Prevention Focus Research Articles

Criminal Legal Norms with Double Prevention: Concept, Mechanism of Preventive Action and Types

The paper reveals the specifics of the mechanism of preventive impact of criminal law norms with double prevention, which results in the definition and classification of these norms. The concept of norms with double prevention arose in Soviet criminology following the research on recidivism and measures to prevent serious crimes against a person. Despite the fact that the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is expanding the number of norms with a clear preventive focus (for example, Art. 173.1 «Illegal formation (creation, reorganization) of a legal entity», Art. 205.1 «Assistance to terrorist activities», Art. 205.6 «Failure to report a crime»), the theory on norms with double prevention as a means of preventing crime is not developing. Scientists mainly reproduce the provisions of the Soviet doctrine, occasionally making clarifications. Having applied the system structural analysis of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and analyzed the criminological theory of crime prevention, the author concludes that the norms prohibiting actions that act as objective and subjective criminogenic factors have a double preventive potential. Accordingly, the essence of the mechanism of the preventive impact of the norms with double prevention is to reduce and neutralize such factors by bringing to criminal responsibility or its threat. When describing the model of the preventive impact of criminal law norms with double prevention, aimed at objective criminogenic factors, the author applied the concept of situational prevention of crimes. The specifics of norms with double prevention that affect subjective criminogenic factors are explained within the framework of data on recurrent (actual) violent crime and G. Tarde’s theory of learning.

Exploring the effects of socioemotional wealth on environmental strategies of family firms in China: An integrative perspective

AbstractThe findings of family business research regarding the relationship between socioemotional wealth (SEW) and environmental strategies have been inconsistent. This study seeks to explain the inconsistency by distinguishing between extended SEW and restricted SEW. We argue that prior empirical studies may ignore the dual nature of SEW and prose that family firms with extended SEW are more likely to pursue proactive environmental strategies, whereas those with restricted SEW tend to adopt reactive environmental strategies. Furthermore, we integrate the SEW perspective with regulatory focus theory, proposing that promotion focus mediates the relationship between extended SEW and proactive environment strategies, while prevention focus mediates the relationship between restricted SEW and reactive environmental strategies. These hypotheses were tested with a survey of polluting family firms in China and were found to be supported. Our findings offer novel insights into family business research, as well as significant implications about how to enhance environmental performance of family firms.

6084 Cases of Adult Tetanus from China: A Literature Analysis.

To describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of tetanus and determine the most appropriate focus for tetanus prevention and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in China. Four databases, including the Chinese Bio-Medical Literature Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and Wan-fang Data, were searched from 1 January, 2000 to 30 October, 2022. In total, 151 articles including 6084 tetanus patients met the inclusion criteria. Additionally, 5925 patients had their gender recorded in detail, among which 66.67% (3950/5925) were male, and 33.33% (1975/ 5925) were female. The average age in the detailed records was reported in 4773 cases, with an overall average age of 46.69. The number of patients' places of residence was 580. Those from rural areas comprised the highest percentage with 88.62% (514 / 580). The causes of injury were recorded in 1592 cases in total; injuries caused by metals, wood, and wooden spikes accounted for the highest percentage with 54.52% (868/1592). Patient outcomes were recorded in 4305 cases, with a mortality of 9.34% (402/4305). The leading causes of death included treatment terminated by family members, asphyxia due to persistent spasms, respiratory failure, and autonomic dysfunction, family automatic abandonment and asphyxia accounted for the highest percentage, both 24.00% (54/225). The overall success rate of tetanus treatment in China has dramatically improved, but the prevention and control of non-neonatal tetanus is still challenging. Focus should be placed on the prevention of adult tetanus and standardizing the use of sedative and spasmolytic drugs. Additionally, medical professionals should popularize tetanus prevention and treatment knowledge among the people and strengthen training in grass-roots hospitals.

Controlling Gastric Cancer in a World of Heterogeneous Risk

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of global mortality but also a cancer whose footprint is highly unequal. This review aims to define global disease epidemiology, critically appraise strategies of prevention and disease attenuation, and assess how these strategies could be applied to improve outcomes from GC in a world of variable risk and disease burden. Strategies of primary prevention focus on improving the detection and eradication of the main environmental risk factor, Helicobacter pylori. In certain countries of high incidence, endoscopic or radiographic screening of the asymptomatic general population has been adopted as a means of secondary prevention. By contrast, identification and targeted surveillance of individuals with precancerous lesions (such as intestinal metaplasia) is being increasingly embraced in nations of low incidence. This review also highlights existing knowledge gaps in GC prevention as well as the role of emerging technologies for early detection and risk stratification.

Managers as the bridge: How cultural friction influences the integration of cross-border mergers and acquisitions

Going beyond cultural distance, the present study adopts a more contextualized view of cultural friction to account for the “actual cultural contacts” in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs), and meanwhile builds a case-based measure of cultural friction to quantitatively capture the country- and deal-level cultural differences between the acquirer and the target in each CBMA. Differing from the existing research that takes the influence of cultural differences on CBMA performance for granted, we highlight the importance of managers from the acquiring firm by theorizing that cultural friction between the acquirer and the target can shape acquiring managers' choice of managerial practices to complete the managerial tasks during integration, leading to different performance. In particular, we postulate a curvilinear relationship between the cultural friction and CBMA performance. By incorporating regulatory focus theory into our analytical framework, we further hypothesize how this curve is shaped by managers’ regulatory focus, a key motivational trait at the firm management level. Using a sample of 304 completed CBMAs conducted by Chinese listed firms, our empirical results verify the U-shaped relationship between cultural friction and the CBMA integration performance, and suggest that this relationship is flattened by acquiring managers’ prevention focus.

Now that everyone else has panicked, well… I have to panic: regulatory focus predicts panic buying during COVID-19

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to identify social and behavioral factors responsible for panic buying during global pandemics such as COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach According to regulatory focus theory, behavior of individuals is regulated by two motivational systems – prevention and promotion. Prevention-focused behavior is motivated by security and safety needs and is associated with a strategic preference for vigilant means of goal pursuit. Prevention-focused vigilance is reflected in unwillingness to take risks and low ability to cope with uncertain environments and changing conditions. Promotion-focused behavior is motivated by growth and self-development needs and is associated with a strategic preference for eager means of goal pursuit. Promotion-focused eagerness is reflected in willingness to take risks and high ability to cope with uncertainty and change. Two studies tested the notion that panic buying during public health crises such as COVID-19 is related to the strength of the prevention system, perceived scarcity of products, perceived threat of the disease, age and gender. Findings Study 1 showed that the higher the perceived scarcity of products, the higher was the probability that panic buying would set in. Yet, different patterns emerged for men and women. Among women, the stronger the prevention focus, the stronger was the effect. Among men, by contrast, the stronger the prevention focus, the weaker was the effect. Study 2 showed that the higher the perceived threat of the disease, the higher was the probability that panic buying would occur. However, different patterns were observed with age. Among older adults, the stronger the prevention focus, the stronger was the effect. Among young adults, by contrast, the stronger the prevention focus, the weaker was the effect. Research limitations/implications Implications to address erratic consumer behavior during future pandemics are discussed. Originality/value By applying the theory of regulatory focus to consumer marketing, this research helps to identify marketing strategies to manage panic buying and develop contingency plans that address erratic consumer behavior during future pandemics.

Appeals of Chinese medicinal cuisine promotion

Chinese medicinal cuisine is one of the Chinese traditional cooking arts based on the concept of dietary treatment, which emphasizes both health promotion and disease prevention benefits. To promote this culinary art, health appeals frequently practiced by functional and organic foods advertisements seem the logical choice. Based on theories of goal framing, regulatory focus and health consciousness, an experiment with factorial design was conducted to investigate the persuasive effectiveness of different appeals of medicinal cuisine advertisements on ad attitude, product attitude and consumption intention. Multivariate analysis was employed to analyze the collected data. The results showed that positive frame message with promotion focus prime and negative frame message with prevention focus prime are more favorable compared to their opposites, the effect of cuisine attitude from prevention focus is significantly larger than that from promotion focus, and health consciousness is one of the factors positively related to outcome variables.

The two faces of HPWS in employee perceptions and organizational performance

In this study, we examine the two faces of high-performance work systems (HPWS) regarding employees' perceptions and organizational performance. Drawing on regulatory focus theory, we propose that, on the one hand, performance-enhancing HPWS improves organizational performance by fostering employees' competency (promotion foci) and that, on the other hand, performance-enforcing HPWS increases organizational performance by intensifying high-performance pressure (prevention foci). We tested the hypothesized relationships with longitudinal analysis using panel survey data (499 Korean firms with 1389 observations in four waves) from South Korea. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that both performance-enhancing and performance-enforcing HPWS improved organizational performance, but that the underlying mechanisms in employees' perceptions markedly differed (i.e., employees’ perceived competency vs. performance pressure on employees). In the Discussion section, we take up implications, limitations, and future research directions.

You Say Tough, I Say Hope: An Effect of CEO Regulatory Focus on Corporate Social Performance under Challenging Market Conditions

This study explores the effect of CEO regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention) on corporate social performance (CSP). Given that corporate social activities are an outcome-uncertain risky investment, we propose that CEOs with promotion focus (vs. prevention focus) would actively seek CSP, since promotion focus involves risk-taking propensity and prevention focus involves risk-avoiding behavior. We further propose that such a tendency should be more pronounced, especially when market conditions are uncertain. Using a panel sample of U.S. listed firms and conducting content analysis of CEO letters in annual reports, we found that only promotion-focused CEOs tend to promote CSP, and such a tendency is more salient in tough market conditions where firms face a lower level of munificence and a higher level of stakeholder expectation in the markets. We conclude that promotion-focused CEOs tend to seek hope even when situations are hopeless.

Parental food neophobia, feeding practices, and preschooler’s food neophobia: A cross-sectional study in China

This study explores the relationship between parental food neophobia, feeding practices, and preschoolers' food neophobia in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1616 pairs of preschoolers and their parents. Electronic questionnaires were conducted to collect information about social and demographic characteristics, scores of food neophobia among both children and their parents, parents' feeding patterns and children's dietary quality. Results: Children's average food neophobia score was 23.73 ± 4.45. There was a positive correlation between parental food neophobia score (β: 0.154; 95%CI: 0.113, 0.195), pressure to eat (β: 0.694; 95%CI: 0.423, 0.964), postpartum breastfeeding initiation (β: 0.010; 95%CI: 0.002, 0.018), and children's score of food neophobia. However, parental modeling (β: -0.470; 95%CI: -0.732, −0.207) and the frequency of children eating with their families at home (β: -0.407; 95%CI: -0.707, −0.108) were negatively associated with children's food neophobia scores. The consumption frequencies of vegetables (P < 0.001), fruits (P < 0.001), domestic animals and poultry (P < 0.01), aquatic products (P < 0.05), beans and their products (P < 0.01), eggs (P < 0.05) and nuts (P < 0.05) and children's dietary diversity score (P < 0.001) are negatively associated with children’ food neophobia score. While the consumption frequencies of fast food (P < 0.001), sweets (P < 0.01) and puffed/fried food (P < 0.001) were positively associated with children's food neophobia. Conclusion: Chinese preschoolers' food neophobia needs more attention because children with high food neophobia tend to have lower dietary quality. Children whose parents have high-level food neophobia should be the focus of early prevention. Earlier postpartum breastfeeding, more use of parental modelling, less pressure to eat and higher frequency of children eating with families are helpful to reduce the incidence of children's food neophobia.

The Framing of Information Nudge Affects Students' Anticipated Effort: A Large-Scale, Randomized Survey Experiment

We investigate how framing an information nudge impacts university students’ anticipated effort. We test the conflicting predictions of two social theories. According to prospect theory, a negatively framed nudge increases students’ anticipated effort in general. However, according to regulatory focus theory, the beneficial effect of negative framing is concentrated in prevention focus when people orient toward negative outcomes. In promotion focus, when people orient toward positive outcomes, a positively framed nudge motivates students better. We conducted a large-scale randomized survey experiment among Hungarian university students. Between different vignettes (nudges), we systematically manipulated the particular vignette's framing and regulatory focus. In line with the predictions of prospect theory, we find that a negatively framed nudge generally increases students’ anticipated effort relative to a positively framed nudge. In contrast with the predictions of regulatory focus theory, the negative framing increases students’ anticipated effort in both prevention and promotion foci, but it boosts students’ anticipated effort more in prevention than in promotion focus. Therefore, students’ temporary induced regulatory focus does not moderate the framing effect according to the pattern predicted by the regulatory focus theory.

Examining the moderating role of regulatory fit on stereotype threat among Ugandan adolescents

ABSTRACT Prior research in Western contexts has tested the hypothesis that stereotype threat induces a prevention focus and that in contexts where both prevention focus and stereotype threat are simultaneously activated, members of stereotyped groups experience a performance boost due to the fit between one’s goal orientation and the task demands (i.e. regulatory fit or stereotype fit). The present Study tested this hypothesis with high school students in Uganda, East Africa. Study findings revealed that in this cultural context where high-stakes testing fosters a predominantly promotion-focused testing culture, individual differences in regulatory focus interacted with the broader cultural, regulatory focus test culture to impact student performance.

Couple concordance in diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in urban India and Pakistan and associated socioeconomic and household characteristics and modifiable risk factors

BackgroundConcordance in chronic disease status has been observed within couples. In urban India and Pakistan, little is known about couple concordance in diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia and associated socioeconomic characteristics...

Approach versus Avoidance: ASelf-Regulatory Perspectiveon Hypocrisy Induction in Anti-Cyberbullying CSR Campaigns.

Governments, institutions, and brands try various intervention strategies for countering growing cyberbullying, but with questionable effectiveness. The authors use hypocrisy induction, a technique for subtly reminding consumers that they have acted contrary to their moral values, to see whether it makes consumers more willing to support brand-sponsored anti-cyberbullying CSR campaigns. Findings demonstrate that hypocrisy induction evokes varying reactions depending on regulatory focus, mediated by guilt and shame. Specifically, consumers who have a dominant promotion (prevention) focus feel guilt (shame), which motivates them to overcome their discomfort by supporting (avoiding) an anti-cyberbullying campaign. Moral regulation is drawn as a theoretical underpinning to explain various consumer reactions to hypocrisy induction, the moderating role of regulatory focus, and mediating role of guilt and shame. The research contributes to the literature and provides practical implications by explaining when and why brands can use hypocrisy induction to persuade consumers to support social causes through the lens of moral regulation theory.

Preeclampsia: Narrative review for clinical use

AimPreeclampsia is a very complex multisystem disorder characterized by mild to severe hypertension. MethodsPubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 1, 2002 to March 31, 2022, with the search terms “pre-eclampsia” and “hypertensive disorders in pregnancy”. We also look for guidelines from international societies and clinical specialty colleges and we focused on publications made after 2015. ResultsThe primary issue associated with this physiopathology is a reduction in utero-placental perfusion and ischemia. Preeclampsia has a multifactorial genesis, its focus in prevention consists of the identification of high and moderate-risk clinical factors. The clinical manifestations of preeclampsia vary from asymptomatic to fatal complications for both the fetus and the mother. In severe cases, the mother may present renal, neurological, hepatic, or vascular disease. The main prevention strategy is the use of aspirin at low doses, started from the beginning to the end of the second trimester and maintained until the end of pregnancy. ConclusionPreeclampsia is a multisystem disorder; we do not know how to predict it accurately. Acetylsalicylic acid at low doses to prevent a low percentage, especially in patients with far from term preeclampsia. There is evidence that exercising for at least 140 min per week reduces gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Currently, the safest approach is the termination of pregnancy. It is necessary to improve the prediction and prevention of preeclampsia, in addition, better research is needed in the long-term postpartum follow-up.

Feeling possessive, performing well? Effects of job-based psychological ownership on territoriality, information exchange, and job performance.

Job-based psychological ownership arises when workers develop personal feelings of possession over various aspects of a job. Drawing on conservation of resources and regulatory focus theory, the current research adopts a resource-based perspective to suggest a double-edged effect on job performance, mediated by three forms of territoriality (marking, defending, expanding) and information exchange and moderated by individual regulatory focus. With a multistep process in Study 1, the authors develop and validate a territorial expanding scale. Among 358 employee-supervisor dyads, Study 2 tests the proposed model; job-based psychological ownership prompts employees to engage in territorial marking, defending, and expanding. Territorial defending correlates negatively with information exchange, territorial expanding is positively related to it, and territorial marking has no relationship with information exchange. Information exchange is positively related to job performance. Job-based psychological ownership impedes job performance through increased territorial defending and reduced information exchange, especially among employees with a prevention focus. It enhances job performance through increased territorial expanding and increased information exchange, particularly if employees have a high promotion focus. These findings have notable implications for research and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Men engage in self‐deceptive enhancement, whereas women engage in impression management

AbstractConsumer surveys are integral to marketers' understanding of consumers' judgments, preferences, and choices. However, consumers often respond in socially desirable ways, making it difficult to accurately ascertain their true preferences and reactions. In this regard, research has produced conflicting findings on who engages more in socially desirable responding: men or women. Our research is at the intersection of psychology and marketing to understand the effect of gender differences on socially desirable responding. We tested hypotheses regarding the types of socially desirable responding of men versus women and the underlying motivations. Across three studies, we show that men (compared to women) have a greater tendency to engage in self‐deceptive enhancement—the tendency to provide inflated and honestly held self‐descriptions in response to questions—and a promotion focus mediates this relationship. In contrast, women (compared to men) have a greater tendency to engage in impression management—the tendency to distort responses to present themselves most positively to maintain a favorable image—and a prevention focus mediates this relationship. Consequently, gender differences in promotion versus prevention focus are likely to have important theoretical implications for a gender‐based explanation of different behaviors associated with regulatory focus. From a practical standpoint, marketers can utilize priming techniques to temporarily heighten gender identity and influence preferences for products that provide self‐enhancement or image‐protection benefits.

Codesign of a digital health tool for suicide prevention: protocol for a scoping review

IntroductionThe role of digital health in providing psychological treatment and support for the prevention of suicide is well documented. Particular emphasis has been placed on digital health technologies during the...

Curious supervisor puts team innovation within reach: Investigating supervisor trait curiosity as a catalyst for collective actions

Popular press and theoretical conjecture imply that curiosity is not just an individual motivation but also an enabler of collective actions. This study seeks to explicate curiosity as a catalyst for collective actions by examining team supervisors’ trait curiosity. We test the idea that trait curiosity predisposes team supervisors to manipulate team-level task structures, which primes certain forms of team regulatory focus and eventually affects team innovation. Two studies using the interest/deprivation (I/D) taxonomy of curiosity revealed that, by predisposing supervisors to create more learning demand, I-type curiosity primes team promotion focus, which facilitates both radical and incremental team innovation. By predisposing supervisors to create more problem-solving demand, d-type curiosity arouses team prevention focus, which facilitates team incremental innovation but hinders radical innovation. The effect of supervisor curiosity is evident only when supervisors have high task authority. This study uncovered a powerful property of curiosity, demonstrating its promising contributions to organizational life.

Predicting primary and secondary stakeholder engagement: A CEO motivation-means contingency model

Our research predicts different stakeholder engagement emphases through a CEO motivation-means contingency model. Drawing upon regulatory focus and power theories, we argue that higher levels of CEO prevention focus and informal power (firm experience, knowledge, and board connections) are associated with stronger primary stakeholder engagement, whereas higher levels of CEO promotion focus and formal power (CEO duality and equity ownership) are associated with stronger secondary stakeholder engagement. By analyzing a panel dataset of S&P 500 firms, we found support for our hypotheses. These findings accentuate our contributions by emphasizing the importance of considering both CEO motivation (regulatory focus) and means (power) to understand how CEOs’ characteristics influence their firms’ stakeholder engagement. Our study extends recent work in the strategy and upper echelons literatures by showing that executives’ regulatory focus does not operate in a vacuum; rather, its effects on managerial decision-making and firm strategies are context-specific.