainfed conditions

Economic feasibility of supplementary foliar fertilization for wheat cultivars under rainfed conditions

PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL JAGUNG HIBRIDA PULUT PUTIH DENGAN IDEOTIP TANAMAN TEGAK DI KABUPATEN BANJARNEGARA

Corn as a commodity whose use is increasingly widespread today, namely as a direct food ingredient, animal feed and industrial raw material makes this commodity the 2nd commodity whose crop development and expansion has increased sharply in the last 10 years. The aims of this study were: (1) to find out the Pulut hybrids which have better morphological and agronomic characters than the comparison varieties, Pulut URI 1 and URI 2 Pulut varieties. Pulut URI 2 at the Banjarnegara rice field location. This research was conducted using a Randomized Completed Block Design, with 3 replications. If there is a difference in the mean value of the variety in the F test, it is continued with the Least significance different (LSD) test at the 5% significance level. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the application of foliar fertilizers did not have a significant effect on the observed variables including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, total leaf area, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. Keywords: Corn pulut, Fertilizer, Production

Maize Yield Under Fertilization With Bio-Stimulants, Sulfur, and Zinc in the State of Paraíba, Brazil

Maize (Zea mays) is a cereal widely used in human and animal feeding worldwide, with great socioeconomic importance. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, productivity, and absorption of macro and micronutrients of maize under the application of biostimulant, sulfur, and zinc in a Gleisolo Háplico soil in a microclimate region of the semiarid state of Paraíba, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, a 2x2x2 factorial scheme with eight treatments, and four replications was used. The first factor corresponded to treatment with biostimulant (Presence and absence); the second to sulfur (Presence and absence); and the latter to zinc (Presence and absence). Growth, yield, and macro and micronutrient absorption data were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The number of rows per ear and ear diameter responded positively when the biostimulant was used. Maize under foliar fertilization with zinc nitrate did not show yield increase. The application of sulfur promoted an increase in almost all variables, including yield. The combined application of the three products influenced only the number of rows per ear. The application of sulfur separated or together with biostimulant provided an increase in the absorption of some nutrients by the leaf such as copper, N and K. As a result of fertilization with sulfur, which provided an increase in leaf absorption, mainly of N, also promoted a significant increase in all student variables, including grain productivity.

Pruning and fertilization in young Pinus greggii plantations established at Durango, Mexico

Objective: To evaluate the effects of pruning and fertilization on the growth of Pinus greggii plantationsestablished at Durango state, Mexico.Design/methodology/approach: In a plantation (Durango), pruning was applied in three intensities (0, 50,and 75%) in a randomized complete block design. Four years later, the basal diameter (Db), normal diameter(ND), total plant height (PH), and stem height (SH) were evaluated. In another plantation (La Soledad), twopruning levels (0 and 50%) and foliar fertilization (with and without application) were applied in a completelyrandomized factorial design. Seven months later, Db, PH, and crown diameter (CD) were assessed. Theanalysis of their variance and means comparison test (Tukey, 0.05) were performed.Results: In Durango, pruning diminished the Db and PH, but increased the SH (p0.01). In La Soledad,pruning also affected growth. The Db, PH, and CD were lower (p0.01) when trees were pruned. Fertilizationaffected the PH (p0.05) and CD (p0.01) as well. The PH and the CD for both pruned and unpruned treesincreased with fertilization.Limitations/implications: Pruning at 50 and 75% intensities are not suitable for P. greggii because it reducestheir growth.Findings/conclusions: Fertilization favors the growth of P. greggii planted on low fertility soils for both prunedand unpruned trees, but the pruning and fertilization interaction should be examined in detail for a longerperiod

Effect of Silicon-Containing Fertilizers on the Nutritional Value of Grass–Legume Mixtures on Temporary Grasslands

The study was conducted to evaluate the influence of silicon application on the botanical composition of grass–legume mixtures as well as the nutritional value of individual species and mixtures. The two-factor field experiment was established in a split-block arrangement. The two grass–legume mixtures, consisting of Dactylis glomerata, Festulolium braunii and Trifolium pratense or Medicago x varia and grass mixture—Dactylis glomerata, Festulolium braunii and Lolium perenne, were sown on arable land. Silicon foliar and mineral NPK fertilization was applied in three variants: NPK (non-Si-fertilized), NPK+Si (Herbagreen), NPK+Si (Optysil). Changes in the botanical composition in the sward of mixtures during the study period were influenced by the competitiveness of individual plants and weather conditions, whereas the effect of foliar fertilization with silicon was only slightly marked. The nutritional value of individual species of grasses and legumes varied over the years and also depended on the application of silicon. The greatest content of crude protein (CP), irrespective of the species and variant of silicon fertilization, was noticed in years with no drought. Our research confirmed the beneficial effect of silicon fertilization, independent of weather conditions, on the CP content and on the reduction of crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in plants, especially when Herbagreen was applied. The nutritional value of the mixtures under applied silicon fertilization depended on botanical composition. In the conditions of low rainfall, a large share of F. braunii and an approximately 20% contribution of T. pratense resulted in a higher content of CP. These results may be used in the fertilization practices of temporary grassland for enhancing nutritional value, especially crude protein content, and on the reduction of fibre in the sward.

Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients and Fungicides on the Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat

The increase in the grain density (GD) is the key factor for effectively controlling Nitrogen-Use Efficiency (NUE) in winter wheat. Winter-wheat protection with fungicides and/or foliar fertilization with micronutrients during the critical stages of yield formation affects the grain yield by increasing GD. This hypothesis was verified in a two-factor field experiment, carried out in the 2013/2014, 2014/2015, 2015/2016 growing seasons. A field experiment in a two-factor split-plot design, included three systems of wheat foliar protection (FP): (i) N + Mi (N + macronutrients), (ii) N + P (N + fungicides), (iii) N + Mi + P, and 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240 kg N ha−1. The grain yield, despite the significant effect of years, depended on the interaction of FP and N doses. The maximum yield of 8.1, 10.7, 11.1 t ha−1 for the optimal N dose of 79.8, 227.4, and 245.2 kg ha−1, was achieved, respectively, for N + Mi, N + N, N + Mi + P. The wheat-grain yield depended significantly on GD (R2 = 0.98, p ≤ 0.001). Wheat protected with fungicides increased GD gradually with the N dose, reaching over 3000 grains per m2 when fertilized with 200 kg N ha−1. The lack of fungicide protection, reducing GD, consequently resulted in a greater accumulation of N in straw at the expense of grain. Fungicide protection of wheat through the positive effect on N management by wheat should be considered as an agronomic measure that supports N-Use Efficiency.

Small-Sized Nanophosphorus Has a Positive Impact on the Performance of Fenugreek Plants under Soil-Water Deficit Stress: A Case Study under Field Conditions.

Simple SummaryExperiments with fenugreek plants have provided insight into tolerance to deficit irrigation (dI) stress, the way in which fenugreek alters its morpho-physio-biochemical and anatomical responses when nanophosphorus (nP) is administered against dI stress. Foliar nourishing with nP effectively improved biomass, productivity, water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic pigments, leaf tissue integrity, and anatomical features in the dI-stressed fenugreek plants. Therefore, nP reduced the negative effects of dI and increased dI stress tolerance, plant growth and productivity by increasing WUE, osmo-regulatory compounds (especially, soluble sugars and proline) and trigonelline, along with the antioxidant (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) activity, which serve as potent defenses to protect plants from dI stress.Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient necessary for plant growth, development, and reproduction. Two field experiments were carried out in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 on P-deficient soil to evaluate the impact of foliar fertilization with nanophosphorus (nP) on growth, yield, and physio-biochemical indices, as well as trigonelline content of fenugreek plants under deficient irrigation (dI) stress (a deficit of 20 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration; dI-20 and dI-40). The growth and yield traits, leaf integrity (relative water content and membrane stability index), photosynthetic pigment contents, leaf and seed P contents, and stem and leaf anatomical features significantly decreased under dI-20, with greater reductions recorded under dI-40. In contrast, water-use efficiency, osmoprotective compounds, including free amino acids, soluble sugars, proline, and trigonelline, along with antioxidant contents (ascorbate, glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids) and their activity increased significantly under both dI-20 and dI-40. However, foliar feeding with nano-P considerably increased plant growth and yield traits, leaf integrity, photosynthetic pigments contents, leaf and seed P contents, and anatomical features. Besides, water-use efficiency, osmoprotectant contents, and antioxidant content and activity were further increased under both dI-20 and dI-40. The positive effects were more pronounced with the smaller nP (25 nm) than the larger nP (50 nm). The results of this study backed up the idea of using foliar nourishment with nP, which can be effective in modulating fenugreek plant growth and seed production.

Use of biostimulants in elephant grass cv. Napier

This study was developed to examine the growth, yield, chemical composition and in situ degradability of elephant grass cv. Napier (Pennisetum purpureum). Five spraying protocols with biostimulants were tested, namely, Control - no application; 1BR - bioregulator at seven days; 2BR - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days; 2BR2 - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days + ethylene inhibitor at 30 days; and 3BR - bioregulator at seven days + bioregulator and foliar fertilization at 20 days + ethylene inhibitor and bioregulator at 30 days. The grass was cut evenly at a height of 15 cm and harvested at 70 days of regrowth. The experimental area was divided into two blocks according to the slope. Ninety plots were used, totaling an area of 4,608 m2. Each plot was composed of four 4-m rows spaced 80 cm apart. Chemical composition, morphological traits and forage digestibility data were evaluated. The 3BR protocol, with more bioregulator-based applications, resulted in higher canopy (9.78%) and stem (9.58%) compared with control group. The 2BR and 2BR2 treatments provided a 6.5% higher stem than control treatment. The improvement in the nutritional value of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier was due to the 17.55% increase in crude protein (CP) content provided by protocol 3BR relative to control group. Treatments 2BR2 and 3BR improved the effective degradability of dry matter (DM). The application of biostimulant protocols increased the potential degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (+4.1%), with the greatest response seen in treatment 2BR2 in comparison with control treatment. Biostimulant protocols increase the canopy and stem heights and CP content. The application of a bioregulator associated with foliar fertilization and ethylene inhibitor improves the effective degradability of DM and NDF and the potential degradability of NDF in Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier harvested at 70 days of regrowth.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZING ON THE YIELD OF SOME ALMOND CULTIVARS GROWN IN NORTH MACEDONIA

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar fertilizing with different fertilizers on the yield of feranjez, texas and primorski almond cultivar, grown in Valandovo region, North Macedonia. The variants were: 1. Control (untreated); 2. Ever green with Me (55% organic matter, 2% w/w Mg, 2% w/w Fe, 2% w/w Zn, 2% w/w Mn, 0.5 % w/w Cu, 0.5% w/w B); 3. Biolinfa (34% organic matter 3% N, 5.80% K2O); 4. Oligomix (1.20% B, 0.10% Cu, 4% Fe, 1.50% Mn, 0.10% Mo, 2% Zn). Total 240 plants per cultivar were included. At the end, soil fertilizing with the fertilizer Polyfeed 11-44-11+ME (Fe, B, Zn, Mn, Co, Mo) was done (450 kg/ha). Before setting up the experiment, soil agrochemical analyses were done and good fertility with nitrogen and potassium, while medium fertility with phosphorus was determined. The foliar fertilizing had a positive influence on the yield of analyzed almond cultivars. The highest average content of fruit yield (2794 kg/ha for feranjez cultivar, 2699 kg/ha for texas cultivar and 2781 kg/ha for primorski cultivar) and the highest average kernels yield (1079 kg/ha for feranjez cultivar, 1333.50 for texas cultivar and 1257.30 kg/ha for primorski cultivar) were determined in the variant 2 treated with the fertilizer Ever green with Me. This study explored and determined how to achieves minimization of economic losses, but also ecological production and preservation of the environment, on the other hand, and all of that with proper use of foliar fertilizers.

Eficiência de fontes solúveis e insolúveis de magnésio para nutrição da soja no Cerrado brasileiro

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of sources and rates of soluble (MnSO4.H2O) and insoluble (MnCO3) manganese on the processes of uptake, transport, and redistribution of this nutrient in soybean, as well as on crop yield, in Cerrado soil. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in a 4×2 factorial arrangement – four rates (150, 250, 350, and 450 g ha−1) × two sources (MnSO4.H2O and MnCO3) of Mn –, with four replicates. In the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 crop seasons, foliar fertilizations were carried out on the third trifoliate leaflet, and Mn content and soybean yield were evaluated. In both crop seasons, Mn foliar fertilization increased the contents of the nutrient in leaves, stems, and grains, but did not affect grain yield and dry matter production. The maximum Mn contents in leaves were obtained with rates between 150 and 450 g ha−1. The fertilization with MnSO4.H2O increased Mn uptake, transport, and redistribution in the plant, with a performance superior to that of MnCO3. Foliar fertilization with MnSO4.H2O in soybean, in a Cerrado soil, increases Mn contents in the leaves but not yield and dry matter production.