Fold Test Research Articles

Remagnetization of the Paleogene Tibetan Himalayan carbonate rocks in the Gamba area: Implications for reconstructing the lower plate in the India‐Asia collision

AbstractThe characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) isolated from Paleogene carbonate rocks of the Zongpu Formation in Gamba (28.3°N, 88.5°E) of southern Tibet has previously been interpreted to be primary. These data are pertinent for estimating the width of Greater India and dating the initiation of India‐Asia collision. We have reanalyzed the published ChRM directions and completed thorough rock magnetic tests and petrographic observations on specimens collected throughout the previously investigated sections. Negative nonparametric fold tests demonstrate that the ChRM has a synfolding or postfolding origin. Rock magnetic analyses reveal that the dominant magnetic carrier is magnetite. “Wasp‐waisted” hysteresis loops, suppressed Verwey transitions, high frequency‐dependent in‐phase magnetic susceptibility, and evidence that >70% of the ferrimagnetic material is superparamagnetic at room temperature are consistent with the rock‐magnetic fingerprint of remagnetized carbonate rocks. Scanning electron microscopy observations and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry analysis confirm that magnetite grains are authigenic. In summary, the carbonate rocks of the Zongpu Formation in Gamba have been chemically remagnetized. Thus, the early Paleogene latitude of the Tibetan Himalaya and size of Greater India have yet to be determined and the initiation of collision cannot yet be precisely dated by paleomagnetism. If collision began at 59 ± 1 Ma at ~19°N, as suggested by sedimentary records and paleomagnetic data from the Lhasa terrane, then a huge Greater India, as large as ~3500–3800 km, is required in the early Paleogene. This size, in sharp contrast to the few hundred kilometers estimated for the Early Cretaceous, implies an ever greater need for extension within Greater India during the Cretaceous.

KARAKTERISTIK SURIMI YANG DIBUAT DARI HASIL PENCUCIAN DAGING IKAN CAKALANG (Katsuwonus pelamis L) DENGAN AIR DINGIN (± 4ºC)

This research intended to study the effect of washing period of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis L) meat with cold water to the chemical and physical properties of surimi. The functional properties of surimi was tested either by physical or chemical analysis. In this study we measured folding test, texture and fat content. A complete randomized design were designated for this study with washing period as a treatment ( 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 min). The average value of folding test were 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.8 and 4.6, respectively. There is an increment of folding test value as the washing period increased. The average value of the texture analysis were 3.0, 3.8, 4.4, 5.1 and 5.9. Likewise, the longer the washing time, the firmer the texture. However, as the washing period increased, the fat content of surimi tend to decrease.

Selective Patterning of Conductive Silver on Polyimide Film by Localized Microplasma Reduction and Electroless Deposition

A facile method combined directly and selectively microplasma reduction of ion-exchanged Ag+ to Ag(0) nanoparticle precursors and electroless deposition is introduced to produce highly conductive silver patterns on polyimide (Ag/PI) film. Different silver patterns on both 2D and 3D substrates are successfully fabricated. These silver patterns are well defined and uniform over the whole treatment areas. The EDS, XRD and XPS results indicate that the produced silver is well crystallized in the metallic state with high quality. The resistivity of the straight silver pattern with the thickness of ca. 320 nm is down to 3.89 ± 0.4 μΩ cm, which is about 2.4 times of the bulk silver. Additionally, the result of folding test verifies the high adhesion strength and good mechanical flexibility of the fabricated silver film. Finally, the patterned Ag/PI film is demonstrated to be used as highly conductive path to light a LED bulb, and can be also empolyed as flexible electrode to sense and record biopotential signals.

Large southward motion and clockwise rotation of Indochina throughout the Mesozoic: Paleomagnetic and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronological constraints

We report a combined paleomagnetic and U–Pb geochronologic study of sedimentary rocks from the Huai Hin Lat and Nam Phong formations of Mesozoic age in NE Thailand in order to provide independent constraints on the tectonic movement of the Indochina Block during convergence of the major blocks now comprising East Asia. The maximum allowable depositional age of the two formations is estimated to be 227 Ma and 215 Ma, respectively, from detrital zircon U–Pb geochronologic analysis which also indicates a sediment source transition in the Khorat Plateau Basin during the Middle–Late Jurassic. A formation mean paleomagnetic direction of Dg/Ig=21.4°/38.1° (kg=19.5, α95=9.6°) before and Ds/Is=43.0°/48.0° (ks=47.4, α95=6.1°, N=13) after tilt correction is derived from samples with different lithologies, bedding attitudes, magnetic carriers and polarities and yields a positive fold test. Hence, the magnetization is likely primary. The revised Mesozoic APWP of the Indochina Block yields paleolatitudes (for a reference site of 22°N, 102°E) of 33.4 ± 7.2°N during the Norian Late Triassic, 25.9 ± 5.9°N during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, 23.9 ± 8°N during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, 27.5 ± 3.2°N during the Early Cretaceous and 24.5 ± 4.9°N by the Late Cretaceous; corresponding declinations are 45.2 ± 8.6°, 38.0 ± 6.6°, 36.3 ± 8.8°, 29.6 ± 3.6° and 24.9 ± 5.4° respectively. These data indicate a significantly southward displacement accompanied by clockwise rotation during the Mesozoic. A reconstruction of the Indochina Block within the now well-studied merging process of South China and North China indicates that the Indochina Block was located at a higher latitude than the South China Block during the Norian stage of Late Triassic times whilst no significant relative poleward displacement apparently occurred during the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval. Our study supports a post-Cretaceous tectonic extrusion model with a southeastward displacement of Indochina with respect to the South China Block estimated to be 1000 ± 850 km since the Late Cretaceous.

Foldable and Disposable Memory on Paper.

Foldable organic memory on cellulose nanofibril paper with bendable and rollable characteristics is demonstrated by employing initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) for polymerization of the resistive switching layer and inkjet printing of the electrode, where iCVD based on all-dry and room temperature process is very suitable for paper electronics. This memory exhibits a low operation voltage of 1.5 V enabling battery operation compared to previous reports and wide memory window. The memory performance is maintained after folding tests, showing high endurance. Furthermore, the quick and complete disposable nature demonstrated here is attractive for security applications. This work provides an effective platform for green, foldable and disposable electronics based on low cost and versatile materials.

An investigation of design studio performance in relation to creativity, spatial ability, and visual cognitive style

Design is a complex, multifaceted problem-solving activity involving various cognitive abilities. Creativity and spatial ability are considered critical in design process and outcomes, and visual cognitive style represents the potential of artistic and scientific creativity; however, little empirical research exists on their relationships and roles in design studio performance. This paper is an investigation of how one's creativity, spatial ability, and visual cognitive styles relate to design studio performance, measured by grade. Identifying students' cognitive abilities and their relation to design studio performance is important for the development of meaningful pedagogy and the holistic understanding of student capacities. Fifty-nine freshman architecture and interior design majors' creativity, spatial ability, and visual cognitive style were measured using the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Mental Rotation Test, Paper Folding Test, the Architectural Spatial Ability Test, and the Object-Spatial Imagery Questionnaire, and compared with one another and with final grades in their design studio course. The effect of gender and academic major was investigated through a two-way ANOVA. The analysis revealed no correlations between studio course grade and the observed scores; but a positive correlation existed between general spatial abilities and visual cognitive styles. It also revealed males' outperformance in general spatial ability tasks and tendency of spatial visualizers. The results show that design studio performance cannot be measured and predicted directly by creativity, spatial ability, and visual cognitive style. The results highlight the necessity to develop measurement criteria of domain-specific creativity and spatial ability, and the importance of holistic understanding of student capacities and the nurturing process in education.

Clockwise rotation of the entire Oman ophiolite occurred in a suprasubduction zone setting

Abstract The Oman ophiolite provides a natural laboratory for understanding oceanic lithospheric processes. Previous paleomagnetic and structural investigations have been used to support a model involving rotation of the ophiolite during formation at a mid-oceanic microplate. However, recent geochemical evidence indicates that the ophiolite instead formed in a nascent forearc environment, opening the potential for alternative rotation mechanisms. Central to the conundrum is the contrast between ESE to SE magnetizations and NNW magnetizations from the northern and southern ophiolitic massifs, respectively, attributed previously to either differential tectonic rotations during spreading or complete emplacement-related remagnetization of the southern massifs. Here we report new paleomagnetic data from lower crustal rocks of the southern massifs that resolve this problem. Sampling of a continuous section in Wadi Abyad reveals ENE magnetizations in the dike rooting zone at the top of the lower crust that change systematically downwards to NNW directions in underlying foliated and layered gabbros. This is consistent only with remagnetization from the base upwards, replacing early remanences in layered and foliated gabbros completely but preserving original ENE magnetizations at higher levels. Comparison with new data from Wadi Khafifah provides a positive fold test that shows that this event occurred before late Campanian structural disruption of the regional orientation of the petrologic Moho. These data show that the entire ophiolite experienced large intraoceanic clockwise rotation prior to partial remagnetization, leading to a new tectonic model in which formation, rotation, and emplacement of the ophiolite are all linked to Late Cretaceous motion of Arabia and roll-back of the Oman subduction zone.

Tectonic evolution of the Malay Peninsula inferred from Jurassic to Cretaceous paleomagnetic results

A primary remanent magnetization is identified in the Jurassic-Cretaceous red bed sandstones of the Tembeling Group in Peninsular Malaysia. This high-temperature magnetic component is unblocked at 680–690°C, revealing a clockwise deflected direction of Ds=56.8°, Is=31.6° (where ks=8.5, α95=11.3° and N=22) in stratigraphic coordinates. The primary origin of this component is ascertained by a positive fold test and a geomagnetic polarity reversal in the Kuala Wau section. Secondary remanent magnetizations are identified in the rocks of the Tembeling and Bertangga basins, which indicate a counter-clockwise deflection in the geographic coordinates (Dg=349.1°, Ig=15.3° where kg=11.8, α95=5.1°, N=72). The comparison with the expected paleomagnetic directions from the 130Maand 40MaEurasian poles indicates two-stages of tectonic movement in the southern Malay Peninsula: (1) a clockwise rotation of 61.1°±11.9° accompanied by a 13.3°±8.1° southward displacement after the Cretaceous; and (2) a subsequent counter-clockwise rotation of 18.5°±5.0° to the present day position. The first stage of rotation is ascribed to tectonic deformation caused by the indentation of India into Asia after 55Ma, while the second stage is attributed to the collision of the Australian Plate with SE Asia after 30–20Ma. The present paleomagnetic results from the Jurassic-Cretaceous Tembeling Group thus reveal impacts of both of these collisions on SE Asia in general and on Peninsular Malaysia in particular.

Remagnetization and folding in the frontal Montana Rocky Mountains

Local-scale folds within the Mississippian Madison Group of the frontal Montana Rockies preserve pre- and synfolding remagnetization data. Paleomagnetic results display inclinations of ∼70°, in contrast to the expected shallower directions for North American Mississippian rocks. The magnetization is chemical in origin, preserved in superparamagnetic to single-domain magnetite grains from fluid activity. Magnetic intensity results in the study area suggest that mineralization was more prevalent in the interior of the fold-and-thrust belt and diminished toward the east, resulting in lower intensities from less magnetite growth in the very frontal portions of the belt into the foreland. Fold test results of individual folds show syn- and prefolding remagnetizations as a function of location across the belt, with synfolding results in more westerly locations and prefolding results in the most frontal folds of the belt. By comparing our synfolding results with previously determined deformation ages for the Rocky Mountains, an Eocene (53.6 Ma) age for the remagnetization can be assigned. Based on the relative timing of remagnetization, a spatial pattern of folding in the study area is revealed. Major folding commenced (i.e., synfolding magnetization) during an Eocene remagnetization event, while the most frontal portion remained undeformed (i.e., prefolding magnetization) and was subsequently folded after regional remagnetization.

Karakterisrik Fisiko-Kimia dan Sensoris Sosis Ikan Gabus dengan Kombinasi Jamur Tiram (Pleorotus sp.)

The purpose of this research was to know the characteristics physic, chemical, and sensory fish sausage of snakehead with a combination of oyster mushrooms. This research method using a Random Block Design (RBD). The parameters observed were gel strength and whiteness, water content, ash, fat, protein and crude fiber and sensory analysis include the quality hedonik and folding test. The results showed if the addition of oyster mushroom effect on gel strength and whiteness. For gel strength values from 143.33 to 475.43 gf, whiteness 54.52 to 70%. The best treatment quality fish sausage of snakehead with a combination of oyster mushrooms was the treatment with (95% snakehead and 5% oyster mushrooms). Besides the addition of oyster mushrooms on sausages provide fiber that useful for the body. The examination chemical testing addition of oyster mushrooms increase all observed from the water, ash, protein, fat and crude fiber.

Paleomagnetic evidence for a large rotation of the Yukon block relative to Laurentia: Implications for a low-latitude Sturtian glaciation and the breakup of Rodinia

Understanding the tectonic history of the supercontinent Rodinia is crucial for testing proposed links among Neoproterozoic tectonics, supercontinent cycles, climate, and biogeochemistry. The Neoproterozoic Mount Harper volcanics of the Ogilvie Mountains, Yukon, Canada, interfinger with Sturtian-age (ca. 717−660 Ma) glacial deposits that were deposited in narrow, fault-bounded basins related to the breakup of Rodinia. Here, we present new paleomagnetic data from the Mount Harper volcanics and isolate four paleomagnetic directions: a low-temperature direction recording the present geomagnetic field, a mid-temperature direction consistent with a Cretaceous overprint, and two high-temperature directions, one of which is carried by hematite and likely represents a chemical overprint, and the other of which is carried by magnetite and likely is a primary direction. This primary pole passes the fold and conglomerate tests and includes a reversal but is 50° away from the coeval 721−712 Ma Laurentian Franklin large igneous province pole. This difference can be reconciled using a 50° counterclockwise rotation of the Yukon block relative to Laurentia. The prerotation reconstruction of the Yukon block relative to Laurentia aligns Neoproterozoic fault orientations and facies belts between the Wernecke and Mackenzie Mountains, rectifies paleoflow measurements in Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic strata, and realigns the orientation of the ca. 1260 Ma Bear River dikes with the Mackenzie dike swarm of northern Canada. This reconstruction also facilitates future studies that relate Neoproterozoic sedimentary and structural patterns to the fragmentation of Rodinia. Finally, this low-latitude pole supports the snowball Earth interpretation of the ca. 717 Ma Sturtian glacial deposits.

Highly flexible TiO2-coated stainless steel fabric electrode prepared by liquid-phase deposition

Abstract In order to construct flexible lithium-ion batteries, stainless steel (SUS) fabric is used as a current collector for the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries. TiO 2 is coated onto the SUS fabric by liquid-phase deposition to construct an electrode consisting of an SUS wire core and a TiO 2 shell. A folding test is then conducted to assess the robustness of TiO 2 -coated SUS fabric, during which no detachment of TiO 2 particles from the SUS current collector is observed; the negative electrode shows a consistent electrochemical cycle performance even under severe physical duress. The TiO 2 -SUS fabric integration shows excellent flexibility without loss of electrochemical efficacy under mechanical stress, which occurs owing to three main factors. First, the mechanical stress imposed by folding is effectively dissipated by the 3-dimensional structure of the SUS fabric. Secondly, the TiO 2 electrode itself is free from mechanical stress owing to negligible volume change during electrochemical cycling. Thirdly, the high interfacial adhesion strength between TiO 2 and SUS fabric due to covalent bond formation during liquid-phase deposition prevents the loss of active material from the negative electrode during the folding tests.

End of the Kiaman Superchron in the Permian of SW England: magnetostratigraphy of the Aylesbeare Mudstone and Exeter groups

The chronology of Permian strata in SW England is fragmentary and largely based on radiometric dating of associated volcanic units. Magnetostratigraphy from the c. 2 km of sediments in the Exeter and Aylesbeare Mudstone groups was undertaken to define a detailed chronology, using the end of the Kiaman Superchron and the overlying reverse and normal polarity in the Middle and Upper Permian as age constraints. The palaeomagnetic directions are consistent with other European Permian palaeopoles, with data passing fold and reversal tests. The end of the Kiaman Superchron (in the Wordian) occurs in the uppermost part of the Exeter Group. The overlying Aylesbeare Mudstone Group is early Capitanian to latest Wuchiapingian in age. The Changhsingian and most of the Lower Triassic sequence is absent. Magnetostratigraphic comparison with the Southern Permian Basin shows that the Exeter and Aylesbeare Mudstone groups are closely comparable in age with the Havel and Elbe Subgroups of the Rotliegend II succession. The Altmark unconformities in these successions appear similar in age to the sequence boundaries in SW England, indicating that both may be climate controlled. Clasts in the Exeter Group, from unroofing of the Dartmoor Granite, first occurred at a minimum of c. 8 myr after formation of the granite. Supplementary material: Additional sampling, magnetic fabric and palaeomagnetic data are available at http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3283400

Paleomagnetism of the Carboniferous Rouchel Block, Tamworth Belt, and pole path revision for the New England Orogen, eastern Australia

ABSTRACTStructural, magnetic and gravity trends of the southern New England Orogen (SNEO) indicate four oroclinal structures, none conclusively confirmed paleomagnetically. Curved structures of the Tamworth Belt (TB)—a continental forearc exposed across six tectono-stratigraphic blocks with interlinked Carboniferous stratigraphies and extensive ignimbritic rocks known to retain primary magnetisations despite prevalent overprinting—are prospective to oroclinal testing through comparison of Carboniferous pole paths for individual blocks. Pole paths (a) have been established for the Rocky Creek and Werrie blocks (northwestern/western TB), (b) are described herein for the Rouchel Block (southwestern TB), and (c) are forthcoming for the Gresford and Myall blocks (southern/southeastern TB). The Rouchel path derives from detailed paleomagnetic, rock magnetic and magnetic fabric studies. Thermal, alternating field and liquid nitrogen demagnetisations show a low-temperature overprint, attributed to late Oligocene weathering, and high-temperature (HT) primary and overprint components in both magnetite and hematite carriers, showing slight, systematic, directional differences with hematite providing the better cleaned site poles. Seven primary mean-site poles of Tournaisian and mainly Visean age and three overprint poles show six positive fold tests, five at 95% or higher confidence levels. Two dispersed groupings of intermediate (IT) and HT overprint site poles of Permian and Permo-Triassic age are attributed to early and late phases in oroclinal evolution of the SNEO. HT and IT/HT overprint site poles of mid-Carboniferous age are attributed to Variscan Australia–Asia convergence. Individual pole paths for the Rocky Creek, Werrie and Rouchel blocks show no noticeable rotation between them, indicating primary curvature for the southwestern TB. Their integrated SNEO pole path establishes a reference frame for determining rotations of the southern and southeastern TB.

Study on the binding strength of polystyrene photonic crystals on polyester fabrics

Four different polystyrene colloidal microspheres were used to fabricate the photonic crystals on polyester fabrics via vertical deposition self-assembly. The binding strength of the resultant photonic crystals was evaluated by designing and performing the bending and folding test and the washing test. The differences in binding strength among the resultant photonic crystals on polyester fabrics were thoroughly investigated by means of digital camera, three-dimensional video microscope, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and the related mechanisms were profoundly analyzed. It was confirmed that the binding strength of the resultant polystyrene photonic crystals on fabrics is closely linked to their own compactness and the adhesive property between the microspheres and the fabric substrates. In general, the microspheres with softer polymer shell could easily adhere to the yarns, fibers, and their own adjacent microspheres to improve the binding strength between the photonic crystals and the fabrics. Moreover, the softer microspheres can more easily form the compact photonic crystal structure, and the array of the colloidal microspheres with more compactness in photonic crystals could possess better binding strength. However, too compact a photonic crystal structure might make the surrounding medium among colloidal array disappear and form a transparent film with uniform refractive index on fabric surface, leading to the lack of photonic band gap and the related optical properties.

The first paleomagnetic data on dolerites from Jeannette Island (New Siberian Islands, Arctic)

The first paleomagnetic data on dolerite dikes from the volcanogenic–sedimentary section of Jeannette Island (De Long Archipelago, New Siberian Islands) are discussed. The petromagnetic data and results of the baked contact and fold tests are used to substantiate the nature of the characteristic magnetization component, which in combination with the 40Ar/39Ar dates implies its likely Late Precambrian–Early Paleozoic age. The calculated paleomagnetic pole makes it possible to extend the trajectory of the apparent polar movement for the New Siberian Islands block and confirms the assumption that this structural element of the Arctic shelf evolved as a terrane. Two variants of paleotectonic interpretation of the obtained data and their consistency with the available data on the geology and tectonics of the New Siberian Islands are considered.

Combined effect of aminoacids and microbial transglutaminase on gelation of low salt surimi content under high pressure processing

Abstract The paper examines the effect of High Pressure Processing (HPP) (300 MPa), the incorporation of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and the addition of different additives such as lysine and cystine, as potential enhancers of low-salt (0.3%) surimi gel. Effects on myosin as the molecule responsible for gelation was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), and dynamic rheometry measurements. The effects on physicochemical properties of surimi gels were determined by Folding and Puncture tests and water holding capacity. Results indicated an increase in β-sheet when HPP was applied or additives added (cystine and lysine), especially when samples are treated with MTGase. Protein aggregation due to HPP and the additives resulted in lower myosin heavy chain (MHC) band density in the SDS–PAGE. Rheometry measurements indicated that MTGase activity was prompted by the incorporation of cystine and lysine in the absence of HPP. Also, HPP assisted gelation, resulting in improved mechanical properties of the gels. Samples containing additives, with or without HPP, exhibited the highest Folding test scores, indicating greater network flexibility. Lastly, water binding capacity was also enhanced by both additives and HPP. Industrial relevance The industrial relevance of the present work is focused on the appropriated gelation of myofibrillar proteins which is an essential step in the elaboration of surimi-based products. Sodium chloride has an important role in that fact inducing protein unfolding and solubilization. The reduction in NaCl content, following the NAOS strategy, required the application of different technologies to facilitate surimi adequate gelation. High-pressure processing has been commonly used as an innovative technology to prolong shelf life but it can be successfully used to induce proteins gelation. Due to that ability, the use of high pressure on surimi-based products result an interesting tool to facilitate surimi gelation. The use of Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) alone or in combination with some aminoacids such as lysine and cystine can significantly improve surimi gelation added in a very small proportion.

Early Carboniferous paleomagnetic results from the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau and their implications

We conducted paleomagnetic investigations on limestone from the Lower Carboniferous Huaitoutala Formation in the Qaidam Basin near Delingha City, Qinghai Province, China. The characteristic remanent magnetization (D=5.8°, I=−25.7°, k=114.3, α95=4.8°) passes a fold test and indicates a paleopole position of −39.2°N, 90.4°E and a paleolatitude of 13.5°N for the Qaidam Block for the early Carboniferous. Based on global tectonic reconstructions and paleontological evidence, we suggest that the Qaidam Block was adjacent to, but independent from, the North China, South China, Alashan–Hexi and Tarim blocks at this time. This result suggests that Pre-Carboniferous sutures reported around the Qaidam Basin represent collisional events within Gondwana, rather than the final sutures that gave rise to the present tectonic configuration.

Fully Solution-Processed and Foldable Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistor.

Flexible and foldable thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been widely studied with the objective of achieving high-performance and low-cost flexible TFTs for next-generation displays. In this study, we introduced the fabrication of foldable TFT devices with excellent mechanical stability, high transparency, and high performance by a fully solution process including PI, YOx, In2O3, SWCNTs, IL-PVP, and Ag NWs. The fabricated fully solution-processed TFTs showed a higher transmittance above 86% in the visible range. Additionally, the charge-carrier mobility and Ion/Ioff ratio of them were 7.12 ± 0.43 cm(2)/V·s and 5.53 ± 0.82 × 10(5) at a 3 V low voltage operating, respectively. In particular, the fully solution-processed TFTs showed good electrical characteristics under tensile strain with 1 mm bending and even extreme folding up to a strain of 26.79%. Due to the good compatibility of each component layer, it maintained the charge-carrier mobility over 79% of initial devices after 5,000 cycles of folding test in both the parallel and perpendicular direction with a bending radius of 1 mm. These results show the potential of the fully solution-processed TFTs as flexible TFTs for a next generation devices because of the robust mechanical flexibility, transparency, and high electrical performance of it.

Localized Deformation in Compression and Folding of Paperboard

The localized deformation patterns developed during in-plane compression and folding of paperboard have been studied in this work. X-ray post-mortem images reveal that cellulose fibres have been reoriented along localized bands in both the compression and folding tests. In folding, the paperboard typically fails on the side where the compressive stresses exists and wrinkles are formed. The in-plane compression test is however difficult to perform because of the slender geometry of the paperboard. A common technique to determine the compression strength is to use the so-called short-span compression test (SCT). In the SCT, a paperboard with a free length of 0.7 mm is compressed. Another technique to measure the compression strength is the long edge test where the motion of the paperboard is constrained on the top and bottom to prevent buckling. A continuum model that previously has been proposed by the authors is further developed and utilized to predict the occurrence of the localized bands. It is shown that the in-plane strength in compression for paperboard can be correlated to the mechanical behaviour in folding. By tuning the in-plane yield parameters to the SCT response, it is shown that the global response in folding can be predicted. The simulations are able to predict the formation of wrinkles, and the deformation field is in agreement with the measured deformation pattern. The model predicts an unstable material response associated with localized deformation into bands in both the SCT and folding. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.