Foliage Plants Research Articles

Changes in Physiological and Psychological Conditions of Humans to Color Stimuli of Plants

This study investigates the color stimuli of two varieties of foliage plants by extracting electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram and physiology...

Real Foliage Plants as Visual Stimuli to Improve Concentration and Attention in Elementary Students.

This study was conducted to determine the physiological and psychological benefits of foliage plants as visual stimuli. Twenty-three elementary students (aged 11 to 13 years old) participated in this study. In a crossover design, electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure and determine the psycho-physiological effects of four different visual stimuli: an actual plant, artificial plant, photograph of a plant, and no plant. Subjective evaluations of emotions were assessed using the profile of mood state and semantic differential methods immediately after exposure to each visual stimulus. A significant decrease in theta waves of the frontal lobe was associated with presentation of the actual plants. This response indicated that the viewing of living plants prompted improvements in the attention and concentration of the elementary students. Furthermore, the presentation of the living plants was associated with more positive mood states, such as feelings of comfort and naturalness. In conclusion, actual plants may improve attention and prompt psychological relaxation in elementary students relative to artificial plants, photographs of plants, or the absence of plants.

Impatiens ‘New Guinea’ (Impatiens hawkeri Bull) Hormonal Effects during the Post-transplant Biomass Accumulation

Pot ornamental plant productivity is related to the environmental growth facilities but negatively affected by the pot root restriction syndrome so during nursery as the post-transplant stage. The physiological mechanism involved included both the synthesis and translocation of auxins and cytokinins. However, clear sink-source and dose-response relationships of exogenous plant regulators such as indole acetic acid (AIA) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) and environment on biomass accumulation in most ornamental foliage plants, including New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri) are lacking. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of an exogenously shoot-applied auxin and a cytokinin, separately or successively, on the post-transplant biomass accumulation of I. hawkeri through the anatomical, morphological and physiological changes observed. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment included the response to only BAP-sprayed plants (0, 5, 50, or 100 mg L-1). For the second experiment, rooting cuttings of I. hawkeri were sprayed with different concentrations of IAA (0, 5, 50, or 100 mg L-1) followed by different BAP concentrations (0, 5, 50, or 100 mg L-1) one week later to run-off at sunset. Results showed that (a) a single BAP or AIA dose increased increase post-transplant biomass accumulation through a higher leaf area expansion and photo assimilate production, (b) as a result of both AIA and BAP spray, the higher NAR the higher post-transplant biomass accumulation, (c) leaf anatomical changes (leaf thickness, intercellular spaces) let a higher carbon dioxide diffusion and fixation with a correlative increase in photo assimilates, (d) a higher root system would be related to a higher cytokinin synthesis. In summary, similarities between responses to either hormone, together with the lack of any IAA - BAP interaction, provide two independent routes for commercial growers to increase the productivity of I. hawkeri ornamental plants by using early foliar sprays.

Response of Potato Productivity and Storability to some Potassium Levels and Foliar Spray with some Macro and Microelements

Two field trials were conducted on potato plants cv. Spunta, in vegetable private farm at Al-Enaniya village, Sinbelawin district, Dakahlia Governoraten, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons to study the effect of soil application of potassium levels (96, 72 and 48 kg K2O/fed), either single and/or in combination with foliar spray of macro and micronutrients compound (N=25%, P=16%, K=12%, Zn=0.5%, Fe=0.5%, Mn=0.5%, Cu=0.3%) at different levels i.e., 6, 4 and 2 g/L on plant growth, yield and its components, as well as chemical constituents and storability of tubers. In general, results showed that potato plants fertilized with potassium sulfate at the level of 96 kg K2O/fed significantly increased plant stem length, number of leaves, leaf area and foliage plant fresh and dry weights as well as total yield, number of tubers/plant and tuber weight/plant, Moreover, this level of potassium significantly increased TSS, dry matter, specific gravity, Ascorbic acid (mg/g FW) and concentrations of macro and micronutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu). Also, potassium fertilization at of 96 kg K2O/fed had the most interesting observation which enhancing storability during storage period. Foliar spray with macro and micro nutrients at a rate of 6 g/L resulted in an increases in the most vegetative growth parameters, yield and tubers quality traits. However, weight loss percentage of tubers was significantly reduced during storage period.The combined treatments of potassium levels and foliar spray with some macro and micronutrients were generally more effective on the most studied parameters than single ones. The best results were obtained by application 96 kg K2O/fed with foliar spray of macro and micronutrients at the rate of 6 g/L. This treatment achieved increases in vegetative growth characters, total tubers yield (ton/fed), ascorbic acid (mg/g FW), TSS% of tuber, concentrations of N, P, K, micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) in tubers and enhanced the tubers storability comparing with the other ones. Therefore, this treatment could be recommended for raising potato yield and improving tuber quality during storage period under similar conditions to this work.

The complete chloroplast genome of a variety of Epipremnum aureum 'Neon' (Araceae)

Epipremnum aureum is known as devil’s ivy as it stays green even when kept in the dark. It is an important foliage plant in the Araceae family. In this study, we reported and characterized the complete chloroplast genome sequence of E. aureum 'Neon', a variety that has solid yellow-green leaves with no variegation, obtained using next-generation sequencing. The chloroplast genome was determined to be 163,961 bp in length. It contained large single-copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) regions of 89,728 and 22,259 bp, respectively, which were separated by a pair of 25,987 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome is predicted to contain 122 genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 36.1%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by 20 chloroplast genomes reveals that E. aureum ‘Neon’ is most closely related to Zantedeschia aethiopica in Araceae.

Effects of graded nitrogen levels on the growth and quality of <i>Cordyline fruticosa</i> L. <i>variety</i> ‘Purple Compacta’ in Batticaloa district of Sri Lanka

Cordyline is a popular foliage plant with high demand in the export markets as cut decorative foliage. Nitrogen has significant effects on vegetative growth and quality of foliage plants. A shade house (50%) experiment was conducted to determine the effects of graded nitrogen levels on vegetative growth and quality of cordyline (Cordyline fruticosa var. ‘purple compacta’) plants in the Crop Farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with twenty replications. Five treatments were defined viz. 0.5(T1), 1.0 (T2), 1.5 (T3), 2.0 (T4) and 2.5 (T5) g nitrogen/plant/month (g/p/m). Recommended agronomic practices were followed uniformly for all treatments. Parameters viz. plant height, leaf area and plant biomass were measured at monthly interval and quality of cuttings was assessed at 3 months after transplanting. Analysis of Variance was performed to determine significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). Results revealed that plants belong to T1 (nitrogen level 0.5g/p/m) showed significantly (p < 0.05) better performance in the measured growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf area and plant biomass while the lowest performance was observed in T5 at 3 MAT. In quality assessment, plants grown at T1 received significantly highest scores. It could be concluded that, nitrogen level of 0.5g/p/m (T1) is the suitable amount of nitrogen as growth and quality of plants was higher.

Daily Evapotranspiration of Guzmania ‘Irene’ and Vriesea ‘Carly’ Bromeliads Produced in a Shaded Greenhouse

Bromeliads are important ornamental foliage plants, but until now, their daily water use during production was unknown. Using a canopy closure model developed for container-grown woody ornamental plants, in this study we investigated actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of Guzmania ‘Irene’ and Vriesea ‘Carly’ from tissue-cultured liners grown in 15-cm containers to marketable sizes in a shaded greenhouse. The mean daily ETA of Guzmania ‘Irene’ ranged from 4.02 to 66.35 mL per plant, and the mean cumulative ETA was 16.66 L over a 95-week production period. The mean daily ETA of Vriesea ‘Carly’ varied from 3.98 to 59.89 mL per plant, and the mean cumulative ETA was 15.52 L over the same production period as the Guzmania cultivar. The best-fit models for predicting daily ETA of the two bromeliads were developed, which had correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.79 for Guzmania ‘Irene’ and 0.68 for Vriesea ‘Carly’. The success in the model of ETA for both bromeliads suggested that the canopy closure model was equally applicable to container-grown ornamental foliage plants produced in greenhouse conditions. The daily ETA and cumulative ETA values represent research-based information on water requirements, and, when applied, could improve irrigation practices in bromeliad production. This study also showed that roots per se of the two epiphytic bromeliads were able to absorb water and nutrients from a peat-based container substrate and support their complete life cycles.

Regeneration of Gynura aurantiaca ‘Purple Passion’ via indirect shoot organogenesis

Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC ‘Purple Passion’ is an important ornamental foliage plant. Its purple-colored leaves contain acylated anthocyanins which have potential to be natural food colorants. Production of this crop requires healthy and uniform starting materials or propagules. This study developed simple and efficient protocols for regenerating ‘Purple Passion’ through indirect shoot organogenesis. Reddish, purple colored callus was induced from leaf explants cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L−1 TDZ or 2.0 mg L−1 BA in combination with 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-D. Callus pieces (5 mm3) were cultured on the same medium with the same concentrations of TDZ or BA with 2,4-D for inducing adventitious shoots. More than 25 adventitious shoots were produced per callus piece. Microcuttings derived from the shoots were easily rooted in vitro, and rooted cuttings were transplanted into a peat-based substrate and grown in a shaded greenhouse. Plants grew vigorously in the shaded greenhouse with a high survival rate. They were morphologically stable without any phenotypic variation. Chromosome numbers of randomly selected regenerated plants and stock plants were the same with 2n = 40. Additionally, reddish, purple callus had significantly higher content of anthocyanins than leaves of regenerated plants grown in the shaded greenhouse, suggesting that callus induced through the established protocols could be used to produce acylated anthocyanins as natural food colorants through bioreactor culture.

Effect of different vase solutions on postharvest longevity of cut foliage &lt;i&gt;Ophiopogon&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;japonicus&lt;/i&gt;

Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl (family Liliaceae) is an export-oriented foliage plant with attractive white-green strips. The vase life of this cut foliage ends when the leaves loose turgidity and/ or bright green colour. Thus, to enhance the vase life of O. japonicus, effect of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mM CuSO4.5H2O, 10, 20, and 30 g/L sucrose and combination of sucrose with 0.5 mM CuSO4.5H2O as holding treatments, 20 g/L and 30 g/L sucrose solutions as 24 h pulsing treatments and 6-Benzylaminopurine 5, 10, 20 mg/L BAP were tested. Relative fresh weight of leaves, solution uptake rate and vase life were assessed. Vase solution bacterial enumerations were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of CuSO4.5H2O as a biocide. To investigate the function of BAP, amount of chlorophyll was quantified using leaf pigment extracts. The vase life of O. japonicus could be extended from 5.1 days to 12.5 days by giving BAP based vase solutions. Chlorophyll contents of leaves dipped in BAP solutions were significantly higher than the control (distilled water). CuSO4 solutions did not show any significant antibacterial effects compared to the control. According to vase life data, the most effective vase solutions were CuSO4.5H2O (0.5 mM), sucrose 20 g/L with CuSO4.5H2O (0.5 mM) as holding treatments, sucrose 20 g/L and 30 g/L as pulsing treatments and BAP treatments (5, 10, 20 mg/L).

The Importance of Indoor Foliage Plants and Human Emotions to Indoor Foliage Plants

This study was conducted to find out the sensibility reaction and importance with the visual element of indoor foliage plants in the survey of 216 participants. The eight kinds of leaf display plants were purchased and presented on white pot. The eight kinds of plant were included in ‘50 varieties of indoor foliage plants’ announced by NASA and also easy to manage. The correlation between sensibility reaction, importance, loyalty to foliage plants and the expectation of therapeutic effect was investigated and analyzed by preference and Semantic Differential Scaling. Among importance factors of indoor foliage plant, the environmental, esthetic and emotional relaxation were high and the environmental and emotional relaxation were treated as important factors to age 40s or over especially. The result on the correlation between the expectation of therapeutic effect and, importance and loyalty of indoor foliage plant showed that the ‘emotional relaxation’ and ‘increasing natural healing power of body’ were correlated highest. In addition, significant correlation was shown statistically in five questions of expectation of therapeutic effect and loyalty. Especially, high correlation was shown in expectation of psychological stability effect of indoor foliage plant and working in an office where the indoor landscaping is created well. Significant differences were shown statistically with the emotional reactions between eight plants and “Comfortable”, “Pleasant”, “Calm”, “Bright”, and “Sharp” were representative emotional reactions to plants. Anthurium andraeanum cv. was the most preferred out of eight plants and Spathiphyllum spp.> Ficus benjamina > Dypsis lutescens > Dracaena marginata > Rhapis excelsa > Hedera helix > Aglaonema commutatum was the order after. The most preferred leaf color of foliage plants was green. Recently, the environmental factors such as micro dust, stress and depression has been magnified and the stress relief, emotional relaxation and psychological stability effects of indoor foliage plants support the usefulness of them.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Epipremnum aureum and its comparative analysis among eight Araceae species.

Epipremnum aureum is an important foliage plant in the Araceae family. In this study, we have sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of E. aureum by using Illumina Hiseq sequencing platforms. This genome is a double-stranded circular DNA sequence of 164,831 bp that contains 35.8% GC. The two inverted repeats (IRa and IRb; 26,606 bp) are spaced by a small single-copy region (22,868 bp) and a large single-copy region (88,751 bp). The chloroplast genome has 131 (113 unique) functional genes, including 86 (79 unique) protein-coding genes, 37 (30 unique) tRNA genes, and eight (four unique) rRNA genes. Tandem repeats comprise the majority of the 43 long repetitive sequences. In addition, 111 simple sequence repeats are present, with mononucleotides being the most common type and di- and tetranucleotides being infrequent events. Positive selection pressure on rps12 in the E. aureum chloroplast has been demonstrated via synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates and selection pressure sites analyses. Ycf15 and infA are pseudogenes in this species. We constructed a Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the complete chloroplast genomes of 38 species from 13 families. Those results strongly indicated that E. aureum is positioned as the sister of Colocasia esculenta within the Araceae family. This work may provide information for further study of the molecular phylogenetic relationships within Araceae, as well as molecular markers and breeding novel varieties by chloroplast genetic-transformation of E. aureum in particular.

First report of brown leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata on cast iron plant (Aspidistra elatior) in Italy

Cultivation of Aspidistra elatior Blume is very important in Southern Italy because diffusely used as cut foliage plant. During spring-summer 2016 a severe outbreak of brown leaf spots was observed in two cast iron plantations. The causal agent was identified as Alternaria alternata isolate by molecular methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing brown spot on A. elatior.

Evaluation of mangrove reforestation and the impact to socioeconomic-cultural of community in Lubuk Kertang village, North Sumatra

Mangrove forests in North Sumatera existed in the east coast of Sumatera Island and are rapidly threatened due to anthropogenic activities such as conversion for aquaculture, oil palm plantation, filling and use of mangrove for urban development. The present study describes the current and first-year evaluation on mangrove restoration and its impact to socio economic-cultural of community in Lubuk Kertang village, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The rehabilitation was carried on December 2015 using direct planting of 6,000 Rhizophora apiculata propagules and May 2016 using 5,000 R. apiculata seedlings. The evaluation parameters of mangrove reforestation consist of seedling diameter and height, leaf thickness and number, and seedling growth rate. Ninety-two of 1,124 households were surveyed using Slovin formula to obtain community perspective on the socio-economic-cultural impact of reforestation. Results show that the growth rate for current and first-year evaluation was 93 and 86 %, respectively. By contrast, the height, diameter, and some leaves seedlings planting were shown better than the performance of propagules planting. No change in the green foliage plant thickness between both farming methods. The reforestation affected 71.74, 55.43 and 39.13% of economic, social, and cultural of Lubuk Kertang community, respectively. The data is likely to provide valuable information for mangrove reforestation in North Sumatra.

Effect of different media incorporated with pusa hydrogel on growth and watering frequency of potted foliage plant, arrowhead (Syngonium Podophyllum schott.)

To study the effect of Pusa hydrogel incorporated growing media on morphological characters of Syngonium podophyllum under various watering frequencies, an experiment was conducted in the Horticultural college and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Theni (Tamil Nadu). The treatments were eleven with the composition of basic pot mixture (sand, red soil and FYM at the ratio of 1:1:1), coco peat and Pusa hydrogel. The results revealed that, the media with a composition of 75% pot mixture + 25% coco peat+3g hydrogel /kg of potting media is found to be the optimum medium for potted foliage plant of Syngonium podophyllum. The watering frequency has been altered corresponding to potting media composition and in the other hand the potting media also influenced the morphological character of the plant. This study has proved that hydrogels in potting media improves the water availability and decreases the watering frequency.

Effect of differentmedia incorporated with Pusa hydrogel on growth and watering frequency of potted foliage plant, Arrowhead (Syngonium podophyllum Schott.)

To study the effect of Pusa hydrogel incorporated growing media on morphological characters of Syngonium podophyllum under various watering frequencies, an experiment was conducted in the Horticultural college and Research Institute, Periyakulam, Theni (Tamil Nadu). The treatments were eleven with the composition of basic pot mixture (sand, red soil and FYM at the ratio of 1:1:1), coco peat and Pusa hydrogel. The results revealed that, the media with a composition of 75% pot mixture + 25% coco peat+3g hydrogel /kg of potting media is found to be the optimum medium for potted foliage plant of Syngonium podophyllum. The watering frequency has been altered corresponding to potting media composition and in the other hand the potting media also influenced the morphological character of the plant. This study has proved that hydrogels in potting media improves the water availability and decreases the watering frequency.

Growth Behavior of Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides L.) Cuttings In Relation To Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Intensities

Background: Coleus is a perennial herbaceous foliage plant belongs to the family Lamiaceae with long history of medicinal and food uses. Coleus plant have reputed medicinal uses, which includes anti-aggregate, anticancer, antidepressant, antidiuretic, antiglaucomic, antimetastatic, antispasmodic, bronchodilator, bronchospasmolytic, cardiotonic. Hypothesis: Harsh environmental conditions including irregular temperature, unexpected rains and natural calamities have made the production of ornamental plants difficult. Therefore, coleus plants were cultivated under LED intensities to make its availability possible under harsh environmental conditions. Study site and dates: The study was carried out during Feb-May (summer) 2017 at Horticulture Garden, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: Vegetative as well as chlorophyll contents were measured using different plant observations in plants grown under different light intensities. Some parameters of economic importance were studied which included: Sprouts cutting-1, sprouting index (SI), plant height (cm), branches per plant, leaves per plant, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf area (cm2), single leaf weight (g), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and root length (cm). Results: Growth of coleus varieties were significantly (P<0.05) affected by various LED intensities. The two coleus varieties treated with 1204 μmol. m-2 S-1 produced maximum 3.08 sprouts cutting-1, 0.30 sprouting index, 14.60 cm plant height, 5.05 branches plant-1, 10.23 leaves plant-1, 11.39 cm leaf length, 8.88 cm leaf width, 101.20 cm2 leaf area, 1.75 g single leaf weight, 27.51 chlorophyll content (SPAD) and 9.37 cm root length. However, minimum coleus varietal performance was observed under low light intensity (LI1= 301 μmol m-2 s-1) having 1.08 sprouts, 0.10 sprouting index, 6.58 cm plant height, 1.05 branches, 2.27 leaves, 2.99 cm leaf length, 1.83 cm leaf width, 5.55 cm2 leaf area, 0.28 g single leaf weight, 10.41 chlorophyll content (SPAD) and 4.66 cm root length. Conclusions: Growth of coleus plant increased simultaneously with increasing LED light intensities. 1204 μmol m-2 s-1 resulted in maximum growth of coleus. In case of varieties, “Coleus Brown” resulted in significantly maximum vegetative and flowering traits as compared to variety “Coleus Fairway Rose”.

Rooting Response of Foliage Plants Affected by Rooting Stimulator, Shading, and Root Pruning During Transplanting to Hydroball for Hydroculture

관엽식물을 하이드로볼을 이용하여 수경재배 방식으로 관리하게 되면 관수가 편해지고 깨끗한 이미지를 줄 수 있다. 관엽식 물을 수경재배 방식으로 관리하기 위해서는 일반상토에서 재배된 식물들을 일반상토를 제거하고 하이드로볼에 이식하여 활 착시키는 과정이 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 관엽식물류의 하이드로볼 이식 시 발근과 활착을 촉진시킬 목적으로 IBA 농 도, 차광률(광도), 단근 정도에 대한 관엽식물들의 발근 반응을 조사하였다. 이를 위해, 아글라오네마(Aglaonema brevispatha ‘Thai Snowflakes’), 산호수(Ardisia pusilla), 크로톤(Codiaeum variegatum ‘ Punctatum Aureum’), 드라세나(Dracaena sanderiana ‘Victoria’), 나한송(Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki), 홍콩야자(Schefflera arboricola ‘Hongkong’)와 스킨답서 스 ‘엔조이’(E. aureus ‘Enjoy’), 스킨답서스(E. aureus Engl.) 등 총 8 종의 관엽식물들을 대상으로 실험에 따라 조금씩 다른 종을 이용하였다. IBA 농도 실험에서는 아글라오네마와 나한송을 제외한 나머지 관엽식물들(산호수, 크로톤, 드라세나, 홍콩야자) 은 IBA 1,000-2,000mg·L-1에 순간 침지 처리했을 때 대조구에 비해 발근량이 2-3배나 증가되었다. 그러나 나한송은 IBA에 대한 발근 촉진 효과는 보이지 않았고, 루톤처리에 의해서만 무처리에 비해 발근량이 3배 가량 증가하였다. 더욱이 아글라오네 마는 IBA 처리에 의해 발근이 억제되는 결과를 보였다. 차광정도에 따른 발근반응을 보기위해 삽목상의 광도를 차광망을 이 용하여 50, 70, 90% 차광이 되게 설치하였다. 그 결과 아글라오네마를 제외한 7종의 관엽식물들(산호수, 크로톤, 드라세나, 홍 콩야자, 나한송, 스킨답서스, 스킨답서스 ‘엔조이’)은 차광정도가 낮을수록, 즉 광도가 높을수록 발근량이 많아졌다. 그러나 아 글라오네마는 광도에 따른 발근 반응에는 차이가 없었다. 단근 실험에서는 관행대로 2-3cm만 남기고 단근했을 때 발근 정도 가 가장 좋았던 식물은 아글라오네마 한 종뿐으로, 모든 뿌리를 제거했을 때와 전혀 제거하지 않았을 때보다 3배 정도 발근량 이 많았다. 그러나 단근 정도에 상관없이 발근 정도가 비슷한 종류에는 드라세나, 홍콩야자, 스킨답서스 ‘엔조이’ 3종이었으며, 뿌리를 전혀 절단하지 않거나 일부를 남겼을 때, 발근이 오히려 좋아졌던 식물종은 나한송과 스킨답서2스종 이었다.

観葉植物のグリーンアメニティ効果に関する研究 （第2報）植物に対する好みが心理・生理反応に及ぼす影響

観葉植物のグリーンアメニティ効果に関する研究 （第2報）植物に対する好みが心理・生理反応に及ぼす影響

A Noble Method for Estimating Visual Greenery Ratio in Indoor Environment

A noble method was developed for determining indoor greenery ratio through a digital camera and image analysis. Photographs with 10 different exposure compensations level were taken at indoor room using the function of “Partial color (green)” in a digital camera under varied indoor light conditions. RGB photographs were converted into Lab mode using [Image/Mode] function of Photoshop software program. The number of green pixels were calculated within 1 to 127 level (equivalent to -127 to -1 of Hunter a* value) through “Channel a” in [Histogram] function of the software. Greenery ratio was calculated by maximum green pixel number of an exposure compensation in relation to total pixel number, as maximum green pixels number would be obtained under a certain exposure compensation level when it minimizes achromatic color by partially excessive lower or higher light condition within certain area of photograph. When greenery ratio obtained from this method was compared with general greenery calculation of green area through manual selection, coefficient of determination was 0.9852, indicating appropriate greenery ratio estimating method. When applied to vertical planter of veranda and office, greenery ratio varied at 0.53~14.96%. In our experimental condition, error of the function, “Partial color” by the digital camera was within 0.013, while the error of the function, “Channel a” by the software was within 0.005. Key words: foliage plant, green interior, partial color, vertical planter

Volatile Organic Compound Removal Efficiency of Green and Variegated Foliage Plants Grown under Different Light Intensities

Volatile Organic Compound Removal Efficiency of Green and Variegated Foliage Plants Grown under Different Light Intensities