Foeniculum Vulgare Mill Research Articles

Comparison of Vegetable Waste Byproducts of Selected Cultivars of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. by an Integrated LC-(HR)MS and 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach.

The metabolome of plants is influenced by various factors, especially environmental, as the season in which they are grown. So, distinct varieties of the identical plant might show an increase or decrease in metabolites. The diversity of content of primary and secondary metabolites can also determine the variation in their biological properties. Due to the current occurrence of various fennel varieties, the crop can now be grown for the entire year. This work used an integrated approach of LC/MS and NMR analysis to characterize the metabolome of fennel waste of different varieties by multivariate statistical analysis. The extracts were investigated by NMR and LC/MS analysis to focus attention on the primary and secondary metabolites. Both LC-HRMS and NMR data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The 1H-NMR analysis led to the identification of 15 primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic acid derivatives. The secondary metabolites identified by LC/MS analysis mainly belong to the phenolic, lipid, and fatty acid compounds classes. This integrated approach guarantees a precise and complete overview of the variations in the metabolic expression of the fennel varieties grown in different seasons.

Objetivos e atitudes dos indivíduos para usar plantas medicinais na Turquia

ABSTRACT: This study determined the use of medicinal plants as an alternative therapeutic approach in Turkey. Moreover, the study identified the specific ailments for which these plants are employed and the corresponding proportion of usage. Data was collected by face to face interview with using a structured questionnaire form in all regions of Turkey. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. According to the research findings, approximately 65.4% of participants use medicinal plants into their treatment regime, asserting their significant benefits. Furthermore, it is posited that the consumption of medicinal plants has witnessed an upsurge during the Covid-19 epidemic. The participants’ attitudes towards medicinal plants are directly influenced by their level of knowledge, convenience and perceived usefulness. The study reveals that participants possess awareness of approximately 200 medicinal plants. Among the most well-known plants are garlic (Allium sativum L.), St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), ginger (Crocus sativus L.), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.), mint (Melissa officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), aloe (Aloe vera L.), linden (Colocasia esculenta L.), nettle (Achillea millefolium L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.). The most critical determinant fort he prevalence of medicinal plant consumption appears to be individuals’ positive beliefs regarding their efficacy in curing diseases. Additionally, promoting knowledge about medicinal plants is deemed essential in fostering informed and conscientious consumption practices.

A Study on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Sold in the only Herb-Seller in Ceylanpınar District (Şanlıurfa), Türkiye

This study presents detailed information about the local names, scientific names, and usage of plants sold in herb-seller in Ceylanpinar district of Sanliurfa province in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The research material consists of medicinalplant samples found in the workplace of only one herb seller in Ceylanpinar district. Data were collected by recording the information provided by the herbalist, both verbally and in writing. As a result of this study, approximately 50 plant species, belong to 47 family, with medicinal and aromatic properties and widely used among the public were identified. Some of the plant species frequently used in the herb seller are as follows: Nigella sativa L. (black cumin), Laurus nobilis L. (laurel), Cerasus mahaleb L. Mill. (mahaleb), Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Thymbra spicata L. (thyme). How these plants are used for the health benefits constitute an important part of the research.

Foeniculum vulgare Miller bracts, revalorization of a local food waste

This research aims at the valorization of fennel by-products from the Campania region (Southern Italy). A phytochemical characterization of the hydroalcoholic extracts (HEs) and of the essential oils (EOs) from edible and non-edible parts (waste) of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. was carried out using HRESIMS and GC-MS. The analysis led to the identification in the extracts of flavonoids, phenolic acid derivatives, amino acids and fatty acids and essential amino acids and the presence of trans-anethole and limonene as main components of the EOs. Their antioxidant activity was investigated by DPPH e ABTS assays, showing moderate antioxidant activity for the HEs and no activity for the EOs. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method against some common bacterial food contaminants: Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus. The EOs resulted active on almost all bacterial strains while HEs were found inactive. This study demonstrated that the waste obtained from fennel harvesting should t be considered as a valuable and reusable product.

Anti-Inflammatory Activities of New Compounds Isolated from the Fruits of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.

Forty-nine compounds, including six previously unknown together with forty-three known ones, were isolated from the fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Their structures were elucidated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. All isolates were evaluated their anti-inflammatory activity. The results indicated that compounds 1 and 6 inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 41.77±1.80, 46.72±1.75 μmol/L, respectively. Moreover, the potential targets of the four active ingredients were explored through network pharmacology, revealing that SRC, TP53, AKT1, and PIK3CA may serve as key anti-inflammatory targets. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-6 were first observed in this experiment.

(-)-Fenchone Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats via Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, and Cytoprotective Mechanisms.

(-)-Fenchone is a bicyclic monoterpene present in the plant species Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Thuja occidentalis L. (tuja), and Lavandula stoechas (lavender). These plants have therapeutic value in the treatment of intestinal disorders. To evaluate intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in an acute and chronic trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model in rats. Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using the acute and chronic TNBS-induced colitis model in rats. The mechanisms were evaluated from colonic tissue fragments of the acute and chronic models. Oral administration of the (-)-fenchone (37.5-300 mg/kg) acute phase or (150 mg/kg) (p < 0.001) chronic phase reduced the macroscopic lesion score, ulcerative area, intestinal weight/length ratio, and diarrheal index in TNBS-treated animals. At a dose of 150 mg/kg, the acute and chronic phase decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (p < 0.001), restored glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.001), decreased immunomarking for factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) and levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and maintained IL-10 and TGF-β basal levels. Furthermore, increased immunostaining for zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) was observed. (-)-fenchone has intestinal anti-inflammatory activity related to cytoprotection of the intestinal barrier, as well as antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.

Productivity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes in response to varying sowing time and row spacing under Punjab conditions

Fennel, known as 'Saunf' and belonging to the Apiaceae family, is primarily cultivated in Gujarat and Rajasthan, contributing over 90 % of India's fennel production. Fennel is mainly grown as a winter spice crop. A field experiment was conducted at the School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana during the rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to evaluate the productivity of fennel genotypes under varying sowing times and row spacing. The experiment was laid out in split plot design comprising three fennel varieties (Ajmer Fennel-1, Ajmer Fennel-2 and Local), 2 sowing dates (November 1st and November 15th) and 2 row spacing (45 cm and 60 cm) with 3 replications. The variety ‘Ajmer Fennel- 2’ (AF 2) recorded significantly higher branches and umbels per plant, while having a shorter plant height compared to ‘Ajmer Fennel-1’ (AF 1) and a local variety. The variety AF 2 also produced higher seed yields by 19.1 and 37.9 % than AF 1 and the local variety in 2020-21 and 13.6 and 44.4 % in 2021 -22, respectively. The sowing of fennel on November 1st resulted in higher plant height, number of branches and seed yield as compared to November 15th sown fennel. Further, the sowing with row to row spacing of 45 cm recorded higher plant height, branches as compared to wider sown rows of fennel (60 cm), which contributed to higher seed yield during both the years. Thus, 'Ajmer Fennel-2' sown on November 1st with 45 cm row spacing performed best under Punjab conditions.

Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

The present investigation was carried out with a view to study the extent of variability, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance in per cent of mean in fennel during Rabi season 2018-19 in Augmented Block Design. Plant spacing of 60cm x 40cm and each genotypes were grown in the plot size of 2.0 m x 1.2 m. The observations were recorded on ten characters. In Analysis of variance, the variances due to checks and genotypes were highly significant for all the characters, while, the variance due to blocks were significant for days to 50%flowering, number of umbels per plant and number of umbellets per umbel. Based on mean performance NDF-1, NDF-2, NDF-58, NDF-59, NDF-55, NDF-60 and NDF-76 were observed as significant and most promising genotypes for seed yield per plant and its component traits. The estimates of phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits. High magnitudes of variability PCV and GCV were observed in case of seed yield per plant (37.12, 36.95) followed by number of umbels per plant (30.89, 29.78), number of branches per plant (28.25, 22.92), weight of grains per umbel (26.02, 24.01) and number of umbellets per umbel (21.29,19.80). High heritability was observed for all the characters except number of branches per plant (65.83%) having moderate heritability. While, high genetic advance in per cent of mean was estimated for seed yield per plant (75.76) followed by number of umbels per plant (59.13). The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance in per cent of mean was estimated for maximum characters which indicated opportunity for selection response.

Response of Rabi Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Varieties to Sowing Time and Row Spacing under Semi-arid Region of Banaskantha, Gujarat, India

The yield of crops depends on climatic, soil and crop management factors, among them optimum time of sowing has becomes a prime importance for higher productivity. Crop varieties respond differently to sowing time as well as optimum row spacing is important for maximizing light interception, distribution and light penetration in crop canopy. So that in 2015-16, a field experiment was carried out to examine the consequences of different sowing time, varieties and row spacing on growth, yield and phenology of rabi fennel. The significantly tallest plant height and higher number of branches (primary, secondary and tertiary) per plant, number of seeds per umbellate, seed yield per plant, seed, stover and biological yield as well as more number days to 50 per cent flowering and days to physiological maturity recorded under early sowing i.e. 3rd week of October. Fennel variety GF-12 superior over GF-11 and GF-2 in terms of the growth and yield parameters. Whereas, row spacing of 45 cm recorded higher growth and yield parameters over 60 cm. However, spacing did not exhibit a significant influence on harvest index, days to 50 per cent flowering and days to physiological maturity. The Interaction effect of time of sowing and row spacing was found significant in primary branches, number of umbels and seed yield per plant as well as seed yield. It was found that growth and yield attributing characters significantly correlated with seed yield.

Biocides Based on Essential Oils for Sustainable Conservation and Restoration of Mural Paintings in Built Cultural Heritage

Microbial deterioration poses a significant threat to built heritage, particularly mural paintings, where traditional synthetic biocides can have adverse environmental and material impacts. This study evaluates the effectiveness of essential oils derived from four aromatic plants—thyme (Thymus mastichina L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), and green lavender (Lavandula viridis L’Hér.)—as natural biocides against microorganisms isolated from mural paintings in the House of Moscadim, an 18th-century manor house in Portugal. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was assessed using both direct contact and micro-atmosphere methods. Four microorganisms were isolated, including two bacteria, Bacillus wiedmannii and Bacillus mobilis, and two fungi, Penicillium brevicompactum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fennel essential oil exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against both fungal species, surpassing the efficacy of the commercial biocide Biotin T® in some cases. Pennyroyal and lavender essential oils also showed significant inhibitory effects. The micro-atmosphere method demonstrated the potential for noninvasive application of essential oils while preserving the integrity of delicate mural surfaces. These findings suggest that essential oils, particularly fennel oil, constitute a promising natural alternative to synthetic biocides for the sustainable conservation of cultural heritage. Further research is recommended to explore their long-term effects and to optimize application techniques.

The Impact of Dietary Encapsulated Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Inclusion Levels on Performance, Serum Hormone Profiles, and Expression of Reproductive Axis-Related Genes in the Early and Late Laying Phases of Hens.

Fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil (FEO), which is rich in the phytoestrogenic compound trans-anethole, interacts with oestrogen receptors and influences molecular targets within cells and hormonal responses. This study examined the effect of dietary encapsulated FEO inclusion levels on performance, reproductive hormone profiles, and gene expression in laying hens during the early and late phases. The study was conducted in two independent trials, each involving 210 Atak-S laying hens that were randomly distributed into 3 experimental groups, each having 10 replicates with 7 hens. The dietary treatments included a basal diet without FEO (Control) and a basal diet supplemented with 175 (FEO175) or 350mg (FEO350) of encapsulated FEO/kg for 12 weeks. The results showed that FEO350 treatment improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio during both early and late phases (p<0.05). Moreover, increasing FEO inclusion levels enhanced oestradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentrations in both early and late laying hens, reaching peak levels at FEO350 (p<0.05). FEO supplementation upregulated the expression of oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) (p<0.05). Furthermore, FEO350 increased prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression during the early phase but decreased it during the late laying phase (p<0.05). Positive correlations were observed between egg production and FSHR, ESR2 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression, with a negative correlation for PRLR (p<0.05). In conclusion, 350mg FEO/kg was found to be the most effective level for enhancing layer performance.

Vasorelaxant effect of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) extracts on rat mesenteric arteries: Assessment of phytochemical profiling and antioxidant potential.

Hypertension is a serious health problems and a leading cause of adult mortality worldwide. Foeniculum. vulgare Mill, a plant traditionally used for various ailments, including cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension. The objective of the study is to verify the vasorelaxant effect of fennel seeds on the isolated and perfused mesenteric vascular beds in rats. The vasorelaxant effect of the aqueous extract of F. vulgare (AEFv) seeds was tested on mesenteric arteries, both intact and denuded, precontracted with phenylephrine. Extracts from liquid-liquid extraction of F. vulgare were screened to find the active fraction. The mechanism of action of the active butanolic fraction (BFFv) was studied using inhibitors like L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), ODQ (guanylate cyclase inhibitor), indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), potassium channel blockers (tetraethylammonium TEA, and glibenclamide), and atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist). Moreover, the antioxidant properties of AEFv and BFFv were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene linoleic acid, and ferric-reducing power assays; total flavonoids and phenolics of AEFv and BFFv were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays; HPLC-DAD analysis and acute toxicity of BFFv in mice were also performed. AEFv caused a concentration-dependent vasodilatory response in intact mesenteric arteries (Emax = 81.73 ± 0.36 %). This effect was significantly reduced after endothelium removal. The butanolic fraction showed the highest vasorelaxant effect. The vasodilatory effect was attenuated by L-NAME, ODQ, indomethacin, TEA, glibenclamide, and atropine, indicating involvement of the NO/GMPc pathway, potassium channels, and muscarinic receptors. Additionally, fennel extracts demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity and high concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. HPLC-DAD analysis of the butanolic fraction revealed an abundance of phenolic acids. Acute toxicity studies of BFFv showed no toxic effects. Our findings support the traditional use of Foeniculum vulgare seeds for preventing cardiovascular disorders associated with vascular dysfunction, highlighting their vasorelaxant and antioxidant properties.

Neurotrophic Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Ethanol Extracts on Hippocampal Neurons: Role of Anethole in Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptic Development.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill, commonly known as fennel, is an aromatic herb traditionally used for culinary and medicinal purposes, with potential therapeutic effects on neurological disorders. However, limited research has focused on its neurotrophic impact, particularly on neuronal maturation and synaptic development. This study investigates the neurotrophic effects of F. vulgare ethanol extracts (FVSE) on the maturation of rat primary hippocampal neurons. Results show that FVSE and its prominent component, anethole, significantly promote neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner. Optimal axonal and dendritic growth occurred at concentrations of 40 µg/mL FVSE and 20 µM anethole, respectively, without causing cytotoxicity, underscoring the safety of FVSE for neuronal health. Additionally, FVSE enhances the formation of synapses, essential for neuronal communication. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that FVSE components influence critical neurotrophic pathways, including PI3K-AKT and Alzheimer's disease pathways. Specifically, FVSE modulates key proteins, including tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3βser9), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk1/2). Anethole was found to play a key role in regulating these pathways, which was confirmed by immunocytochemistry experiments demonstrating its effect on promoting neuronal growth and synaptic development. In conclusion, this study highlights the neurotrophic properties of FVSE, with anethole emerging as a critical bioactive compound. These findings provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of fennel in treating neurological disorders, offering a basis for future research into interventions promoting neuronal growth and survival.

Impact of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in Alluvial Regions of West Bengal

An experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons (November, 2018 –April, 2020) at the Horticultural Research Station, Mondouri, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal (741 252), India to assess the impact of different plant growth regulators on the growth, yield, and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). The experiment was designed in Randomized Block Design with a total of 9 treatment combinations that were replicated three times. Fennel seeds were sown during the first week of November in 2.5×1.5 m2 plots with a spacing of 50×30 cm2. Growth regulators were applied at 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing. The results revealed that the application of naphthalene acetic acid @ 100 ppm significantly optimized fennel yield and quality in the alluvial regions of West Bengal. This was evident through various yield and its attributing parameters, including number of umbel plant-1, number of umbellate umbel-1, number of seeds umbellate-1, test weight (g), and seed yield (22.95 q ha-1) as well as quality parameters including total soluble sugar content (2.91 mg 100 mg-1) and volatile oil content (1.448%). Additionally, Kinetin @ 10 parts per million significantly enhanced the total chlorophyll content (0.344 mg g-1), while gibberellic acid positively influenced growth parameters like plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, days to 50% flowering, flower stalk length, and umbel diameter.

Comparative Study of Essential Oils Extracted From Foeniculum vulgare Miller Seeds Using Hydrodistillation, Steam Distillation, and Superheated Steam Distillation.

Foeniculum vulgare Miller is a highly valued aromatic and nutritious plant. The unique compositions of its essential oil make it more valuable in the flavor, fragrance, and medicinal industries. However, the potential of superheated steam distillation for obtaining essential oils from its seeds has not been explored in detail. This study assessed the composition, yield, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of essential oils distilled from F. vulgare seeds using traditional hydrodistillation, steam distillation, and superheated steam distillation. Superheated steam distillation resulted in the maximum quantity of essential oil (5.24%) compared to steam (3.47%) and hydrodistillation (2.47%). Trans-anethole, fenchone, estragole, and limonene were the main identified by GC-MS analysis in the essential oils, and these compounds were abundant in the essential oil produced by superheated steam distillation. Essential oil distilled by superheated steam distillation presented the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pastrulla multocida, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The highest antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, and Alternaria alternate was also demonstrated by the same essential oil. These findings demonstrated the potential of superheated steam distillation as a highly effective and efficient technique for distilling high-quality essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare Miller seeds. It is suitable for various applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of Some Soil Additions on Growth and Productivity of Dutch Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) Plants Under North Sinai Conditions

Effect of Some Soil Additions on Growth and Productivity of Dutch Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) Plants Under North Sinai Conditions

Characterization of key aroma compounds in microgreens and mature plants of hydroponic fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Fennel is a popular culinary herb known for its unique flavor. In this study, we identified key aroma-active compounds in fresh fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and its microgreens. Fennel was cultivated hydroponically with soilless substrates. Upon harvesting, samples were ground with liquid nitrogen, and headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) was used for volatile analysis. Thirty-two and 28 key aroma-active compounds were identified in fennel microgreens and mature leaves, respectively. Phenylpropenes, especially (E)-anethole, were the predominant aroma-active compound in all samples (36.3–83.4 %). Quantitation results showed that fennel microgreens contained a significantly higher amount of monoterpenes, showing an 81.4–98.1 % increase when compared to mature fennel. Principal component analysis (PCA) of identified volatiles indicated a distinctive difference in the overall aroma profile between microgreens and mature leaf. The changes in aroma contents over different growth stages revealed the underlying volatile biosynthesis discrepancy. This study provided baseline information for understanding the aroma evolution from microgreen to mature fennel herbs.

Protective effect of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and oxidative stress in rat

BackgroundWild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a very common plant used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases. In recent years, scientific research proved its biological properties. However, the protective effect of fennel against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BLM-IPF) is not yet study. PurposeFennel essential oil (FEO) composition was characterized and its protective effect was assessed. MethodsGC–MS was employed to determine the chemical composition of fennel essential oil. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using TAC, DPPH, RAP and ABTS assays. After inducing fibrosis by bleomycin, several biological assays were used to evaluate the protective effect [proteins content, malondialdehyde MD, thiol group, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)]. ResultsFEO was rich in estragole (77.55 %), fenchone (9.23 %), and limonene (9.23 %), and phenolic compounds and showed a significant antioxidant potential. The effects on BLM-IPF were revealed by disruption and alteration of oxidative stress biomarkers in lung, liver and kidney. Treatment of rats with FEO improved abnormal fluctuations in protein and thiol levels, decreased oxidative stress in terms of MDA and also restored the response of the antioxidant system, measured in terms of SOD and CAT, in lung, liver and kidney. The biological activity was recorded in a dose response manner. The potential of FEO in limiting the progress of the histopathologic effects of BLM-IPF was confirmed by microscopic histological observations, with a reduction of the fibrosis score and the inflammatory index in the FEO treated lung tissue. ConclusionThese results, proved that FEO could attenuate BLM-induced PF, thus suggesting that the latter could serve as a potential therapeutic approach for PF.

Biological Potential and Essential Oil Profile of Two Wild Apiaceae Species from Algeria (Daucus carota L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): Larvicidal and Antibacterial Effects.

Infectious diseases, including vector-borne and antibiotic-resistant infections, present significant global health challenges, necessitating the exploration of natural alternatives for disease control. In this study, we investigated the essential oil (EO) profile as well as larvicidal and antibacterial properties of two wild Apiaceae species used in Algeria: Daucus carota L. (DCEO) and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (FVEO). EO was extracted from the aerial parts by steam distillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Major constituents identified in DCEO were geranyl acetate (50.07%) and elemicin (10.77%), while FVEO contained estragole (24.93%), fenchone (20.20%), and α-phellandrene (17.96%). Both EOs were highly effective towards Culex pipiens larvae, with low LC50 values of 30.6 ± 1.06 ppm for DCEO and 34.7 ± 1.06 ppm for FVEO, indicating their potential as bioinsecticides due to their bioactivity and bioavailability. Additionally, the two Eos demonstrated moderate antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, respectively, with DCEO showing MIC values of 10 and 20 mg/mL, respectively, and FVEO exhibiting MIC values > 20 mg/mL. However, both EOs showed limited effectiveness against gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603. These results highlight the potential applications of DCEO and FVEO as natural bioinsecticides and antibacterial agents, offering promising avenues for further research and development in pest control and food preservation.

Protective Effects of Anethole in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Seed Ethanol Extract on Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury in H9C2 Heart Myoblast Cells.

Active compounds from plants and herbs are increasingly incorporated into modern medical systems to address cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Foeniculum vulgare Mill., commonly known as fennel, is an aromatic medicinal plant and culinary herb that is popular worldwide. Protective effects against cellular damage were assessed in the H9C2 cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) experimental model. The identities of phytochemicals in FVSE were determined by GC-MS analysis. The phytochemical's potential for nutrients and pharmacokinetic properties was assessed by ADMET analysis. GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extracts of F. vulgare identified 41 bioactive compounds, with four prominent ones: anethole, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, ethoxydimethylphenylsilane, and para-anisaldehyde diethyl acetal. Among these, anethole stands out due to its potential for nutrients and pharmacokinetic properties assessed by ADMET analysis, such as bioavailability, lipophilicity, flexibility, and compliance with Lipinski's Rule of Five. In the H/R injury model of H9C2 heart myoblast cells, FVSE and anethole suppressed H/R-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA double-strand break damage, nuclear condensation, and the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of FVSE and its prominent component, anethole, in the treatment of CVDs, particularly those associated with hypoxia-induced damage.