Fold Test Research Articles

Stretchable and Flexible Snake Skin Patterned Electrodes for Wearable Electronics Inspired by Kirigami Structure

AbstractHerein, snake‐skin‐patterned electrodes, with high versatility and excellent biocompatibility, are developed by combining the Kirigami structure and biomimicry. The snake‐skin electrode has excellent stretchability owing to the integration of the Kirigami structure and patterning. The snake skin patterns are optimized through finite element analysis (FEA) simulations to determine the most stretchable pattern structure. Based on the FEA results, we fabricated the optimal pattern on a polyurethane (PU) substrate by sputtering the AgPdCu alloy target. Even at high strains of 30% and 50%, the electrode exhibits much better stretchability compared with the electrode without the snake skin pattern. The best stretchable electrode exhibits a resistance change (ΔR) of less than 1.5 when it is severely stretched at up to 50% strain. Additionally, the dynamic stretching fatigue test, reveals that it exhibits stable conductivity, thus proving the effectiveness of using snake‐skin pattern for stretchable electrodes. The bending, rolling, folding and twisting tests confirm that the electrode has outstanding flexibility, too. A wearable temperature sensor with a snake‐skin‐patterned electrode exhibits stable and highly sensitive temperature sensing properties. In addition, light emitting diodes connected to the stretchable electrode exhibits stable brightness despite severe deformation of the electrodes.

Interaction Between Mineralization and Rock Magnetization: New Constraints From a Silurian‐Lower Devonian Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposit

AbstractThe unclear relationship between mineralization, hydrothermal alteration, and rock magnetization in volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits limits us from fully understanding the magnetic anomalies and remagnetization process in this type of deposit. We address the issue by conducting systemic paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, petrographic, and X‐Ray diffraction studies in the Dapingzhang VMS deposit on the northwestern Indochina Block. Magnetite is the dominant magnetic carrier of hydrothermally altered surrounding rocks and orebody. Magnetite consumption and secondary magnetite formation occurred at different stages and types of hydrothermal alteration. The overall decrease in magnetite concentration from chloritization via silicification to mineralization implies that the magnetite was mostly consumed during hydrothermal alterations. Secondary single domain magnetite, which can carry a remagnetization direction, is proposed to be formed during illitization via the smectite‐to‐illite transformation. Secondary superparamagnetic magnetite, which was most likely formed during the late stage of chloritization, is unable to carry the stable characteristic remanent magnetization. The site‐mean direction of high‐temperature and high‐coercivity components is Dg/Ig = 324.5°/43.1°, and kg = 35.1, with α95 = 6.8° before tilt correction, and Ds/Is = 316.2°/37.6°, and ks = 16.4, with α95 = 10.1° after tilt correction, with a negative fold test. However, plate reconstruction is limited by the uncertainty of the tilting process following mineralization and the possibility of remagnetization during burial alteration. Therefore, this study provides a mechanism for rock magnetic variation and remagnetization during VMS mineralization.

The Effect of the Addition of Citrus Fruits Juice on The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Sapodilla (Manikara zapota) Sliced Jam

This study aims to determine the effect of various citrus fruit juices on the qualities of sliced sapodilla jam. Completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. A (2% citric acid) served as the control, B (26% lime juice), C (26% lemon juice), and D (26% kaffir lime juice) were the treatments. The data were statistically examined using ANOVA and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% significance level. The addition of citrus fruit juice had a substantial influence on the jam's folding test, total titrated acid, pH value, water content, ash content, total dissolved solids, total sugar, crude fiber, and vitamin C did not affect its water activity. According to the chemical features, the addition of lime juice as a source of citric acid resembles the characteristics of sheet jam made with pure citric acid more closely.

First magnetostratigraphic results in the Aïn Beni Mathar-Guefaït Basin, Northern High Plateaus (Morocco): The Pliocene-Pleistocene Dhar Iroumyane composite section

The Aïn Beni Mathar-Guefaït Basin, in the High Plateau Region (Morocco), is dissected by the Za River, the main eastern tributary of the Moulouya, which incises more than 150 m into Plio-Pleistocene sediments. The main goal of the present study is to provide an initial geochronologic framework for such basin infill based on a combination of magnetostratigraphy and electron spin resonance (ESR). The combined results have implications on the age of the paleontological record, the evolution of the Moulouya River, and the activity of the faults that delimit the basin. We have studied sedimentary rocks that are essentially flat-lying and of an alluvial and lacustrine/palustrine origin. An approximately 140 m-thick section has been sampled at an average of 2.5 m per site, allowing to build a local magnetic polarity stratigraphy that includes nine geomagnetic reversals. Although no fold test is available, the presence of dual polarities and rockmagnetic analysis give us confidence that magnetization directions are primary. We then anchored the obtained magnetozones to the Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale (GPTS) using the biostratigraphic data as well as local geological observations. Our proposed magnetostratigraphy-based chronology reveals a Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary infill spanning from Gauss to Olduvai Chrons. The lower, detrital formations mostly fall within the normal Gauss Chron, whereas the upper lacustrine and palustrine carbonates, which are almost widespread to the top of the sedimentary fill, are Olduvai in age. These results provide the first chronological constraints for the basin fill in one of the largest intermontane basins of the High Plateaus. The new magnetostratigraphy also reveals that the major environmental change that triggered a switch from alluvial to lacustrine-palustrine conditions in Northern Maghreb occurred near the Gauss-Matuyama reversal, ca. 2.6 Ma. In addition, it shows that the age of the paleontological site Guefaït-4 is approximately 1 myr older than the ESR ages obtained from the quartz grains. The possible sources for this underestimation are discussed. However, we also acknowledge and discuss other possible chronostratigraphic interpretations of the current data, although less likely.

Investigation of the link between the human skin relief and the dermal fibers network by coupling topographic analysis and LC-OCT imaging before and during folding tests

Knowing the evolution of the skin’s response to mechanical solicitations and understanding its origin is important in medicine, surgery, and cosmetics. Studies performed in vitro and ex vivo show that links exist between the topographic skin properties and the collagen and elastin fibers network in the dermis. But, to our knowledge, no in vivo study shows this link. In this study we propose a combination of experimental tests to demonstrate the link between the topographic skin properties and the fibers network in the dermis in vivo. The first method consists in analyzing the skin relief images. The second method uses a recently developed imaging technique of human skin in vivo with a high spatial resolution: Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). This technology provides two types of images modalities: vertical and horizontal section images. The skin relief images and its internal layers are carried out for the skin at rest and during a folding test. The latter is performed using a folding system developed in this study. From these images, we calculate the density of the skin lines printed on the skin surface and their orientations. Thanks to the two modalities of LC-OCT, we obtain the full 3D image of the skin volume. From these images we extract the fibers density and their orientation in the plans parallel and perpendicular to the outer skin surface. The study is carried out on 42 volunteers aged from 20 to 55 years-old. Skin relief analysis and LC-OCT images are performed on the skin of the forearm and thigh. The results show similar distributions of the skin lines on the surface and of its fibers in the volume. We could observe a correlation between the skin lines at the surface and the structure in depth of its layers in the volume (0.40 < rSpearman < 0.73).

Analysis of the folding behavior of a paperboard subjected to indentation of a deviated creasing rule using the finite element method

<abstract> <p>This study reveals the crease deviation behavior through the developed forming simulation. A combination resistance model was expanded and applied to simulate the 180° folding process of a creased paperboard, using the shear-yield detaching resistance and the out-of-plane fluffing resistance which were based on the isotropic elastro-plastic model. When varying the misalignment of the creasing rule against the groove, the eccentricity of the crease bulging of a white-coated paperboard was compared through the experiment and simulation of the 180° folding process. Comparing the experimental deformation and the simulation, it was explained that the deviation of <italic>e</italic> contributed to making the crease deviation <italic>c</italic><sub>d</sub>. At the folding test, the 180° folding was compared with the experiment and simulation. The rolling pass of the folded zone was considered to intensify the deviation state. The 180° folding simulation revealed that the crease deviation of <italic>c</italic><sub>d</sub> ≈ 2<italic>e</italic> was assessed as an ideal condition when using the rolling pass and non-rolling pass. In the case of some shallow indentation in the experiment, 2<italic>e</italic> < <italic>c</italic><sub><italic>d</italic></sub> < 4<italic>e</italic> was observed. The inside folded corners were quite different between the simulation and experiment, especially for a certain shallow indentation model. In the simulation, the local crushing was not performed under the assumption of any isotropic properties. In the simulation, the deviation of the creased position at the 180° folding was sufficiently predictable, when compared with experimental behavior.</p> </abstract>

The Cretaceous stationary Lhasa terrane constrained by the paleolatitude of 103 Ma volcanic rocks from the Nima area

To constrain the paleolatitude evolution and orientation of the Lhasa terrane in the Cretaceous, we performed a paleomagnetic study on the Qushenla Formation volcanic rocks dated to ∼103 Ma near Nima County in the central part of the Lhasa terrane. Rock magnetism and magnetic petrography indicate that the primary magnetic carriers are magnetite and hematite that formed during initial cooling. A high-temperature component was isolated between ∼500 °C and ∼680 °C. The site-mean direction passes the fold tests at a 99% confidence level, yielding a mean inclination of 35.4° for 18 sites after tilt correction. These results suggest that the volcanic rocks recorded a primary remnant magnetization, revealing a paleolatitude of ∼17.9°N at ∼103 Ma for the reference point (29.0°N, 87.5°E) at the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane. Together with previous paleomagnetic results from the Lhasa terrane, our results indicate WNW–ESE elongation of the stationary Lhasa terrane at ∼6.7–19°N during the Cretaceous. The paleolatitude evolution of the Lhasa terrane during the Jurassic–Cretaceous suggests that the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision occured at ∼155–132 Ma.

Variables for designing cube folding tasks influencing sixth‐graders' performance

AbstractThis study investigated whether the three variables of task form, squares carried, and figural complexity, for designing cube folding tasks, affect sixth graders' cube folding performance. Two task forms were used to develop two versions of “cube folding test.” Each version was designed based on two levels of squares carried and three levels of figural complexity, and contained 18 multiple‐choice items. The sample included 107 boys and 92 girls with an average age of 12.04 years who were randomly assigned to complete one of the two versions. A linear mixed model was carried out with three factors: task forms, squares carried, and figural complexity, in which squares carried and figural complexity were “within‐subjects” factors, and task form was the “between‐subjects” factor. The results showed the interaction effect of squares carried and task form, and the main effect of figural complexity, which differentiated the difficulty in cube folding tasks.

Quality attributes of Black-Chin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) surimis treated with different cryoprotectants

This baseline investigation tried four surimi formulations using three common cryoprotectants namely sucrose, sorbitol and sodium tripolyphosphate for Black-Chin Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron), an invasive species and known prolific pest in Philippine farm ponds, and then compared the quality attributes of the products across formulations and against those reported from previous studies that utilized more popular species in surimi processing. The quality parameters analysed were pH level, functional properties (water holding capacity, foamability and emulsifiability) and gel strength and elasticity. The surimi formulation that yielded the best quality attributes was the 6% sucrose with 0.5% STPP. The formulation yielded a pH value of 6.33-6.47, a water holding capacity of 3.87-3.98 mL/g, a foaming capacity of 23.06-30.70%, a foaming stability of 13.31-15.19%, an emulsifying capacity of 47.50-47.83%, an emulsifying stability of 81.17-85.00%, a folding test score of 5.00, and a biting test score of 9.00. Still, a better understanding of the effects of different concentrations of cryoprotectants (presently used and other kinds) on the functionality of S. melanotheron surimi is recommended to rationally improve the quality attributes. Also, frozen storage analyses are needed for several and longer periods to see how long the S. melanotheron surimi can withstand freezing for specific formulations. It is concluded that S. melanotheron surimi, with the right formulations, can be at par with quality with those made from traditional raw materials.

Location and shape of the Lhasa terrane prior to India-Asia collision

The precollisional location and shape of the Lhasa terrane are crucial for constraining the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the ensuing India-Asia collision; however, estimation of these features of the Lhasa terrane remains highly controversial. Here, we carried out a new paleomagnetic investigation on the Lower Cretaceous Duoni Formation red beds in the central-eastern Lhasa terrane. The tilt-corrected site-mean direction is declination (Ds) = 339.0°, inclination (Is) = 26.8°, ks = 78.4, and α95 = 2.3° (k—precision parameter; α95—the radius that the mean direction lies within 95% confidence; s—stratigraphic coordinates) (N = 50), corresponding to a paleopole at 64.2°N, 324.2°E, with A95 = 1.9° (A95—the radius that the mean pole lies within 95% confidence). These new paleomagnetic data pass a positive fold test and indicate that the studied area was located at 14.3 ± 1.9°N during the Early Cretaceous. No significant inclination shallowing is present in the Lower Cretaceous Duoni Formation red beds. Our new results, combined with previously published reliable Cretaceous paleomagnetic results, show that the Lhasa terrane was located at a paleolatitude of ∼22.9°N to 10.1°N from west to east and was oriented at ∼298°−296° prior to India-Asia collision.

Paleomagnetism of Tarkhanian sediments of the section Skelya (Kerch Peninsula)

With the goal to correlate the magnetostratigraphic data of the Eastern Paratethys obtained by researchers in different years a rockmagnetic and paleomagnetic investigations of the Tarkhanian sediments of the Skelya section was carried out. The main carrier of the natural remanent magnetization is titanomagnetite in the Argunian beds of the Tarkhanian regional stage; in addition to titanomagnetite there is iron sulfide (monoclinic pyrrhotite and/or greigite) in the deposits of the Terskian and Kuvinian beds. The paleomagnetic fold test of natural remanent magnetization directions, recorded in the rocks of the Argunian beds, is positive, which indicates a pre-folding age of the magnetization formation. A comparison with the magnetochronological scale GTS 2020 shows that the normal polarity interval in the lower part of the Argunian beds can presumably be compared with the С5Bn chron. The reversal polarity interval in the upper part of the Argunian beds is with C5ADr. The age of the С5Bn/C5ADr boundary can be estimated as ~14.7 Ma.

Consecutive Ink Writing of Conducting Polymer and Graphene Composite Electrodes for Foldable Electronics-Related Applications.

For foldable electronic devices of the future, most components should have very good flexibility and reliability to maintain electrical properties even under repeated deformation. In this study, two types of inks for conducting polymer and graphene were simultaneously printed on flexible plastic substrates via the newly developed consecutive ink writing (CIW) process for the formation of composite electrodes of foldable electronic devices. To consecutively print conducting polymer ink and graphene ink, a conventional three-dimensional (3D) printer was modified by installing two needles in the printer head, and the two inks were printed through the nozzle in the same route with a time interval. By adjusting several printing conditions (ink concentration, printing parameters, printing time intervals between the two inks, etc.), various structures of composite electrodes, such as layered or fused 2D or 3D structures were developed on the glass substrate. Furthermore, by changing the printing order of the two inks and 3D printer bed temperature, the composite electrodes with a higher printing resolution were successfully printed on the flexible polyimide substrate. The printed composite electrodes via CIW process exhibit the lowest surface electrical resistance of 0.9 kΩ and high flexibility, and stable resistance values were maintained after 1000 cycles of the folding test. Consequently, the CIW process developed in this study applies to the production of the electrical parts and components for various flexible devices, such as foldable and wearable electronics.

Lead the folding motion of the thick origami model under gravity

ABSTRACT Origami have been focused on by the researchers for its foldability and deployability owing to the huge potential in architectural engineering. However, origami was rarely used in practical construction projects as structures due to the lack of systematic investigation of motion control with respect to thickness and gravity. To clarify the lifting process of the origami structure, a preliminary folding test is carried out with a small-scaled single-DOF physical origami model. Folding paths are obtained by the non-contact measurement system and the force-displacement measurement system. The experimental results are confirmed by the numerical simulation of thick origami. The invariant relationship is observed between the folding process and the driving force. Furthermore, the final configuration of the model is found to be strongly related to the location of the suspension points. The methods to realize the complete folding are suggested. Moreover, the multi-unit model is simulated aiming for the application of rapid foldable structures.

Palaeomagnetic constraints on a Late Permian to Early Triassic final closure of thePalaeo‐AsianOcean

AbstractFinal closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean signifies the ultimate amalgamation of the North China, Tarim, Mongolia, Songliao, Xilinhot and other Central Asian blocks, and therefore, is critical in reconstructing the configuration of the Pangea supercontinent during the late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic. However, the final closure time remains contentious. Here, we present a systematic palaeomagnetic study on the Upper Permian sedimentary sequences of the Xilinhot Block, located to the north of the Solonker Suture Zone. Rock magnetic results indicate stable pseudo‐domain magnetite is the dominant magnetic carrier. The characteristic components isolated between ~350 and 590°C display the existence of dual polarities. Combined with previous results, the merged site‐mean directions yield a negative reversal test and inconclusive fold tests. By comparing with coeval and posterior data, and correlating with stitching plutons that intruded the sampling sections, we argue for a remagnetization origin for the newly obtained data, which is most likely acquired during the thermal event when the stitching granitic plutons intruded at 242.0 ± 3.7 Ma. Then we synthesized available palaeomagnetic data from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and adjacent blocks, and propose a Late Permian to Early Triassic final closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean. Our reconstruction of Pangea in the Early Triassic negates the existence of a cut‐through seaway between the Mongol‐Okhotsk and Palaeo‐Asian Oceans. The Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean was an extension of Panthalassa, in trumpet‐shaped and faced to the east, rather than an individual oceanic basin separating Siberia from the Cinamuria Block.

A Zinc-Bromine Battery with Deep Eutectic Electrolytes.

A deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an ionic liquid-analog electrolyte, newly emerging due to its low cost, easy preparation, and tunable properties. Herein, a zinc-bromine battery (ZBB) with a Zn-halide-based DES electrolyte prepared by mixing ZnBr2 , ZnCl2 , and a bromine-capturing agent is reported. The water-free DES electrolyte allows a closed-cell configuration for the ZBB owing to the prevention of Br2 evaporation and H2 evolution. It is found that the Cl- anion changes the structure of the zinc-halide complex anions and demonstrated that it improves the ion mobility and electrode reaction kinetics. The DES electrolyte with the optimized ZnCl2 composition shows much higher rate capability and a cycle life 90 times longer than that of a ZnCl2 -free DES electrolyte. A pouch-type flexible ZBB battery based on the DES electrolyte exhibits swelling-free operation for more than 120 cycles and stable operation under a folding test, suggesting its potential in consumer applications such as wearable electronics.

The Effect of Adding Catfish Bone Flour on the Preference Level of Catfish Meatballs

Catfish is a commodity in great demand by the Indonesian people because it is easy to process. The utilization of fish bone waste is not optimal because many people only use meat. Fish bones can be processed into flour as a food additive with high calcium. This research aims to determine the appropriate percentage of catfish bone flour added to catfish meatballs and its effects on the preference level among the panelists. This research was conducted at the Fishery Product Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. This research used an experimental method with 5 treatments of adding catfish bone flour into catfish meatballs: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The assessment of the level of preference was carried out by 20 semi-trained panelists. This research observed the organoleptic attributes (appearance, aroma, taste, and texture) and physical characteristic (folding test). Statistical analysis of this research used non-parametric statistics such as Friedman test, followed by a multiple comparison test, and determined the best treatment using the Bayes method. The results of statistical analysis and Bayes showed that the addition of 10% catfish bone flour to catfish meatballs was the best treatment preferred by the panelists.

Using Prediction Uncertainty to Identify Reliable Predictions for a Deep Learning Model that Predicts the Need for Early Feeding Tube Placement

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer is associated with odynophagia, dysphagia, and weight loss, which compromise quality-of-life and often lead to feeding tube (FT) placement. Early identification of patients who will require a FT would reduce weight loss and its associated complications. We hypothesized a deep learning (DL) model could identify these patients better than using early weight loss trends and that uncertainty estimates could stratify reliable from unreliable predictions. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> We obtained planning CTs, dose, and CBCTs within 6-10 days of starting RT for 271 patients treated from 2016-2020 at a single institution. Images were cropped to include the oral cavity, pharynx, and cervical esophagus and used as inputs to the model. We used a ResNet50 with pretrained weights obtained from MedicalNet further trained via transfer learning employing 5-fold cross validation (CV). We predicted a composite endpoint of FT placement or ≥10% weight loss after 20 days from starting RT. Epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty were estimated using dropout variation inference and test-time image augmentation. Three-hundred predictions for each method and image were obtained; the mean class predictions were used to calculate the informational entropy (i.e., uncertainty value). Median values obtained from the validation set were used to stratify performance on the test set. 95% CI for AUCs obtained from ROC curves were calculated and unpaired Delong test was used to compare performance (R-4.1.2). <h3>Results</h3> Our cohort was 81% male, 37% non-smokers, 82% oropharynx/larynx, 82% received chemoRT. The endpoint was seen in 42% of patients. An AUC of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66-0.78; sensitivity/specificity: 0.69/0.69) was obtained on the test set. Weight loss >5% at day 10 obtained an AUC of 0.54. An AUC of 0.78 (0.70-0.85; 0.87/0.63) was obtained on the epistemic "certain" patients and an AUC of 0.62 (0.52-0.72; 0.42/0.85) was obtained on the "uncertain" patients (p=0.01). An AUC of 0.78 (0.71-0.86; 0.69/0.77) was obtained on the aleatoric "certain" patients and an AUC of 0.65 (0.55-0.74; 0.63/0.70) was obtained on the "uncertain" patients (p=0.03). Table 1 reports per fold test set performance in 5-fold CV. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Despite a relatively subjective endpoint of "needing a FT", we showed our DL model provided early FT predictions greatly improved over using weight loss alone. We showed that epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty estimates identified a cohort of patients where our model was more accurate. These uncertainty techniques are applicable to similar image-based DL models and may have utility when any such models are deployed in clinics.

Natural fracture characterization of the Los Catutos Member (Vaca Muerta Formation) in the southern sector of the Sierra de la Vaca Muerta, Neuquén Basin, Argentina

The Vaca Muerta Formation is the main source rock of the Neuquén Basin in Argentina. The interest in this unit has grown over the years as it is considered an excellent unconventional exploration target. It is characterized by a naturally fractured succession of dark organic-rich shales deposited due to a marine transgression during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. In the Sierra de la Vaca Muerta area, the southernmost sector of the Agrio fold and thrust belt, a carbonate-dominated interval in the Vaca Muerta Formation is outcropping characterized by tabular micritic limestones intercalated with marls known as the Los Catutos Member. This member usually exposed large pavements that allow good observations of the fracture pattern and lengths. We performed a natural fracture network analysis over the mid-upper Tithonian Los Catutos Member outcrops. 585 fractures were measured in the field, and 665 fracture traces were manually mapped using an aerial image acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Four main sub-perpendicular to the bedding fracture sets were identified, trending WNW-ESE, N–S, NW-SE, and NE-SW. The fracture length distribution was analyzed using the maximum likelihood estimator technique, revealing a lognormal distribution as the best fit for the sets recognized in the UAV image (WNW-ESE, N–S, and NE-SW). Also, the fracture system was classified as stratabound given the spatial and length distribution. The relative chronology between the four fracture sets was established based on the observed abutting relationships; furthermore, based on a fold test, a pre-folding origin was deduced. Finally, a regional interpretation for fracture formation is proposed considering the structure and tectonic history of the basin. The WNW-ESE oriented set formed by the longest fractures together with the orthogonal N–S oriented cross-joints, give rise to a ladder pattern; this arrangement likely responds to an along-foredeep stretching scenario that characterized this area during the Paleocene. Then, the NW-SE and NE-SW oriented fracture sets were emplaced, probably associated with the layer parallel shortening phase installed before the onset of major thrusting and folding from the late Miocene onwards.

Preparation of Janus structural color sheets with flexibility, stability and low angle dependence based on textile

Structural colors with low angle dependence arising from photonic crystals are of increasing interest in various fields, such as sensing and display. In this study, the composite Poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) photonic crystals consisting of amorphous, simple cubic and face-centered cubic structures were facilely constructed by vacuum-assisted filtration self-assembly. Interestingly, this method enables microspheres to be assembled on flexible fabrics in a "bottom-up" manner, and different types of structural color sheets (single-sided coloring, double-sided homochromy or heterochromatic) can be obtained by controlling the dosage and particle size of the microspheres. In particular, the prepared structural color sheets are exceptionally bright and have low angle dependence. Subsequently, the photonic crystals in the flexible fabric were reinforced by the introduction of Poly(methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate), which resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical stability, the performance of which was demonstrated by water-rinsing, friction and folding tests. This study provides a novel way to prepare new structural color materials with bright and low angle dependence. In addition, this double-sided heterochromatic structural color sheet has potential applications in the display field.

Paleomagnetism and geochronology of upper Eocene volcanic rocks from the western Qiangtang block: Constraints on the post-collisional shortening in western Tibet

Understanding the dynamics of the uplift of the Tibetan blocks requires constraints on the timing and magnitude of the crustal shortening accommodated by the different blocks. However, the estimates of the magnitude of post-collisional intra-Asian convergence range from >3000 km to a few hundred kilometers. Here we present new paleomagnetic and geochronological results from the Meisu Formation lavas on the southwestern margin of the western Qiangtang block, western Tibet. Zircon U/Pb data reveal that these volcanic rocks erupted during the late Eocene (∼40 Ma). Following progressive thermal demagnetization, stable characteristic remanent magnetizations (ChRMs) were successively isolated from 28 sites. These ChRMs passed the fold and reversal tests, consistent with a primary remanence. The paleopole at 50.2°N, 163.2°E with A 95 = 5.9° yields a paleolatitude of ∼29.5 ± 5.9°N at ca. 40 Ma for the southern margin of the western Qiangtang block (33.2°N, 80.9°E). A comparison of the Eocene latitudes between the western Qiangtang and Tarim block indicates a ∼ 700 km of post-40 Ma latitudinal crustal shortening between them at the longitude of ∼80°E. Our review of published Cretaceous-Paleogene paleopoles from western Tibet suggests that the western Qiangtang block was positioned at a stable latitude during ∼116–30 Ma. Our paleomagnetic compilation also indicate a discrepancy in the latitude (∼9.7 ± 4.3°) of western Lhasa and Qiangtang during the interval of 132 and 67 Ma, which vanished at ca. 30 Ma. We suggest a crustal shortening model to interpret this 1076 ± 477 km discrepancy, which was accommodated by the interior of the Lhasa block, the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, and/or an eastward extrusion of Indochina from an original position between the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks during ∼67–30 Ma. We conclude that the crustal shortening caused by the ongoing India-Asia collision spread progressively northwards into Asia. We emphasize that reliable paleomagnetic data from Paleocene and lower Eocene units in the western Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks have the potential to further refine these crustal shortening estimates. • We provide late Eocene paleomagnetic results from western Qiangtang. • The western Qiangtang block had a paleolatitude of 29.5 ± 5.9°N at ca. 40 Ma. • ∼700 km of post-40 Ma N-S crustal shortening between western Qiangtang and Tarim. • ∼1100 km of N-S crustal shortening between western Lhasa and Qiangtang during ∼67–30 Ma. • Crustal shortening spread progressively northwards into Asia.