Fetal Bovine Serum Research Articles

Ethnobotanical Exploration and Formulation Development of Cream Containing Ammi majus Linn and Portulaca oleracea Linn

Stearic acid served as the emulsifier in the preparation of an O/W emulsion-based cream that also included oil-soluble components and water-based extracts of Ammi majus Linn and Portulaca oleracea Linn. The cream was evaluated for color, appearance, presence of foreign particles/grittiness, pH, viscosity, phase separation, and extrudability. A skin irritation study was conducted on Wistar rats, with intact skin and hair removed three days earlier experiment. Cream-containing extracts were applied to test animals, and the backs of animals were scrutinized for erythema and edema. To study psoriatic skin cells in-vitro, researchers used the HaCaT cell line. Researchers also used the SRB assay to look for antipsoriatic effects in-vitro. Cultures of human keratinocyte cell lines HaCaT were carried out in a medium that included 10% fetal bovine serum and was otherwise identical to Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium. In order to reach a concentration of 10%, 25 μL of 50% TCA was added to each well after 72 hours, creating a thin layer of ended drug dilutions. Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the extracts of A. majus Linn and P. oleracea Linn were soluble in water and had a yellowish solid color. The cream formulation showed good emulsionability, no foreign particles or grittiness, and no phase separation. The skin irritation test on Swiss albino rats showed that the standard drug (Retino A 0.05% cream) was free from irritation. The cream’s acceptability for topical use was also observed.

Smartphone enabled machine learning approach assisted copper (II) quantification and opto-electrochemical explosive recognition by Aldazine-functionalized chemobiosensor

An Aldazine-based optoelectrochemical sensor, BMH (1-(quinolin-4-ylmethylene)hydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol) has been introduced herein for selective detection of aqueous copper (Cu2+) and 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol (TNP) at an ultra-low level detection limit (0.09 ppm for Cu2+ and 0.019 ppm for TNP). Multichannel recognition aptitude of the chemosensor (BMH) towards both Cu2+ and TNP along with bountiful practical applications ascertained it as an innovative one in the environmental and biomedical domains. BMH can detect Cu2+ in water, fetal bovine serum, and human urine samples, while explosive TNP can be identified in water, soil, and matches powder. The intracellular Cu2+ and TNP recognition efficiencies of BMH have been investigated in human lung cancer cell lines (A459). The hassle-free smartphone ensemble machine learning approach for Cu2+quantification has been introduced which would certainly be a significant addition in the domain of water quality analysis. Moreover, the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) mediated reversibility of the probe could serve as a logic gate imitating electrical circuitry.

Ethnobotanical Exploration and Formulation Development of Cream Containing Ammi majus Linn and Portulaca oleracea Linn

Stearic acid served as the emulsifier in the preparation of an O/W emulsion-based cream that also included oil-soluble components and water-based extracts of Ammi majus Linn and Portulaca oleracea Linn. The cream was evaluated for color, appearance, presence of foreign particles/grittiness, pH, viscosity, phase separation, and extrudability. A skin irritation study was conducted on Wistar rats, with intact skin and hair removed three days earlier experiment. Cream-containing extracts were applied to test animals, and the backs of animals were scrutinized for erythema and edema. To study psoriatic skin cells in-vitro, researchers used the HaCaT cell line. Researchers also used the SRB assay to look for antipsoriatic effects in-vitro. Cultures of human keratinocyte cell lines HaCaT were carried out in a medium that included 10% fetal bovine serum and was otherwise identical to Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium. In order to reach a concentration of 10%, 25 μL of 50% TCA was added to each well after 72 hours, creating a thin layer of ended drug dilutions. Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the extracts of A. majus Linn and P. oleracea Linn were soluble in water and had a yellowish solid color. The cream formulation showed good emulsionability, no foreign particles or grittiness, and no phase separation. The skin irritation test on Swiss albino rats showed that the standard drug (Retino A 0.05% cream) was free from irritation. The cream’s acceptability for topical use was also observed.

Multiomics analysis of platelet-rich plasma promoting biological performance of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells are ideal seed cells for tissue repair and cell therapy and have promising applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Using Platelet-Rich Plasma as an adjuvant to create and improve the microenvironment for Mesenchymal Stem Cells growth can enhance the biological properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and improve the efficacy of cell therapy. However, the mechanism by which Platelet-Rich Plasma improves the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells is still unknown. In this study, by examining the effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, combined with multiomics analysis (Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics) and related tests, we analyzed the specific pathways, related mechanisms and metabolic pathways of Platelet-Rich Plasma to improve the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. In an in vitro cell culture system, the biological performance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells was significantly improved after replacing Foetal Bovine Serum with Platelet-Rich Plasma, and the genes (ESM1, PDGFB, CLEC7A, CCR1 and ITGA6 et al.) related to cell proliferation, adhesion, growth, migration and signal transduction were significantly upregulated. Platelet-Rich Plasma can enhance the secretion function of MSC exosomes, significantly upregulate many proteins related to tissue repair, immune regulation and anti-infection, and enhance the repair effect of exosomes on skin injury. After replacing Foetal Bovine Serum with Platelet-Rich Plasma, Mesenchymal Stem Cells underwent metabolic reprogramming, the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids and various signaling pathways were changed, the anabolic pathways of various proteins were enhanced. These results provide a theoretical and technical reference for optimizing the Mesenchymal Stem Cells culture system, improving the biological characteristics and clinical application effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The Phylogenetic Characterization of Balantioides coli Isolated in the Pavlova Culture Medium Supplemented with Coconut Water and Animal Serum.

Balantioides coli is a ciliated protist that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates and may have the potential for zoonotic transmission. Its diagnosis is routinely performed through conventional parasitological techniques, and few studies have used culturing techniques to isolate it, applying molecular tools for the characterization of this protozoan. Thus, the objective of this study was to confirm B. coli diagnosis using molecular tools and to characterize the genetic variants of this parasite isolated from pigs kept on family farms in Brazil using three different culture media that differed in the serum added. Fecal samples from pigs were inoculated in Pavlova medium plus coconut water (PC), fetal bovine serum (PB) and horse serum (PH). Of the 127 samples positive for forms compatible with the phylum Ciliophora, 31 were selected for isolation. The most successful medium for isolation was PB 19/31 (61.3%), followed by PH 18/31 (58.1%) and PC 11/31 (35.5%). Of the nucleotide sequences generated, 20 were classified as genetic variant type B0, two as A1 and 15 as A0. The results indicated that PC, despite having allowed the isolation of B. coli for a short period, was not an adequate medium for the maintenance of this parasite in vitro, therefore requiring improvement.

Self-Assembling Peptide-Based High-Relaxivity Targeted MRI Contrast Agents.

Concentration-dependent increases in relaxivity (r1) were found to be induced by self-assembly when Fmoc is adjacent to tryptophan in peptide-based MRI contrast agents featuring Gd-DOTA. A series of di- and tri-peptides were synthesized to test the effect of ionic strength, N-terminal substituent, peptide length, net charge, and relative location of Fmoc and tryptophan on r1 and critical aggregation concentration (CAC) at 1.0 Tesla. Compared to nominal r1 values of 3.5-7.4 mM-1s-1 per Gd(III), r1 values increased dramatically to 13.2-16.9 mM-1s-1 per Gd(III) upon self-assembly, with CACs between 0.22 and 2.59 mM when tested in H2O or PBS. When tested in fetal bovine serum (FBS), the compounds maintained high r1 values of 11.2-13.0 mM-1s-1, but had dramatically lower CAC values below 25 µM. These findings guided the synthesis of two targeted, high-relaxivity MRI contrast agents that contained PSMA-binding ligand, DCL. Their r1 values in H2O or PBS increased from 5.9-7.4 mM-1s-1 to 13.5-14.8 mM-1s-1 with CAC values of 1.65-2.70 mM. In FBS, their r1 values were found to be 11.2-11.9 mM-1s-1, with CAC values below 25 µM. By the conjugation of targeting agents in the last step of synthesis, a broadly applicable route to targeted, high-relaxivity MRI contrast agents is offered.

Optimization of the replication of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in vitro.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for ∼20 million human infections worldwide every year. The genotypes HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic and are responsible for most of the autochthonous HEV cases in high-income countries. There are several cell culture systems that allow for propagation of different HEV genotypes in vitro. One of these systems uses human lung carcinoma cells (A549), and was further optimized for propagation of HEV-3 47832c strain. In this study, we investigated the effect of different media supplements as well as microRNA-122 (miR-122) on improving the replication of HEV-3 47832c in A549 cells. We observed that supplementation of maintenance media with 5% fetal bovine serum was sufficient for efficient replication of HEV-3, and verified the positive effect of media supplementation with Amphotericin B, MgCl2, and dimethyl sulfoxide on replication of HEV-3. We have also demonstrated that adding miR-122 mimics to the culture media does not have any significant effect on the replication of HEV-3 47832c. Herein, we detected over a 6-fold increase in HEV-3 replication in A549/D3 cells by adding all three supplements: Amphotericin B, MgCl2, and dimethyl sulfoxide to the culture media, while demonstrating that miR-122 might not play a key role in replication of HEV-3 47832c.

Persistent Luminescence Nanosensors: A Generalized Optode-Based Platform for Autofluorescence-Free Sensing in Biological Systems.

Fluorescent nanosensors have revolutionized diagnostics and our ability to monitor cellular dynamics. Yet, distinguishing sensor signals from autofluorescence remains a challenge. Here, we merged optode-based sensing with near-infrared-emitting ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) to create nanocomposites for autofluorescence-free "glow-in-the-dark" sensing. Hydrophobic modification and incorporation of the persistent luminescence nanoparticles into an optode-based nanoparticle core yielded persistent luminescence nanosensors (PLNs) for five analytes (K+, Na+, Ca2+, pH, and O2) via two distinct mechanisms. We demonstrated the viability of the PLNs by quantifying K+ in fetal bovine serum, calibrating the pH PLNs in the same, and ratiometrically monitoring O2 metabolism in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all the while overcoming their respective autofluorescence signatures. This highly modular platform allows for facile tuning of the sensing functionality, optical properties, and surface chemistry and promises high signal-to-noise ratios in complex optical environments.

The Marine Factor 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl Alcohol Suppresses Cell Growth, Inflammatory Cytokine Production, and NF-κB Signaling-enhanced Osteoclastogenesis in In vitro Mouse Macrophages RAW264.7 Cells.

The novel marine factor 3,5-dihydroxy-4- methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) was originally identified in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea Gigas. DHMBA has been shown to prevent oxidative stress by scavenging radicals and enhance the production of antioxidant proteins. However, the pharmacologic role of DHMBA has been poorly understood. Inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Inflammatory cytokines are produced in macrophages with stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and are used as biomarkers that cause diverse disease conditions. Therefore, this study has been undertaken to elucidate whether DHMBA expresses anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were cultured in a medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with or without DHMBA (1-1000 μM). Culturing with DHMBA (1-1000 μM) suppressed the growth and stimulated the death of RAW264.7 cells in vitro, leading to a decrease in cell number. Treatment with DHMBA reduced the levels of Ras, PI3K, Akt, MAPK, phospho-MAPK, and mTOR, which are signalling factors to promote cell proliferation, and it raised the levels of p53, p21, Rb, and regucalcin, which are cell growth suppressors. DHMBA treatment elevated caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 levels. Interestingly, DHMBA treatment repressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, or prostaglandin E2, which were enhanced by LPS stimulation. Notably, the levels of NF-κB p65 were increased by LPS treatment, and this augmentation was repres-sed by DHMBA treatment. Moreover, LPS treatment stimulated osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells. This stimulation was blocked by DHMBA treatment, and this effect was not caused by the presence of an NF-κB signalling inhibitor. DHMBA was found to potentially suppress the activity of inflammatory macrophages in vitro, suggesting its therapeutic usefulness in inflammatory conditions.

Multiplexed electrochemical nucleic acid sensor based on visible light-mediated metal-free thiol-yne click reaction for simultaneous detection of different nucleic acid targets

Simultaneous detection of multiple tumor biomarkers with a simple and low-cost assay is crucial for early cancer detection and diagnosis. Herein, we presented a low-cost and simple assay for multiplexed detection of tumor biomarkers using a spatially separated electrodes strategy. The sensor is fabricated based on a metal-free thiol-yne click reaction, which is mediated by visible light, on commercially available indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Four biomarkers, including p53 DNA, Brca2 DNA, K-ras DNA, and MicroRNA-204 RNA, were used as model analytes, and the corresponding oligonucleotide probes were modified on the desired electrode units sequentially with 530 nm irradiation light in the presence of photosensitizer Eosin Y. By this visible light-mediated coupling reaction, oligonucleotide probe densities of up to 9.2 ± 0.7 × 1010 molecules/cm2 were readily obtained on the ITO electrode surface. The proposed multiplexed E-NA sensor could detect four different nucleic acid targets concurrently without crosstalk among adjacent electrodes and was also successfully applied for detecting targets in a 20% fetal calf serum sample. The detection limits for p53 DNA, Brca2 DNA, K-ras DNA, and MicroRNA-204 RNA were 0.72 nM, 0.97 nM, 2.15 nM, and 1.73 nM, respectively. The developed approach not only has a great potential for developing cost-effective biosensors on affordable substrates for nucleic acid target detection, but also be easily extended to detect other targets by modifying the specific oligonucleotide probes anchored on the electrode.

Effect of Blood Contamination on Vickers Microhardness and Surface Morphology of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

This study aimed to investigate the effects of blood contamination on the Vickers hardness and the surface morphology of premixed MTA and compare them with the effects on conventional MTA. The Vickers microhardness of Endocem MTA Premixed Regular (EP) and ProRoot MTA (PM) was assessed after immersion in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and saline. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) were seeded on MTA after immersion in FBS, saline, and deionized water (DW). Cell adhesion patterns and surface morphology were visualized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface microhardness of EP and PM in FBS was lower than in saline. However, short-term exposure of PM to FBS did not reduce the microhardness compared to saline. Angular crystals formed in water, while rounded crystals with more air voids appeared in FBS. Favorable SHED attachment occurred in all groups. Overall, the surface hardness of EP and PM decreased after FBS exposure, although PM was less influenced. We suggest minimizing the amount of bleeding when using MTA clinically; nevertheless, PM remains an option with more expected blood contamination than EP. In summary, exposure to FBS decreased mechanical performance but allowed cell adhesion for both MTAs, with PM being more resistant to these changes.

Evaluation of fetal bovine serum as a source of enrichment in synthetic culture medium for the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis

A Middlebrook 7H10 medium added with 0.2% glucose and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% was compared with a Middlebrook 7H11 medium enriched with commercial OADC to evaluate the growth of Mycobacterium bovis, strain AN5, in the dilutions 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 and 10-4 performed from the McFarland scale 1. The results demonstrated micro and macroscopic growth of mycobacteria in all concentrations of SFB two weeks after inoculation, and in greater numbers when compared to Middlebrook 7H11 supplemented with commercial OADC. Statistical analysis found a significant reduction in the Middlebrook 7H11 group when compared to the 15% SFB concentration group in dilutions 10-2, 10-3, and 10-4. The results presented allowed us to conclude that FBS can be used as a source of enrichment for a Middlebrook 7H10 Medium in a thin layer, for isolation of Mycobacterium bovis, with the advantage of being more accessible and cheaper than the commercial medium.

Nanomolar concentrations of the photodynamic compound TLD-1433 effectively inactivate numerous human pathogenic viruses

The anti-viral properties of a small (≈1 kDa), novel Ru(II) photo dynamic compound (PDC), referred to as TLD-1433 (Ruvidar™), are presented. TLD-1433 had previously been demonstrated to exert strong anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. We evaluated the capacity of TLD-1433 to inactivate several human pathogenic viruses. TLD-1433 that was not photo-activated was capable of effectively inactivating 50 % of influenza H1N1 virus (ID50) at a concentration of 117 nM. After photo-activation, the ID50 was reduced to <10 nM. The dose of photo-activated TLD-1433 needed to reduce H1N1 infectivity >99 % (ID99) was approximately 170 nM. Similarly, the ID99 of photo-activated TLD-1433 was determined to range from about 20 to 120 nM for other tested enveloped viruses; specifically, a human coronavirus, herpes simplex virus, the poxvirus Vaccinia virus, and Zika virus. TLD-1433 also inactivated two tested non-enveloped viruses; specifically, adenovirus type 5 and mammalian orthoreovirus, but at considerably higher concentrations. Analyses of TLD-1433-treated membranes suggested that lipid peroxidation was a major contributor to enveloped virus inactivation. TLD-1433-mediated virus inactivation was temperature-dependent, with approximately 10-fold more efficient virucidal activity when viruses were treated at 37 °C than when treated at room temperature (∼22 °C). The presence of fetal bovine serum and virus solution turbidity reduced TLD-1433-mediated virucidal efficiency. Immunoblots of TLD-1433-treated human coronavirus indicated the treated spike protein remained particle-associated.

Fabrication of porous copper oxide nanostructure on nickel foam electrode by a co-precipitation method for non-enzymatic glucose detection

A novel porous copper oxide nanostructure on nickel foam (CuO/NF) electrode has been successfully prepared through a co-precipitation way. The porous CuO structure and nickel foam can be integrated into a three-dimensional ordered and hierarchal CuO electrode sensor. The porous CuO structure contains many loosely packed nanoparticles and the nanochannels, which are beneficial for providing more active sites for electrocatalytic oxidation–reduction reactions. The Cu(III)/Cu(II) pair plays an essential role, which completes the charge transfer during the electrochemically catalyzed reaction. Two Cu(III) ions obtain two electrons from one molecule of glucose, which completes two electron transfers to produce one molecule of gluconic acid lactone. The results of the actual detection of Fetal Bovine Serum indicate that the CuO/NF electrode produced could be utilized for the determination of actual samples.

Application of Novel Gill Cell Line from Lates calcarifer for Recognizing Metals Using Probes.

Lates calcarifer (Bloch) is a potential candidate fish species for culture in marine and brackishwater. A continuous gill cell line was derived from L. calcarifer by the explant culture method and has been passaged for 132 times, in Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28°C. The cells showed a rate of recovery between 90 and 95% after being successfully cryopreserved at various passage levels and formed monolayer in 2-3days without any morphological changes. Immunophenotypic analysis of the SBG cell line revealed that they are of epithelial origin. Polymerase chain reaction assay using mitochondrial 12S rRNA primer specific to L. calcarifer was used to confirm the authenticity of the established gill cell line origin from seabass. The transfection efficiency was evaluated in Seabass Gill (SBG) cell line using pEGFP-N1 and Lipofectamine™ 3000. Transfection efficiency was found to be between 13 and 16%. The cytotoxicity of three different metal detecting probes was evaluated by MTT and Alamar blue assays to determine safe concentration. The result revealed that SBG cell line can be applied for recognition of metals using probes. The current study established, for the first time, a gill-derived cell line (SBG) from Lates calcarifer and its application for the detection of intracellular indium, mercury, and lutetium ions by specific fluorescent probes.

#407 Human platelet lysate enhanced angiogenic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract Background and Aims Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising regenerative therapy. However, their clinical application is hampered by the presence of xenogeneic components in the medium. In the present study, we aimed to decipher the regenerative properties of MSC-EVs generated under xeno-free conditions to favor the clinical translation of MSC-EVs. Method MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cord and expanded in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and clinical-grade human platelet lysate (HPL) respectively. MSC-EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation combined with size exclusion chromatography and characterized through transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and exoview. Subsequently, a multi-omics approach, comprising transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, was employed to investigate the molecular cargo of the MSC-EVs. Finally, in vitro and in vivo functional assays were performed to assess the regenerative potential of MSC-EVs in acute kidney injury. Results Our study demonstrated that HPL promoted MSC-EVs production without compromising EVs characteristics. Multi-omics sequencing revealed the stability of HPL cultured MSC-EVs (H-EVs) from different umbilical cord donors and global functional alterations for MSC-EVs under different culture conditions. In comparison to FBS cultured MSC-EVs (F-EVs), the regenerative potential of H-EVs was enhanced especially angiogenesis associated with increased cargo expression. The in vitro studies demonstrated that H-EVs induced more tube-like structure formation and migration. Further, it significantly reduced kidney capillary sparsity in mice with renal ischemic-reperfusion model. Conclusion Our data provided a comprehensive understanding about H-EVs and demonstrated their potential as a safe and effective regenerative therapy, especially targeting angiogenesis-related disorders.

#2716 Selenoprotein-P1 (SEPP-1) in human proximal tubule cells after ischemic-reperfusion injury: an in-vitro model

Abstract Background and Aims Novel biomarkers, anticipating serum creatinine rise, are eagerly needed to have a speedy diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and thus to mitigate and to preserve kidney function with well-timed therapeutic plans. Recently, in a pilot study on patients undergoing elective major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), selenoprotein-p1 (SEPP-1) has emerged as a promising candidate plasmatic biomarker for an early AKI risk stratification. SEPP-1 increased particularly between 4th to 8th hour after CPB and with a strict relation with ischemia duration (Bolignano et Al. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022). SEPP1 is primarily secreted from liver and acts as a selenium transporter supplying tissues and organs with this trace mineral which elicits the activity of specific glutathione peroxidase selenoenzymes. Additionally, renal tubular cells are able to synthetize this protein but remain unknown if, during AKI, SEPP1 increases as defeat answer to renal cells damage or if it's hepatic SEPP1 that accumulates for a reduced renal glomerular filtration rate. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the release of SEPP-1 by renal tubular cells in an experimental model of AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion and secondarily evaluate the effect of selenium supplying on renal cells injury. Method Human proximal tubular cells (PTC), HK2 cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) were cultured in Keratinocyte-SFM a complete serum-free medium supplemented with human recombinant Epidermal Growth Factor (rEGF) and Bovine Pituitary Extract (BPE) (LGC Standards s.r.l., Milan, Italy) and in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (E-MEM) (LGC Standards s.r.l., Milan, Italy) containing 10% fetal bovine serum, respectively. The cells were pre-incubated with medium containing Sodium Selenite 100 nM for 24 h and then were treated for 24 hours with CoCl2 (Sigma Aldrich S.r.l., Milan, Italy) a chemical hypoxia inducer (500 µM for HK-2 and 250 µM for HEK-293). After that cell viability was evaluated by MTT and trypan bleu dye exclusion assay, while, protein expression of HIF (hypoxia marker) and SEPP1 was analyzed by western blot analysis. Results Ischemia-reperfusion was simulated by the exposure of HK-2 and HEK-293 to CoCl2 and confirmed by HIF expression. The expression of SEPP-1 increased significantly in HK-2 and HEK-293 after hypoxia stress (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the treatment with CoCl2 determined a decrease of cell viability (about 50% less) and Sodium selenite alone increased cell proliferation (about 15% more) in both cell lines. Interestingly cell growth after hypoxia augmented significantly if cell lines were pre-treated with sodium-selenite, highly in HK-2 cells (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion These preliminary data evidenced, in vitro, that AKI is able to induce renal tubular expression of SEPP-1 and probably SEPP-1 release in human after renal injury is not only a result of a reduced filtration of the hepatic released protein. Furthermore, SEPP-1 showed a possible protective role in AKI. In fact, AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion, in our in vitro cellular model, was able to induce an increased expression of SEPP-1 in renal tubular cells suggesting a shielding mechanism against injury related to selenium transport. This hypothesis was supported by an exalted SEPP-1 expression after Sodium-Selenite adding to cells’ culture. Supplementary experiments, including functional molecular assays in vitro and in vivo studies will allow to better characterize the role of SEPP-1 in AKI.

Graphene oxide-zinc oxide nanocomposite modified disposable electrodes for detection of uric acid in fetal bovine serum

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism, which is involved in many physiological processes in humans. This compound is produced daily in the human body and the excess is excreted in urine. For various reasons, uric acid in human serum that is lower or higher than the reference range causes some diseases such as liver diseases, nephritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Hence, determination of UA at trace levels is very crucial. Here, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with graphene oxide-zinc oxide (GO-ZnO) nanocomposite was used to develop an electrochemical biosensor (GO-ZnO/PGE) for UA detection. The prepared GO-ZnO modified electrodes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). It was revealed that the existence of ZnO in the GO-ZnO/PGE largely enhanced the surface area and increased its sensitivity for electrochemical sensing of analyte. The uric acid biosensor exhibited voltammetric peaks in the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements, allowing electrochemical detection of UA. The detection limit of UA was found to be 2.56 μM in buffer medium in the range of 10–100 µM UA. The detection limit of UA was found to be 4.76 μM in 1:1000 diluted FBS medium in the range of 10–100 µM of UA. The GO-ZnO/PGE provided the results in good reproducubility based on electrochemical measuruments while detecting UA. Furthermore, selectivity tests were also performed in FBS medium containing possible interferents such as ascorbic acid (AA) and Glucose (Glu), demonstrating the applicability of GO-ZnO modified electrodes. Sensitivity was calculated for phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) mediums and found to be 0.22 and 0.47 μA μg−1mL cm−2, respectively, which validates the good sensitivity of the GO-ZnO/PGE electrodes.

SRF Expression in Excess Permits a Dual Contractile-Proliferative Phenotype of Airway Smooth Muscle.

The transcription factors (TFs) myocardin (MyoCD) and ETS Like-1 protein (Elk-1) competitively bind to serum response factor (SRF) and control myogenic- and mitogenic-related gene expression in smooth muscle, respectively. Their functions are therefore mutually inhibitory, which result in a contractile versus proliferative phenotype dichotomy. Airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) phenotype alterations occur in various inflammatory airway diseases, promoting pathological remodelling and contributing to airflow obstruction. We characterized MyoCD and Elk-1 interactions and their roles in phenotype determination in human ASMCs. MyoCD overexpression in ASMCs increased smooth muscle gene expression, force generation, and partially restored the loss of smooth muscle protein associated with prolonged culturing, while inhibiting Elk-1 transcriptional activities and proliferation induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF). However, MyoCD overexpression failed to suppress these responses induced by fetal bovine serum (FBS) as FBS also upregulated SRF expression to a degree that allowed unopposed function of both TFs. Inhibition of the RhoA pathway reversed said SRF changes, allowing inhibition of Elk-1 by MyoCD overexpression and suppressing FBS-mediated contractile protein gene upregulation. Our study confirmed that MyoCD in increased abundance can competitively inhibit Elk-1 function. However, SRF upregulation permits a dual contractile-proliferative ASMC phenotype, anticipated to exacerbate pathological alterations, whereas therapies targeting SRF may inhibit both pathological ASMC proliferation and contractile protein gene expression.

An antifouling membrane-fusogenic liposome for effective intracellular delivery in vivo

The membrane-fusion-based internalization without lysosomal entrapment is advantageous for intracellular delivery over endocytosis. However, protein corona formed on the membrane-fusogenic liposome surface converts its membrane-fusion performance to lysosome-dependent endocytosis, causing poorer delivery efficiency in biological conditions. Herein, we develop an antifouling membrane-fusogenic liposome for effective intracellular delivery in vivo. Leveraging specific lipid composition at an optimized ratio, such antifouling membrane-fusogenic liposome facilitates fusion capacity even in protein-rich conditions, attributed to the copious zwitterionic phosphorylcholine groups for protein-adsorption resistance. Consequently, the antifouling membrane-fusogenic liposome demonstrates robust membrane-fusion-mediated delivery in the medium with up to 38% fetal bovine serum, outclassing two traditional membrane-fusogenic liposomes effective at 4% and 6% concentrations. When injected into mice, antifouling membrane-fusogenic liposomes can keep their membrane-fusion-transportation behaviors, thereby achieving efficient luciferase transfection and enhancing gene-editing-mediated viral inhibition. This study provides a promising tool for effective intracellular delivery under complex physiological environments, enlightening future nanomedicine design.