Foam Index Research Articles

Ethnobotany and Pharmacognostical Studies of <i>Jasminum sambac </i>Linn.

In the present study of Jasminum sambac ethnobotanical and pharmacognostical activity of Jasminum sambac leaf .These species of highly medicinal purposeflowers, leaves act as lactifuge, arrest the secretion of milk in the puerperal state in case of threatened abscess pharmacognostical study of leaf parts of Jasminum sambac has been undertaken, hence it is establish. Pharmacognostical and quality control parameters of leaf, of Jasminum sambac was carried out. Various microscopic characters viz., transverse section of leaf, quantitative parameters (stomatal number, stomatal index, and vein-islet and termination number) were determined for the identification of plant material. Powder microscopic studies, were also performed. Physicochemical parameters such as total Ash(13.5%), water soluble ash (6.7%) and acid-insoluble ash (8.2 %)Alcohol soluble extractive(30%) Water soluble extractive(11.8%)Moisture content(6.19%)Crude fibre content(15.1%)Swelling index (1)and Foaming index (Lessthan 100).

Application of synthetic wax for improvement of foamed bitumen parameters

The aim of the research was to evaluate the properties of foamed bitumen, produced from a Fischer–Tropsch synthetic wax modified 50/70 penetration grade bitumen for use as a binder in road construction layers. The binders were subjected to conventional tests (including penetration, softening point, Fraass breaking point and dynamic viscosity) as well as bitumen-foam-specific testing (including expansion ratio, half-life and foam index at different foaming water contents). Optimum amounts of foaming water and Fischer–Tropsch wax were identified and the binders were classified as relevant for different low-energy bitumen mix production techniques.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaves and Stem of Murraya koenigii

Murraya koenigii has been widely used as medicine in indigenous system of medicine. It is used as an analgesic, febrifuge, stomachic, carminative and for the treatment of dysentery skin eruption. The present study was planned for details pharmacognostical studies of Murraya koenigii leaves and stem. Macroscopical characters and microscopical characters of leaves and stem were perceived. The Physicochemical properties (total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water soluble extractive, methanol soluble extractive, moisture content and foaming index) of bark powder were studied. The values of physicochemical can also be used for standardization of Murraya koenigii. These studies provided referential information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario of lack of regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.

Study on Modified Asphalt Foaming Characteristic Basing on Energy Analysis

Studying on the modified asphalt foaming characteristic, the energy indexes of the actual maximum expansion ratio and the foam index influencing on the modified asphalt foaming effect is analyzed reasonably by varying moisture content. The results show that the half-life of modified foamed asphalt decay sharply with the decrease of SBS content (modified asphalt viscosity),the moisture being mainly applied to modified asphalt foaming is proved with actual max expansion ratio index and evaporated vastly with the decrease of SBS content (modified asphalt viscosity), the modified foamed asphalt stored energy internally is reflected by the foam energy and corrected according to the viscosity.

Effect of Gas Permeability and Solubility on Foam

We perform a study on the influence of gas permeability and solubility on the drainage and stability of foam stabilized with an anionic surfactant. Our study compares the foam stability for four pure gases and two gas mixtures while previous works only compared two pure gases. Drainage and foam-volume-decay rates are calculated from the experimental data and analysed. We find good agreement with existing theory as the foam stability is strongly influenced by the properties of the gas phase, in particular its solubility in the aqueous phase (measured by Henry’s solubility constant, kH) and permeability (measured by foam-film permeability coefficient, K). The foam volume decreases considerably with increasing K. Moreover, we observe that foams are more stable when a less soluble gas is added to a more soluble gas. Our analysis confirms theories linking drainage, stability, and coarsening rate. Finally, we introduce a new formulation for the foaming index that considers gas solubility and permeability.

Thermal Properties and Morphology Characteristics of a PP Mono-Filament and its Foam

Abstract The polypropylene (PP) mono-filament is an alternative material that can be used for insulation, packaging, and polymer composite applications. In this study, PP mono-filaments were prepared by extrusion free-fall at temperatures of 190, 200, and 210°C through a micro extrusion die with a diameter of 900 μm. The free-fall speeds of the filament were controlled by a gear pump driving at speeds ranging from 12.5 to 20.0 min−1, and the extrudates were cooled at room temperature. The PP mono-filaments were subsequently foamed by a batch foaming process with sc-CO2 as the blowing agent at foaming temperatures of 165, 170, 175 and 180°C. The thermal properties and crystallinity of the prepared filaments and their foams were investigated using a DSC. The foam morphology and isotropic foam properties were characterized by SEM micrographs. The results show that the various morphologies of the PP mono-filament foams deviated from the isotropic foam behavior and had isotropic foam index values in the range of 1.1 to 2.3. In addition, the PP mono-filament that was foamed at 175°C expanded in the longitudinal direction and exhibited the highest expansion ratio, but its degree of crystallinity decreased compared to the mono-filaments. PP mono-filament foam represented a narrow crystallization temperature range and crystallization time than mono-filament and tended to a faster crystalline growth.

QUANTITATIVE MICROSCOPY AND IN VITRO ANTI DANDRUFF ACTIVITY OF DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA WIGHT AND ARN

Natural products have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years and recently have been of increasing interest, since the cost are usually lower and they are considered less toxic by the public. The plant Dichrostachys cinerea is profusely branched thorny shrub distributed throughout the dry and warm parts of India belonging to the family Mimosaceae. The standardization of the leaves of D. cinerea were performed by Quantitative microscopy such as stomatal no, stomatal index, vein islet no. and vein termination no and foam index were examined. The aim of our study was to assess in vitro antidandruff activity of ehanolic extract of leaves of D. cinerea by disc diffusion method, the zone of inhibition were measured. It was observed that, no profound activity at lower concentration (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml) and showed only moderate activity at higher concentration (250 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml) against the fungi Mallazessia furfur or Pityrosporum ovale.

Characterization of Coal Fly Ash by the Absolute Foam Index

Characterization of Coal Fly Ash by the Absolute Foam Index

Investigation of Slag Foaming by Additions of Briquettes in the EAF during Stainless Steel Production

Nowadays, an effective application of energy required for stainless steel production in the electric arc furnace (EAF) by a slag foaming practice and recycling of waste products play two of the most significant roles for a sustainable steel production. In this study, briquettes were used to obtain a combined slag foaming and waste product reduction in the EAF process. Briquettes with different densities produced partly from waste products were tested in an industrial scale to study slag foaming in the EAF process during stainless steel production. The slag foaming tendency was determined based on visual estimations of slag foaming, evaluations of the slag density before and after addition of different briquettes, and by calculating a foaming index. The influence of the main parameters of briquettes (composition, density) and the furnace slag (composition, basicity, and, etc.) on slag foaming was studied. It was found that both heavy and light briquettes can be used for slag foaming. The heavy briquettes, with FeCr, produce about half the amount of gas compared to the light briquettes, without FeCr. The main part of the gas, >80%, was generated during the first 2–3 min, Moreover, the highest slag foaming rate was obtained for slags with a basicity in the range of 1.31–1.49.

Quantification of the Adsorption Capacity of Fly Ash

Fly ash adsorption capacity is a critical property for the beneficial utilization of fly ash; although this capacity could be favorable for some applications, it may not favor the use of fly ash for other applications such as cement and concrete production. In both cases the lack of fly ash adsorption capacity quantification tools and procedures limits the beneficial utilization of fly ash. This study compared the results of the currently available fly ash adsorption capacity tests to a newly developed test for the direct measurement of the adsorption capacity of fly ash. The study showed, as previous work did, that the commonly used thermogravimetric method, called loss on ignition (LOI), is not a good measure for quantifying the adsorption capacity of fly ash, the foam index test was more successful as an indicator rather than a measurement of the adsorption capacity, and the fly ash iodine number successfully quantified the adsorption capacity of fly ash and correlated very well with the direct measurement of the air entraining admixture (AEA) adsorption by fly ash. In addition, this study showed that the relationship between the fly ash iodine number and the AEA adsorption capacity measured via the direct adsorption isotherms can be used to determine the quantity of AEA adsorbed by the fly ash using the fly ash iodine number of the fly ash of interest. This AEA quantity represents the AEA dosage adjustment required to compensate for the adsorption of the AEA by fly ash in concrete.

AVALIAÇÃO DOS DIZERES DE ROTULAGEM E DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DE XAMPUS INFANTIS

Xampus infantis são compostos por tensoativos suaves, que reduzem a irritação nos olhos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a qualidade de xampus infantis, o cumprimento das normas reguladoras brasileiras para a rotulagem e as características físico-químicas (pH, índice de viscosidade e espuma) de oito produtos diferentes, comercializados na região de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brasil. Todas as amostras foram analisadas no que se refere ao cumprimento dos requisitos de rotulagem descritos na RDC 211/05 da Anvisa. Todas as amostras apresentaram pH compatível com o fluido lacrimal e volume de espuma adequado. De oito produtos analisados, 75% apresentaram viscosidade aparente adequada para xampus infantis e 25% tinham viscosidade inadequada. Estes resultados mostram que a maioria dos fabricantes está preocupada em colocar no mercado produtos seguros e eficazes.

Assessment of instream foam formation and quantification of foam in effluents

Although the foam formation on surface waters nowadays is not comparable with the foam "mountains" in the 1970s, it still is an issue of water quality concern. A drawback in the discussion is the lack of methods to assess instream foam formation and foam emitted by point sources. Foam formation on a transboundary river in Austria led to an intensive study resulting in two parameters to quantify instream and emitted foam. Foam potential is introduced as emission parameter that is defined as flow rate of river water, which can foam due to an effluent's discharge. The foam index (FI) represents a parameter to assess the foam on the river and allows a semi-quantitative differentiation between the varying foaming conditions. This publication will present the developed methods and show some results to prove their accuracy and applicability.

Sensitivity of Nozzle-Based Foamed Asphalt Binder Characteristics to Foaming Parameters

Foam-based warm-mix asphalt technologies decrease the overall viscosity of the asphalt mixture at lower temperatures so that it is workable during construction. However, after construction, viscosity increases rapidly as the foam disappears and the temperature drops. Although the production of the foamed binder is a relatively simple process, in which hot binder is mixed with a limited amount of water (typically 1% to 3% by weight of the binder), the rheology of the foamed binder is complex. The characteristics of foamed binders depend on various factors such as the binder type, grade, and modification; the foaming technology used; amount of water; and temperature. This study investigated the sensitivity of the characteristics of foamed binders to parameters such as injected air pressure and water content. The foamed binder characteristics, including the expansion ratio, half-life, foam index, bubble size distribution, and surface area index, were measured with a novel automated laboratory device called the asphalt foam collapse test. The measurements were conducted in several conditions, including ( a) constant water content and variable air pressure, ( b) variable water content and constant air pressure, and ( c) variable air pressure and water content. It was concluded that both water content and air pressure significantly affected foamed binder characteristics and their internal morphology.

Numerical simulation of slag foaming on bath smelting slag (CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–FeO) with population balance modeling

A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model has been developed for the simulation of slag foaming on bath smelting slag (CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–FeO) by considering foam as a separate phase. The CFD model has been used to predict the foam height, bubble number density and the multiphase flow phenomena in the system. The height of foam is dynamically balanced by the formation of foam due to transformation of both gas and liquid into foam and its destruction due to liquid drainage and bursting of bubbles, transforming foam back to liquid and gas. The bubble break-up and coalescence were considered in gas–liquid dispersion whereas in the foam layer, the bubble coalescence due to film rupture was incorporated. A population balance modeling was used to track the number density of different bubble classes and fixed pivot method was used to discretize the population balance equation. The model predicted the foam height of the slag system (CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–FeO). The content of FeO was changed and its effect on the foam height predicted. The foaming index was calculated and the results from the model predict that the foaming index decreases with increase of FeO content in slag. The CFD model also predicts that the foaming index of a slag with Al2O3 is higher than that of slag without Al2O3. Dimensionless analysis was performed based on the model available in the literature to correlate the foaming index with the physical properties of the slag. The predicted results from the present study are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND POWDER CHARACTERIZATION OF HERBAL DENTIFRICES

The consumption of edible products strongly recommends the regular hygiene of oral cavity. Various dental products of allopathic and herbal origin are used as dentifrices. The dentifrices are considered safe and effective in terms of cleansing effect of oral cavity and antimicrobial effect against microbes causing bad smell and diseases such as gingivitis, pyorrhea etc. These characteristics of preparations are basically related to physicochemical properties of ingredients present in their composition and some how on directions of their use. In the present study, the marketed allopathic dentifrices coded as Brand I and II and herbal tooth powders coded as Brand III and IV were selected to analyze the impact of physicochemical properties of incorporated ingredients on their cleansing efficiency. The physicochemical characteristics studied were pH, bulk volume, tapped volume, tapped density, bulk density, true density, porosity, flowability, compressibility, compactability, cohesiveness, dispersability, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, water soluble content, alcohol soluble content, foaming index, particle rearrangement behaviour and particle rearrangement constant. The antimicrobial effect of these powders was studied against Staphylococcus sorbinus, Staphylococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus acidophilus. It was observed that some of the physicochemical properties of all powders were different from each other. Marked antimicrobial effect of tooth powders was observed against pathogens. In all preparations, remarkable foaming index was analyzed that was generally considered responsible for cleansing effect.

Pharmacognostical Studies of Amaranthus Spinosus Linn

Amaranthus spinosus leaves species has been widely used as medicine in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Its leaves are used in treatment of malaria, hepatic disorders, fever, inflammation, leprosy, eczema, leucorrhoea and bronchitis. In view of its medicinal importance and taxonomic confusion, so here we determined the, microscopical structures along with powder characters of malaria, hepatic disorders, fever, inflammation, leprosy, eczema, leucorrhoea and bronchitis leaves. Fluorescence analysis, physico-chemical constants (total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, ether soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, foaming index) of leaves powder. Preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out for the various crude extracts using solvent of different polarity. These studies provided referential information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario of lack of regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.

A new method for Espresso Coffee brewing: Caffè Firenze

Espresso coffee is the most popular choice for Italian coffee consumers. It has been estimated that every day, in the world, over of 50 million of Espresso cups are taken. As a consequence of this success, a large number of devices to make Espresso have been developed. In this scenario, a new device has been recently developed and patented (Eu. Patent 06 023 798.9; US 2010/0034942 A1). This brew method, named “Caffè Firenze”, uses a sealed extraction chamber, where water and gas provides pressure higher than the other extraction methods. Three main parts compose the apparatus: the gas source, the extraction chamber and the heat exchanger. The gas source provides the pressured gas required to raise the pressure of the system. The extraction chamber is made with chrome-brass and accessorized with two heating glow plugs. Many are the factors affecting Espresso quality: it is known that, coffee type, roasting conditions and degree, grinding and storage strongly affect the obtained brew. Also, several studies have been carried out on the effect of the setting parameters on quality, for example water pressure, water temperature, and brew time. Among the characteristics that determine Espresso quality, the main attribute for the visual analysis is, without doubts, the foam, also called “crema”. Indeed, height, aspect, and persistency of foam are features much appreciates by consumers. Two distinguish Espresso foam parameters are the persistency and foam index. Equipping a commercial bar machine with the new designed extraction chamber makes feasible the comparison between the traditional way to brew Espresso and the new device. The comparison was made holding the previous mentioned conditions, and differences were evaluated in terms of physical parameters and aromatic profiles. Caffè Firenze shows pronounced differences compared with traditional Espresso in term of foam-related parameters. Also, the new extraction device produces coffees with higher values of body-related parameters, such density and viscosity. The two kinds of Espressos are perceived different at visual analysis and taste by a panel test.

Novel Testing Procedure for Assessment of Quality of Foamed Warm Mix Asphalt Binders

This paper presents an image-based testing system called the asphalt foam collapse test (AFCT) to measure parameters that indicate the quality of foamed warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders. The AFCT was used to measure and evaluate various potential quality indicators such as expansion ratio (ER), half-life (HL), and foam index (FI). In addition, this paper introduces a method to calculate the bubble size distribution (BSD) of the bubbles in the foamed WMA. The BSD is then used to introduce a new parameter called the surface area index (SAI) as an indicator of foamed binder quality. It was shown that the SAI is a strong candidate for evaluating foamed WMA binder for coating and workability. Furthermore, this paper presents the effect of water content and air nozzle pressure on the foam properties. The results revealed that the water content and air pressure have a significant influence on the ER, HL, FI, BSD, and SAI. The low water content and low pressure produced foams with smaller bubbles as compared to foams made with high water content and high pressure, which affected the aggregate coating.

Proper Index of Foam Statics Characteristics on Predicting Foam Dynamics Behavior in Porous Media

Proper foam statics index can give essential indications on foam dynamic behavior in porous media. In this paper, the statics characteristics are investigated through air-flow method for foam generated with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) surfactant. Parameters of foam height, foam half period time are recorded for various gas phases, surfactant concentrations and injecting gas flow rate, and foam morphology are also visually monitored. It is found the N2 generated foam has better characteristics on foam height, while poorer characteristics on foam half-time period compared to air and CO2 foam. Widely employed Foam Composite Index (FCI) is no longer suitable for predicting foam dynamic behavior, a Foam Index for predicting Dynamic Behavior in Porous Media (FIDBPM) is therefore defined to predict properly the foam transient propagation process in porous media.

Agronomical and phytochemical aspects of fafia

The medicinal species fafia (Hebanthe eriantha), is a product of extractivism in the region of the Paraiba Valley, São Paulo state, Brazil, with endangered genetic variability. This study did an agronomical characterization and an analysis of active compounds of five accessions. This research is a partnership of UNESP-Botucatu Medicinal Plants Laboratory, Paraiba Valley Center (APTA) and CPQBA-UNICAMP Agrotechnological Division. A field experiment using completely random blocks with five accessions and seven replications was used. The stem and leaf wet/dry weights, root wet/dry weight, length of the longest stem, foliar area, foam index and pfaffic acid content samples were evaluated. Accession I1800 had root dry weight, stem and leaf dry weight, and foliar area greater than other accessions (176.16 g/plant, 7.301 kg/plant, 155.04 cm² ). Pfaffic acid content was similar to other accessions (0.640-0.366 %mm-1) Among all five accessions, there is a positive correlation among the foliar area and stem and leaf dry weight and between the foliar area and root dry weight.