Folch Method Research Articles

Temperature dependent growth rate, lipid content and fatty acid composition of the marine cold-water diatom Porosira glacialis

In this study, the northern cold-water marine diatom Porosira glacialis was cultivated in a pilot-scale mass cultivation system at 5 different temperatures (−2 to 12 °C), in order to evaluate temperature-dependent growth rate (in vitro Chl a), lipid content (Folch's method) and fatty acid (FA) composition (GC–MS) in the exponential growth phase. We found that P. glacialis has a wide temperature range, with maximum growth at 12 °C and positive growth even at sub-zero water temperatures. The lipid content was inversely correlated with temperature, peaking at 33.4 ± 4.0% at 2 °C, and was highly desaturated independently of temperature; PUFA content varied from 71.50 ± 0.88% at 12 °C to 82 ± 0.64% at −2 °C. EPA was the main FA at all temperatures (31.0 ± 0.7–40.4 ± 1.2% of total FAs).

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Fatty Acid Content of Meat Products in Kermanshah

Background: One of the main nutritionally important food compositions is fat and fatty acid. High levels of some fats leave irreversible effects on community health in the long term. The present study was conducted to determine the amount of fatty acids in meat products. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, eight types of meat products available on the market were investigated because of their importance, including kebab, hamburger, sausage, red meat, chicken and canned tuna. For the greater accuracy of the results, three fresh samples were prepared from each product and tests were repeated. Fatty acids were extracted from oils by Folch method, and purified following extraction and methylation by AOCS method. Samples obtained were analyzed in a gas chromatography device. Results: The most frequent saturated fatty acids were palmitic and stearic acids in burgers, and palmitic and caproic acids in salami and canned tuna. The most frequent trans-fatty acid (elaidic acid) was found in burgers (15.98 ± 4.69 %). The most frequent saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found in burgers with 62%, which was significantly higher than canned tuna and salami (P = 0.012). The highest level of PUFA was observed in canned tuna (28.6%) and the lowest in burgers (4.6%) (P < 0.001). The ratio of PUFA/MUFA varied from 0.15% in burgers to 1.08% in canned fish (P < 0.001). The ratio of PUFA/SFA was favorable in salami and tuna, but low in burgers (0.07%). The ratios of PUFA/MUFA and PUFA/SFA were different in three groups of protein content foods (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The study revealed that burgers contained higher SFA and TFA levels and lower and PUFA/SFA ratio compare to other studied food groups. Including fatty acids content mainly TFA and SFAs on food labeling highly recommended to improve public nutritional knowledge for choosing safe foods.

Lipid and essential oil constituents of Cota hamzaoglui (Asteraceae)

In the present work, lipids and essential oil constituents of endemic Cota hamzaoglui Özbek &amp;amp; Vural were investigated with GC-FID/MS techniques. The fatty acids fraction was isolated with liquid-liquid extraction from the herb with Folch method and then methylated with BF3 reagent. Linolenic, linoleic, oleic and hexadecanoic acids were found to be the main fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids (66.0%) prevailed upon saturated (33.6%) ones. The essential oil was characterized with high percentage of the fatty acids (34.7 %), alkanes (14.0 %) and aliphatic aldehydes (8.3 %). The present study is the first report on chemical composition of C. hamzaoglui lipids and essential oil.

Optimization of Folch, Bligh-Dyer, and Matyash sample-to-extraction solvent ratios for human plasma-based lipidomics studies

In order to profile the lipidome for untargeted lipidomics applications, analysis by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) typically requires the extraction of lipid content from sample matrices using matrix-specific conditions. The Folch, Bligh-Dyer, and Matyash extraction methods, while promising approaches, were originally tailored to specific matrices (brain tissue, fish muscle, and E. coli, respectively). Each of these methods have specific solvent ratios that must be adhered to achieve optimal extraction. Thus, the sample-to-solvent ratios for these methods should be optimized for the sample matrix of interest prior to employment. This study evaluated the appropriate sample-to-extraction solvent ratios for human plasma-based lipidomics studies. An advantage of employing biphasic lipid extractions is the ability to investigate both the aqueous and organic layers for increased analyte coverage in untargeted studies. Therefore, this work also evaluated the multi-omic capability of each lipid extraction method for plasma in an effort to provide a workflow capable of increasing analyte coverage in a single extraction, thus providing a more complete understanding of complex biological systems. In plasma, a decrease in sample-to-solvent ratios from 1:4, 1:10, 1:20, to 1:100 (v/v) resulted in a gradual increase in the peak area of a diverse range of metabolite (aqueous layer) and lipid (organic layer) species for each extraction method up to the 1:20(v/v) sample-to-solvent ratio. The Bligh-Dyer and Folch methods yielded the highest peak areas at every plasma sample-to-solvent ratios for both metabolite and lipid species. Depending on the lipid class of interest, the Folch or Bligh-Dyer method is best suited for analysis of human plasma at a 1:20 (v/v) sample to total solvent ratio.

Optimization of lipid extraction from the oleaginous yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Lipomyces kononenkoae

The constant growing demand for vegetable oil for biodiesel and food is raising many environmental concerns about the sustainability of its production based on crops. Oleaginous yeasts show great potential to end with those concerns due to their high lipid productivity in small areas. To evaluate their productivity in lipids, an efficient and reproducible extraction process should be used. As no standard extraction process is available for the extraction of yeast lipids, an optimized extraction process is presented. In this work, the lipids extraction process for the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Lipomyces kononenkoae is optimized using bead beating for cell rupture and introducing adaptations of the two most used extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer and Folch). For Rhodotorula g. the optimum extraction conditions are obtained by the Bligh and Dyer method applying 4.8 cycles of 47 s with 0.7 g of glass beads. For Lipomyces k. the optimum extraction conditions make use of the Folch method applying seven cycles of 42 s with 0.54 g of glass beads. These results reinforce the idea that, for each yeast, different extraction processes may be needed to correctly determine the lipid yield. The extraction procedure was further evaluated with less harmful solvents. Toluene was tested as a possible substitute of chloroform, and ethanol as a possible substitute of methanol. With the optimized extraction process, better results for Lipomyces k. were obtained using toluene and ethanol, while for Rhodotorula g. toluene proved to be a valid substitute of chloroform but ethanol is far less effective than methanol.

Maternal obesity is not associated with placental lipid accumulation in women with high omega-3 fatty acid levels

IntroductionPlacentas of obese women have higher lipid content compared to lean women. We have previously shown that supplementation of overweight and obese women with omega-3 fatty acids decreases placental esterification pathways and total lipid content in a mid-western population (Ohio). We hypothesized that placental lipid accumulation and inflammation would be similar between lean and obese women living in a region of high omega-3 intake, such as Hawaii. MethodsFifty-five healthy, normal glucose tolerant women from Honolulu Hawaii, dichotomized based on pre-pregnancy BMI into lean (BMI <25 kg/m2, n = 29) and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2, n = 26), were recruited at scheduled term cesarean delivery. Maternal plasma DHA levels were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Expression of key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and esterification were measured in placental tissue using qPCR. Total lipids were extracted from placental tissue via the Folch method. TNF-α concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in placental lysates. ResultsDHA levels were higher in lean women compared to obese women (P = 0.02). However, DHA levels in obese women in Hawaii were eight times higher compared to obese Ohioan women (P=<0.0001). Placental lipid content and expression of key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and esterification were similar (P > 0.05) between lean and obese women in Hawaii. Furthermore, TNF-α placental lysates were not different between lean and obese women. ConclusionsThough obese women in Hawaii have lower DHA levels compared to their lean counterparts, these levels remain over eight times as high as obese Ohioan women. These relatively high plasma omega-3 levels in obese women in Hawaii may suppress placental lipid esterification/storage and inflammation to the same levels of lean women, as seen previously in vitro.

A shrinking core model for Nannochloropsis salina oil extraction using subcritical water

In this study, subcritical water extraction (SCWE) was used for dynamic extraction of crude oil of Nannochloropsis salina. The effect of three parameters including water temperature, flow rate and sample loading on the extraction efficiency was investigated and the whole process was simulated by using a two-phase mathematical model. Water temperature, flow rate and sample loading were varied from 150 to 200 °C, from 1 to 4 mL/min and from 1 to 4 g, respectively. The best operating conditions were selected to be 175 °C, 4 mL/min and 1 g and at those conditions, the fatty acids profile was compared with the Folch method. Because of the nature of the biomass and small particle sizes of the cells, a mathematical model based on the shrinking core model (SCM) was developed to evaluate the behavior of the extraction process. Kinetic parameters of the model incl. external film mass transfer coefficient (kf), solute-solvent binary diffusion coefficient (D12), axial dispersion coefficient (Dax) and effective diffusivity (De) in solid particle were determined. The later one was selected as the tuning parameter of the model and the others were attained from available correlations. The model predictions were in good agreement with experimental data.

The development of simple flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometric methods for the cutaneous determination of peptide-modified cationic gemini surfactants used as gene delivery vectors

Diquaternary ammonium gemini surfactants are a class of non-viral gene delivery vectors, primarily studied for their dermal applications. However, their biological fate has rarely been investigated. In this work, we developed simple flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometric methods, (FIA)-MS/MS, to understand the fate and biodistribution of topically applied gemini surfactant-based therapeutics in an ex-vivo skin model.Three peptide-modified gemini surfactants with varied structures and transfection efficiencies were evaluated. For each compound, two methods were developed to quantify their presence in skin tissue and in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The methods were developed using single-point calibration mode. Skin penetration was assessed on CD1 mice dorsal skin tissue mounted in a Franz diffusion cell after extraction. Amongst the five evaluated liquid-liquid extraction protocols, the Folch method provides the highest extraction efficiency for all compounds. Weak cationic exchange solid phase extraction was also used to further isolate gemini surfactants from endogenous skin lipids. FIA–MS/MS analysis of the skin revealed that all compounds were detected in the skin with minimal partition into the PBS compartment, which represents circulation. Interestingly, the detected amounts of gemini lipids in the skin were correlated with their transfection efficiencies.

Seafood Phospholipids: Extraction Efficiency and Phosphorous Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P NMR) Profiles

AbstractThe absolute concentration of phospholipids (PL) (μmol g−1, wet tissue) in five marine tissues was determined using quantitative phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR). Hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) roe was identified as a “high‐PL” seafood, containing 15.97 ± 4.72 μmol g−1 (wet tissue) of these compounds. This was 2–4× higher than the concentration of PL in monkfish (Lophius spp.) fillets (4.26 ± 1.52), arrow squid (Nototodarus sloanii) mantle (8.95 ± 0.89), Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) (7.04 ± 0.87), or hoki liver (6.03 ± 0.76). The amount of PL extracted from these tissues was dependent on the extraction method used, with the Folch (1957) method consistently extracting more oil (and more PL) from all five tissues than the Bligh and Dyer (1959) and Jensen (2003) methods. The individual PL profiles of each tissue are also reported.

A rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of cardiolipin (18:2)4 in human leukocytes and mouse skeletal muscles

A rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method has been developed for quantitative analysis of cardiolipin (18:2)4 or CL (18:2)4 in human leukocytes and mouse mitochondria. The structural analog CL (14:0)4 was used as the internal standard. Both CL (18:2)4 and the IS were extracted using a modified Folch method, and separated on a Waters XBridge® BEH C18 XP column using a mobile phase of 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile/water (90:10, v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Quantitation was achieved by negative ESI-MS/MS in MRM mode. The total run time was 2.00 min with retention times of 0.74 min for the IS and 0.84 min for CL (18:2)4, respectively. The method was validated according to the US-FDA guidance for bioanalytical method validation using human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, which had a calibration range of 0.120–60.2 nM with a correlation coefficient >0.999. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were ≤±5% and ≤8%. The IS normalized matrix factors of CL (18:2)4 and the IS normalized recoveries of CL (18:2)4 ranged 0.92–1.04, and 95–101%, respectively. The stability studies showed that CL (18:2)4 was stable under various test conditions. The developed method was successfully applied to the measurement of CL (18:2)4 in various biological samples including K562 and HL-60 human leukemia cell lines, U937 human lymphoma cell line, white blood cells from patients of Alzheimer’s disease and normal cognitive controls (NCCs), and mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscles. It may be useful for preclinical and clinical studies of this compound.

Antioxidant properties and lipid composition of selected microalgae

Marine and freshwater microalgae were evaluated for their antioxidant properties and lipid composition. Both lipophilic (L) and hydrophilic (H) oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values were measured. Among the tested microalgae, the marine microalga Nannochloropsis granulata showed the highest total ORAC value at 6948 μmol TE (100 g)−1, followed by the freshwater species Neochloris oleoabundans at 4508 μmol TE (100 g)−1 and Scenedesmus obliquus at 4406 μmol TE (100 g)−1 of algal biomass. Freeze-dried algal biomass was also examined for lipid content by the Folch method. Lipid content ranged from 30.9 to 49.3% and linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation between the lipid content and the ORAC values. Tested microalgae showed moderate and dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The total phenol assay shows that marine microalga Tetraselmis chui had the highest phenolic content at 57.5 μmol GAE g−1 and N. oleoabundans had the lowest at 26.6 μmol GAE g−1 of MeOH extract. A statistically significant correlation was detected between DPPH radical scavenging activity and the phenolic content. Fatty acid analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids constituted > 45% of the total fatty acid content in N. oleoabundans, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium aerugineum, S. obliquus, and Scenedesmus sp. Total carotenoid concentration ranged from 1.1 to 29.5 mg g−1 of dry algal biomass. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene are common carotenoids found in most of the algae tested. P. tricornutum contains significant amount of fucoxanthin at 24.3 mg g−1 algal biomass. These carotenoids also contributed to the overall antioxidative activity of microalgae.

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Halal Authentication of Beef Meatball Adulterated with Dog Meat

Beef meatball is one of the favorite meat-based food products among Indonesian community. Currently, beef is very expensive in Indonesian market compared to other common meat types such as chicken and lamb. This situation has intrigued some unethical meatball producers to replace or adulterate beef with lower priced-meat like dog meat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for identification and quantification of dog meat (DM) in beef meatball (BM). Meatball samples were prepared by adding DM into BM ingredients in the range of 0–100% wt/wt and were subjected to extraction using Folch method. Lipid extracts obtained from the samples were scanned using FTIR spectrophotometer at 4000–650 cm-1. Partial least square (PLS) calibration was used to quantify DM in the meatball. The results showed that combined frequency regions of 1782–1623 cm-1 and 1485-659 cm-1 using detrending treatment gave optimum prediction of DM in BM. Coefficient of determination (R2) for correlation between the actual value of DM and FTIR predicted value was 0.993 in calibration model and 0.995 in validation model. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and standard error of cross validation (SECV) were 1.63% and 2.68%, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis can serve as an accurate and reliable method for analysis of DM in meatball.

The effect of the Brassica oleracea extract on the structural components of mucous cells of the stomach in its ulcerative damage

Aim. To study the effect of the Brassica oleracea extract on the total content of proteins and lipids of mucous cells of the stomach in the experimental ulcer.Materials and methods. On the model of alcohol-prednisolone ulcer in rats the effect of the Brassica oleracea extract on the content of proteins and lipids of the mucous cells of the stomach was studied. To study the phospholipid content of membranes the lipid fraction was separated by Folch method. Separation of phospholipids into separate fractions was carried out by thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The protein spectrum of the stroma was studied by gel chromatography.Results and discussion. The mechanism of the reparative action of the Brassica oleracea extract in the experimental gastric ulcer consisted in formation of a new fraction of proteins with the molecular mass of 36 kDa and restoration of the lipid content of the gastric mucosa. It was accompanied with normalization of the structural and functional state of the mucosa by the restitution type with complete restoration of the mucous membrane.Conclusions. The Brassica oleracea extract in ulcerative damage of the stomach promotes the processes of regeneration of proteins and lipids on the mucous cells of the stomach leading to reparation.

Preparation of samples for gas-chromatographic determination of fatty acids: direct transesterification of lipids of dry biological sample is preferred in comparison with the methods employing preliminary lipid extraction.

Different methods of sample preparation and derivatization were compared from the point of view of product yield, speed and convenience of the technique used. Fatty acid determination in absolutely dry objects (biochemical preparations, food protein isolates, lyophilized microbial biomass) may be performed easily with the use of Folch method provided that 4-component system "chloroform/ methanol/water/acetic acid" was employed. Nevertheless, we ould not find any real advantages of classical Folch or Hara-Radin extraction method variants when compared to simple non-extraction technique (which consists in direct trans-esterification of dried biomaterial due to sequential sample treating with sodium methoxide and boron trifluoride methanolic solutions). The letter method, being completely universal, provides considerable increase of fatty esters yield, sample preparation is noticeably simplified and accelerated (becoming much more economical). It's "dry blood spot" variant (using cellulose or, preferably, fluoroplast filter paper disks) seems to be extremely convenient for laboratory routine analysis of liquid biological samples, allowing to exclude not only their liquid-liquid extraction but also the stage of vacuum drying. Unlike the methods of Folch and Hara-Radin, the non-extraction method does not necessarily require the homogenization of the biological material, that is, it's grinding to fragments of micron size. Direct derivatization method provides noticeably better parameters of fatty acids yield even for relatively large particles - 0.2-1.0 mm - of the test material (in comparison with those parameters observed upon extraction of micron size homogenizates by the Folch method in its most advanced modifications).

Optimizing the Extraction of Oils from Date Seeds for Biodiesel Production

Increasing attention has been recently focused on producing biodiesel from non-edible organic materials to avoid competing on food sources. The focus of the present work is to assess the possibility of extracting oils from date seeds (DS), which is a waste biomass that can then be used in biodiesel production. Two cultivars of local date seeds, namely, Khalas and Allig, have been used. Oil was extracted by Soxhlet and Folch methods from DS particles in five size ranges (300 nm, 0.1–0.3 mm, 0.3–0.85 mm, 0.85–1.18 mm, and > 1.18 mm) and compared to ungrounded DS. The size of the DS particles was found to have a clear effect on the oil extraction yield percentage (OEYP), which increased with the decrease in the particles size, excluding the nano-particles at which the OEYP reduced. The maximum OEYPs were achieved from Allig DS in the size range of 0.1–0.3 mm, which were 9.0 and 10.4%, using the Folch and Soxhlet extractions, respectively. The same size range, the maximum OEYPs, was also achieved from Khalas DS and was very close to those achieved from the Allig DS. The Soxhlet extraction was generally more effective than the Folch extraction in all size ranges. The difference in the effectiveness was minimum in the size range of 0.1–0.3 mm, and increased as the particles’ size increased. In the Folch process, the effects of the duration of main steps, namely, the ultra-sonication, orbital shaking, and centrifugation, on the OEYP, were evaluated. Using Allig DS in the size range of 0.1–0.3 mm, the effects of the times of ultra-sonication, above 1 min, and centrifugation on OEYP were insignificant, whereas the orbital shaking time had a slight negative effect. This work provides important information of the extraction process of oils from DS, and brings their use for biodiesel production closer to commercialization.

Involvement of autophagy in the beneficial effects of resveratrol in hepatic steatosis treatment. A comparison with energy restriction.

Autophagy eliminates damaged cellular components. In the liver, it has been proposed that it mediates the breakdown of lipid droplets. This study aimed to compare the involvement of autophagy and the oxidative status in the effects of resveratrol and energy restriction as therapeutic tools for managing liver steatosis. In addition, potential additive or synergic effects were studied. Rats were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet for 6 weeks and then divided into four experimental groups and fed a standard diet: a control group (C), a resveratrol-treated group (RSV, 30 mg kg-1 d-1), an energy restricted group (R, -15%), and an energy restricted group treated with resveratrol (RR). Liver triacylglycerols (TGs) were measured by Folch's method. TBARS, GSH, GSSG, GPx and SOD were assessed using commercial kits. The protein expression of beclin, atg5 and p62, as well as ratios of pSer555 ULK1/total ULK1, pSer757 ULK1/total ULK1 and LC3 II/I were determined by western blotting. Energy restriction increased the protein expression of beclin, atg5 and pSer757 ULK1/total ULK1 and LC3 II/I ratios, and reduced the protein expression of p62, thus indicating that it induced autophagy activation. The effects of resveratrol were similar but less marked than the hypocaloric diet. No differences were observed in oxidative stress determinants except for TBARS, which was decreased by energy restriction. In conclusion, resveratrol can reverse partially dietary-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, although less efficiently than energy restriction. The delipidating effect of energy restriction is mediated in part by the activation of autophagy; however, the involvement of this process in the effects of resveratrol is less clear.

The potential use of infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for differentiation of beef meatball from dog meat for Halal authentication analysis

Objective: The objective of this research was to assess the suitability of FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis of partial least square regression (PLSR) along with pattern recognition technique of principal component analysis (PCA) for rapid quantitative and qualitative (identification) analysis of dog meat in beef meatball formulation. Materials and Methods: The lipid fraction of meatball was obtained by employing two different extraction techniques, namely Bligh-Dyer and Folch method. FTIR spectral bands correlated with beef fat, pork fat, chicken fat and rat fat were measured, interpreted, and qualitatively analyzed. The small variations among spectra were exploited as a basis tools to differentiate between dog fat and other animal fats. Results : PCA at combined wavenumber regions of 1700-700 cm -1 was capable of identifying dog meat in meatball. These wavenumbers were also used for quantitative analysis of dog meat in meatball using PLSR model. Based on statistical parameters used, namely R 2 , RMSEC and RMSEP, Folch extraction method offered higher R 2 and lower RMSEC and RMSEP than Bligh-Dyer. PCA is succesfully applied for classification between meatball containing dog meat and other meats. Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analyses of PLSR and PCA was effective means for rapid screening of dog meat in meatball products. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e281

Development of FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for analysis of rat meat in beef sausage employing three lipid extraction systems

ABSTRACTThe substitution of rat meat (non-halal meat) in beef-based sausage products is illegal practice. This study was aimed to develop Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for analysis of rat meat in sausage employing three different lipid extraction techniques. Lipid was extracted from the sausages using Bligh and Dyer, Folch, and Soxhlet methods. The lipid extracted was then analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square (PLS) calibration. The absorbance values at wavenumbers region of 750–1800 cm−1 were selected in PCA for classification and PLS modeling for quantification. PCA was successfully used to classify rat meat and beef lipids extracted by the three lipid extraction methods. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) during PLS calibration modeling on lipid extracted from beef–rat meat sausages using Bligh and Dyer, Folch, and Soxhlet method were 0.945 and 2.73%; 0.991 and 1.73%; 0.992 and 1.69%, respectively. The validation study showed that R2 and root mean square error of prediction values for the correlation between actual value of rat meat and FTIR predicted value using lipids extracted by Folch and Soxhlet method were 0.458 and 18.90%, and 0.983 and 4.21%, respectively. Statistical analysis using independent t-test (p = 0.95) showed that there were significant differences on the content of some fatty acids of beef lipid and rat lipid as determined using gas chromatography. The contents of fatty acids of C12:0, C16:0, C16:1 cis 9, and C18:0 in rat lipid were higher than those in beef lipid, and the otherwise was observed for fatty acids of C14:1 cis 9, C15:0, C17:0, C17:1 cis 10, unsaturated C18, and C21:0. The difference in lipid composition, as indicated in FTIR spectra profiles and fatty acid composition, can be used as fingerprint technique for analysis of rat meat in beef sausage for halal authentication purpose.

On-Chip Lipid Extraction Using Superabsorbent Polymers for Mass Spectrometry.

Pretreatment of samples is one of the most important steps in analytical methods for efficient and accurate results. Typically, an extraction method used for lipid analysis with mass spectrometry is accompanied by complex liquid-liquid extraction. We have devised a simple, rapid, and efficient lipid extraction method using superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) and developed a high-throughput lipid extraction platform based on a microfluidic system. Since SAPs can rapidly absorb an aqueous solution from a raw sample and convert it into the gel, the lipid extraction process can be remarkably simplified. The hydrophobic lipid components were captured into the fibrous SAP gel and then solubilized and eluted directly into the organic solvent without significant interference by this polymer. The small-scale lipid extraction process minimizes the liquid handling and unnecessary centrifugation steps, thereby enabling the implementation of a SAP-integrated microfluidic lipid extraction platform. The SAP method successfully induced reproducible extraction and high recovery rates (95-100%) compared to the conventional Folch method in several lipid classes. We also demonstrated the feasibility of the SAP method for the analysis of lipids in complex biological samples, such as the brain and liver, as well as Escherichia coli. This small-scale SAP method and its microfluidic platform will open up new possibilities in high-throughput lipidomic research for diagnosing diseases because this new technique saves time, labor, and cost.

Changes of indicators of the oxidative status of rats in experimentaltype 2 diabetes and their correction by a selenium-chrome-lipid substances from Chlorella vulgaris Beij

Introduction. Receiving effective medicines of natural origin is of great importance in modern medicine and pharmacy. It is important to investigate the causes of origin and occurrence of type 2diabetes, that leads to the development of complex concomitant diseases and complications in patients’ organism, primarily metabolic and regulatory. One of the most promising ways to achieve a balanced diet and prevent metabolic disorders is to use biologically active additives (BAAs) made on a basis of unicellular algae. In such BAAs, all minerals are of natural origin and are in the bound form of natural complexes with proteins, carbohydrates or lipids.The aim of the study – to assessthe oxidative processes status in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity under the influence of the seleniumchromlipid complex from Chlorella vulgarisBeij.and inorganic compounds of chromium and selenium.Research Methods. The experiment was performed using conventional hydrobiological methods of algae cultivation, separation of lipids from algae biomass by chloroform-methanol mixture using the Folch method, modeling the pathology of streptozotocine induced diabetes mellitus, studying oxidative processes in blood and liver of rats (determination of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activity, thiobarbituricacid-reactive substances (TBARS) , diene conjugates and restored glutathione) after the corresponding intragastric administration ofseleniumchromlipid substance that was obtained from chlorella.Results and Discussion. The results of the conducted studies showed a positive effect of seleniumchromlipid substance obtained from chlorella for the simulation of type 2 diabetes on the background of obesity. Under these conditions, the body oxidative status indicators in rats comparing with the indicators in animals with diabetes improved, but remained lower than in healthy animals of control group. The mentioned complex leads to the normalization of a number of metabolism indicators and reduction of intoxication background, which accompanies hyperglycemic pathology.Conclusions. Lipid substances obtained from algae and enriched with trace elements are promising in the prevention and correction of metabolic and regulatory processes.