Resin Foam Research Articles

Separation of conduction and convection heat transfer effects for a metal foamed flat plate impinged by a circular jet

The present study is concerned with an experimental investigation of the local heat transfer coefficient for an air jet impinging on a flat plate with porous foam (aluminum and resin foam) using a thin metal foil technique. The experiments are performed for the Reynolds number (based on a nozzle diameter) ranging from 10,000 to 25,000 and nozzle to plate spacing varying from 2 to 10 times the inner diameter of a nozzle. The thickness, porosity, and pore density used are 8 mm, 92%, and 20 pores per inch. The static wall pressure distribution for the smooth flat plate and a foamed flat plate is measured. An infrared thermal imaging technique is used for temperature distribution measurement. The wall static pressure distribution shows that the presence of the porous foam offers extra additional hydraulic resistance to an incoming jet. Metal foamed flat plate experiences an increase in heat transfer because of conduction caused by the metal foam and decrease in heat transfer because of additional hydraulic resistance. However, the resin foamed flat plate experiences only decreases heat transfer caused by the additional hydraulic resistance. Hence, the conduction effect experienced by the metal foamed flat plate can be separated. Region-wise correlations for Nusselt number based on the Reynolds number (Re), a non-dimensional radial distance (r/d)and nozzle to plate spacing (z/d) are proposed.

Tailoring Epoxy Resin Foams by Pre-Curing with Neat Amine Hardeners and Its Derived Carbamates.

The use of amine-based carbamates with their dual function, acting as amine curing agents and CO2 blowing agents after their decomposition without by-products, are promising for ecofriendly epoxy foams as high-performance materials. However, controlling cell morphology requires a proper adjustment of the viscosity at the foaming step. The viscosity is altered not only by blending neat amine and its derived carbamate at a fixed pre-curing time, but also by changing the pre-curing time at a fixed blend ratio. Within this study, diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin is mixed with different blend ratios of isophorone diamine (IPDA) and its derived carbamate (B-IPDA). The systems are characterized by DSC and rheology experiments to identify the pre-curing effects on the derived epoxy foams. Epoxy foams at a blend ratio of 30/70w IPDA/B-IPDA showed the best foam morphology and an optimum Tg compared to other blend ratios. Furthermore, it was found that both pre-curing times, 2 h and 3 h, for the 30/70w IPDA/B-IPDA system reveal a more homogeneous cell structure. The study proves that the blending of neat amine and carbamate is beneficial for the foaming performance of carbamate systems.

A Novel Application of the Hydrophobic Polyurethane Foam: Expansive Soil Stabilization.

The reversible shrink–swell behavior of expansive soil imposes a serious challenge that threatens the overlying structures’ safety and durability. Traditional chemical additives such as lime and cement still exhibit satisfying performance over their counterparts in terms of swelling potential reduction. Nevertheless, significant concerns are associated with these chemicals, in addition to their environmental impact. This paper proposes a novel application of the closed-cell one-component hydrophobic polyurethane foam (HPUF) to stabilize the swelling soil. An extensive experimental study was performed to assess the efficiency of HPUF in mitigating both the swelling and shrinkage response of high montmorillonite content expansive soil. Expansive soil was injected/mixed with different weight ratios of the proposed stabilizer, and the optimum mixing design and injection percentage of the foam resin were identified to be ranged from 10% to 15%. The shrink–swell behaviors of both injected and noninjected samples were compared. Results of this comparison confirmed that HPUF could competently reduce both the swelling potential and the shrinkage cracking of the reactive expansive soil, even after several wet-shrink cycles.

Substantial emissions of nitrated aromatic compounds in the particle and gas phases in the waste gases from eight industries

Nitrated aromatic compounds, the ubiquitous nitrogen-containing organic pollutants, impact the environment and organisms adversely. As industrial raw materials and intermediates, nitrated aromatic compounds and their aromatic precursors are widely employed in the industrial production activities. Nevertheless, their emission from industrial waste gases has so far not been studied extensively. In this study, the concentrations of 12 nitrated aromatic compounds in the particle and gas phases downwind of 16 factories encompassing eight industries (i.e., pharmaceutical, weaving and dyeing, herbicide, explosive, painting, phenolic resin, paper pulp and polystyrene foam industries), were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their concentrations in the particle and gas phases from different factories ranged from 114.7 ± 63.5 to 296.6 ± 62.5 ng m−3 and 148.7 ± 7.4 to 309.8 ± 26.2 ng m−3, respectively, thus, exhibiting significantly high concentrations as compared to the background sites. Among the 12 detected species, 4-nitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, 3-nitrosalicylic acid and 4-methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol were observed to be the predominant species, with total fractions up to 47.9–72.3% and 63.1–70.3% in the particle and gas phases, respectively. Their emission profiles with respect to the industrial activities exhibited large discrepancies as compared to the combustion sources, thus, indicating different formation mechanisms. The emission ratios of particulate nitrated aromatic compounds owing to the industrial activities were estimated between 0.5 ± 0.2 and 4.3 ± 1.5 ng μg−1, which were higher than or comparable to those from various combustion sources. The findings from this study confirm the industrial emission to be an important source of nitrated aromatic compounds in the atmosphere. The substantial emissions of nitrated aromatic compounds from various industries reported in this study provide the fundamental basis for further emission estimation and pollution control.

Preparation of carbon foam-reinforced carbon aerogels and their copyrolysis mechanism

This paper reports a copyrolysis strategy for preparing carbon foam-reinforced carbon aerogels with low thermal conductivity. Three types of precarbonized foams derived from commercial (0.03 g/cm 3 ), low-density (0.03 g/cm 3 ), and medium-density (0.06 g/cm 3 ) phenolic resin foams were impregnated with resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) sol, aged at 50 °C, exchanged with ethanol, dried supercritically, and finally carbonized by copyrolysis at temperatures ranging from 600 to 900 °C. The linear shrinkage characteristics during the pyrolysis of the aerogels, foams, and composites at different temperatures were measured to analyze the formation process of the gap at the composite interface. The compressive strength of the composites was found to be higher than that of the carbon foam components. The thermal conductivity of the three composites was gauged at temperatures ranging from 25 to 1900 °C. The CCH-900 (commercial carbon foam-reinforced carbon aerogels after copyrolysis at 900 °C) composite exhibited the lowest high-temperature thermal conductivity (λ 1900 °C = 0.25 W/m·K). Finally, the copyrolysis mechanism of the RF aerogels and phenolic resin foams was analyzed through XPS, TG-MS, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. • A novel co-pyrolysis strategy is proposed to reduce the interfacial gap of carbon foam-reinforced carbon aerogel composites. • The composites constructed by the phenolic resin foams with wall film exhibit low high temperature thermal conductivity. • The co-pyrolysis mechanism between phenolic aerogels and phenolic resin foams are proposed.

The electrochemical performance enhancement of carbon anode by hybrid from battery and capacitor through nitrogen doping

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is the dominant energy storage device for the application on electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Up to now, the enhancement of LIBs’ energy density mainly depends on the improvement of anode’s capacity. Due to the obstacle of large volume effect and low rate performance, the use of intrinsic high-capacity anodes, such as silicon, is still in the laboratory stage. Combining battery and capacitor to improve the electrochemical performance of the commercial carbon anode is an alternative and effective strategy in practical application. In this paper, a high nitrogen (N) content (8.2%) carbon is obtained by pyrolyzing the melamine formaldehyde (MF) foam resin at low temperature (600 °C). It delivers a stable specific capacity of around 600 mAh g−1 at 0.1C. No significant capacity degradation appears after 200 cycles, and the coulombic efficiency maintained over 99.5%. Even at 1.2 C, a specific capacity of 350 mAh g−1 is delivered and so a Li-ions diffusion coefficient of 1.8×10–13 cm2s-1. The reason of the superior electrochemical performance of the high N-doped carbon anode is the synergistic effect of battery and capacitor. The calculated pseudocapacitance proportion is from 32 to 61% at scan rate from 0.1 to 1mV s−1.

Nitrogen-rich covalent triazine frameworks for high-efficient removal of anion dyes and the synergistic adsorption of cationic dyes

Efficient adsorption of organic dyes from effluent has great importance for ecological and environmental protection. Herein, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) were constructed via the polycondensation of melamine and cyanuric chloride directly. Due to the numerous basic nitrogen atoms as high as 58.98 wt%, high BET surface area (670.2 m g−1), and hierarchical pore structure, CTFs demonstrated selective adsorption of anionic dyes in high capacity (e.g., a maximum adsorption capacity of 1581 mg g−1 for Congo red at 30 °C). The mechanism of the outstanding adsorption performance was carefully verified and ascribed to the electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding between CTFs and anionic dyes. The amine groups linking two adjacent triazine rings have primary responsibility for the superior performance. Unexpectedly, CTFs expressed a tuning synergetic effect for removing cationic dyes in aqueous solution coexisting with anionic dyes, exhibiting a great superiority in the specific and comprehensive treatment of organic dyes contaminated water. Furthermore, CTFs were stable and had long-periodic availability for more than 6 times, ensuring the adsorption rate higher than 90%. For better operation, hybrid monolithic aerogels were constructed by incorporating CTFs into polyvinylidene fluoride then casting in melamine resin foams. The obtained aerogels expressed high-efficient removal of anionic dyes coupled with convenient operation. This well-established metal-free porous material is a promising adsorbent candidate for anionic dyes selectively and even synergetic adsorption of cationic dyes in water remediation.

Foaming effect influence of PBT / ABS resin as a reducing agent in foamed asphalt

Foamed asphalt provides good environmental protection characteristics and economy. The utilization rate of old materials in foam asphalt recycling technology is higher than that of emulsified asphalt. Due to the lack of performance, the application scope of foam asphalt recycling technology is limited. In order to maintain high utilization rate of recycled asphalt concrete and improve the performance of foamed asphalt mixture, it will be the focus of research. In recent studies, adding a reducing agent into the regeneration process of foamed asphalt is a new technology. According to the test results of reduction performance of asphalt SARA four components, the PBT/ABS resin (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene modified by Polybutylene Terephthalate) has excellent asphalt reduction effect, and PBT/ABS resin has good compatibility with emulsified asphalt after emulsification. Therefore, based on the existing foaming theory, the influence of asphalt temperature and water consumption on asphalt foaming with PBT / ABS resin reducing agent was designed. The influence of asphalt temperature and water consumption on foamed asphalt modified by PBT / ABS resin reducing agent was discussed. The results show that the PBT/ABS resin has larger foam volume than ordinary foam asphalt, but the average diameter of foam is slightly smaller. Similar to ordinary foamed asphalt, expansion rate and half-life are opposite to that of water consumption. Water consumption and asphalt temperature have significant effects on foaming effect. At the same temperature, with the increase of water consumption, the expansion rate increases and the half-life decreases. Under the same water consumption, the higher the foaming temperature, the greater the expansion rate. However, when the temperature reaches 160 °C, the expansion rate of asphalt does not vary with the temperature. With the increase of temperature, asphalt with different temperature has different optimal foaming water consumption. Finally, the optimum foaming conditions of PBT/ABS resin foam are given as follows: the best foaming temperature is 140 C, the water consumption is 3.8%, the ultimate expansion rate is 21.5%, and the half-life is 22.5s.

Fabrication of disk-shaped, deuterated resorcinol/formaldehyde foam target for laser–plasma experiments

Abstract Resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) foam resin is an attractive material as a low-density target in high-power laser–plasma experiments because of its fine network structure, transparency in the visible region, and low-Z element (hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen) composition. In this study, we developed disk-shaped RF foam and deuterated RF foam targets with 40–200 μm thickness and approximately 100 mg/cm3 density having a network structure from 100 nm to a few micrometers cell size. By deuteration, the polymerization rate was drastically slowed down owing to kinetic isotope effects. These targets were used in high-power laser experiments where a megaelectronvolt proton beam was successfully generated.

Foaming performance and bonding strength of a novel urea-formaldehyde foaming resin facilely prepared with thermo-expandable microspheres

A novel urea-formaldehyde (UF) foaming resin to be used in low-density wood-based materials was facilely fabricated by mixing thermo-expandable microspheres (TEMs) with UF resin. The foaming performance and bonding strength of the new resin were investigated with specially designed paper/UF samples and bonded veneers joints, respectively. The developed resin had a good expansion effect, with an apparent density of less than 300 kg/m3 and expansion ratios of 4.5–9.8, and a uniform cellular structure inside the resin was demonstrated by scanning electron microscope observations. However, the addition of TEMs resulted in a 47.5%–91.4% decrease in the shear strength of the resins. As the concentration of TEMs increased from 2.5% to 10.0%, the apparent density and shear strength showed similar decreasing trends. The introduction of glutaraldehyde (GA) increased the bonding strength of the resins to 69.8%–199.7%, while significantly increasing their apparent density. Increasing the concentration of TEMs would be an effective way to reduce the apparent density of the UF foaming resins, but there will be an accompanying degradation in their strength. GA could be a potential chemical modifier for TEMs/UF resins in terms of improving their bonding strength.

Combining carbon nanotube foam with nanosilver/silicone resin or graphene foam for advanced metamaterial design

Advanced metamaterials are designed upon the combination of (1) carbon nanotube (CNT) foam, which is obtained from chemical vapor deposition by fully consuming the initial nickel foam, and (2) nanosilver/silicone resin or graphene (Gr) foam. The CNT foam/nanosilver/silicone composite simultaneously exhibits a negative permittivity and permeability in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 1 GHz provided that the appropriate CNT foam amount is considered (20 m%). Double-negative performance in a similar frequency range is obtained with both 3/1 and 1/1 (mass basis) Gr/CNT-based composites. On the other hand, 3/2 (mass basis) Gr/CNT exhibits a negative permeability in the shared frequency range from 6 × 102 MHz to 1 GHz with still negative permittivity in the full range. The Gr amount allows to control the frequency behavior, with a variation in absolute permittivity and permeability values and a switch between a concave and convex behavior. Hence, the work contributes to the further expanding of the application range of metamaterials.

Effects of Porosity and SEBS Fraction on Dry Sliding Friction of EVA Foams for Sports Shoe Sole Applications

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam is sometimes used in the outer soles of sport shoes. To improve the slip resistance of EVA foam, this study investigated the effects of porosity and the fraction of styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene (SEBS) on the dry sliding friction behavior of EVA foams. Sliding friction tests were performed against a pin specimen with a semicylindrical tip, which was covered with (rough surface) or without abrasive paper (smooth surface). The results revealed that the friction coefficient of the EVA foam increased with porosity when slid against a smooth surface, whereas its friction coefficient increased with porosity and SEBS fraction when slid against a rough surface. The results of this investigation provide insight into how to increase the dry sliding friction of resin foam against smooth and rough surfaces, which will also contribute to improving the slip resistance of shoe soles made from resin foam.

Effect of the Porosity Distribution on Dry Sliding Friction and Wear of Cross-Linked Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Foams With a Skin Layer

Shoes are an essential item in daily life to prevent slip-and-fall accidents and to improve performance in human activities such as walking, running, and jumping. These effects are supported by the friction between the outer shoe soles and the floor. In designing the friction of the outer sole, the wear resistance must be also considered to maintain slip resistance and provide a longer shoe lifetime. Rubber is the most popular material for the outer sole in shoe design, but it is also common to use a cross-linked resin foam on the outer sole to reduce the weight and improve the slip resistance. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is a popular material for the shoe foam material. In general, cross-linked EVA foam has a non-uniform porosity distribution, and especially near the surface in the low-porosity region called the skin layer. Here, it is considered that the friction and wear behaviors of cross-linked EVA foams can be changed via the skin layer, but the influence of the porosity distribution on the friction and wear behaviors has not been clarified. Using cross-linked EVA foams with a skin layer, this study focused on the foam friction and wear behaviors on a rough surface as a function of the porosity distribution. The friction and wear behaviors were found to depend on the wear surface porosity, which increased with wear progress. In addition, the friction coefficient exhibited a positive and negative correlation with the porosity of the wear surface and the normal force, respectively, while the specific wear rate increased with both parameters. These results are particularly meaningful for designing shoe materials.

Experimental study of moist air flow in the gap between the aircraft\u2019s fuselage and its cabin wall

We carried out an experimental study on the moisture transfer and the heat transport in warm and humid air flows between the cabin lining and the fuselage skin. The measurements were performed in a rectangular gap channel, representing the space between fuselage and cabin wall. Long-term measurements were performed for three configurations: without insulation, with fibreglass blanket and with melamine resin foam blanket. To simulate realistic flight conditions in a laboratory setup, we applied a concept of scaling. This concept is intended to guarantee similitude between the real flight conditions and the laboratory experiment. The results reveal that without insulation, the moisture transfer rate is much higher compared to the configurations with insulation blankets. With insulation, most of the water evaporates during ground conditions and just a small amount is entrapped in the insulation. Without insulation, just a small part of the frozen water evaporates on the ground. When comparing the two insulation blankets, it is found that they both have a similar heat transmittance coefficient. However, the condensation rate of the water and the resulting accumulation of water are significant, higher for the fibreglass blanket.

Joining Strength and Compressive Characteristics of Metal Foam–Resin Sheet Composite Fabricated by Local Friction Heating

Joining Strength and Compressive Characteristics of Metal Foam–Resin Sheet Composite Fabricated by Local Friction Heating

Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance.

Phenolic foam composites (PFs) are of substantial interest due to their uniform closed-cell structure, low thermal conductivity, and good thermal insulation performance. However, their disadvantages of a high pulverization rate and poor mechanical properties restrict their application in building exterior insulation. Therefore, the toughening of these composites is necessary. In this paper, poplar fiber was treated with an acetylation reagent, and the acetylated fiber was used to prepare modified phenolic foams (FTPFs); this successfully solved the phenomenon of the destruction of the foam structure due to the agglomeration of poplar fiber in the resin substrate. The foam composites were comprehensively evaluated via the characterization of their chemical structures, surface morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal conductivities, and flame retardant properties. It was found that the compressive strength and compressive modulus of FTPF-5% respectively increased by 28.5% and 37.9% as compared with those of PF. The pulverization ratio was reduced by 32.3%, and the thermal insulation performance and flame retardant performance (LOI) were improved. Compared with other toughening methods for phenolic foam composites, the phenolic foam composites modified with surface-compatibilized poplar fiber offer a novel strategy for the value-added utilization of woody fiber, and improve the toughness and industrial viability of phenolic foam.

ACCURACY OF IMPLANT PLACEMENT USING TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAD/CAM SURGICAL GUIDES (AN INVITRO STUDY)

more predictable prosthetic outcomes than non-guided implant surgery. OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of implant placement using 3D printed and machine milled surgical guides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve polyurethane foam resin mandibular models were used in this study. Implant position was virtually planned using 3D planning software based on the preoperative CBCT of each model. Surgical guides were designed on the software and exported in STL format. Models were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=6 each). Group I: Surgical guides were manufactured using 3D printing. Group II: Surgical guides were manufactured using machine milling. Three implants were placed in each model using CAD/CAM surgical guides. The 3D position of the planned and placed implants, in terms of the linear deviations of the implant head and apex and the angular deviations of the implant axis, was compared by superimposing the pre- and postoperative CBCT using dedicated software. The MannWhitney U test was used for comparison (P <0.05). RESULTS: The mean coronal, apical and angular deviation for Group I were 0.72 ± 0.21 mm, 1.1 ± 0.42 mm and 2.5° ± 1.2° respectively, while for Group II they were 0.85 ± 0.3 mm, 1.3 ± 0.37 mm and 3.09° ± 0.89° degrees respectively. No significant differences were found between both groups for any of the measurements. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing gave better results over machine milling; however, both types can be used in manufacturing surgical guides as difference in accuracy is not statistically significant. The accuracy of implants in both groups was within the safety margin of previous studies.

Preparation of low-toxicity cast foamed phenolic plastics

Introduction. Gas-filled polymers are highly efficient building thermal insulation materials, and therefore, researching to develop technologies to create them is a promising task. Phenol-formaldehyde foamed plastic can be a high-potential material with many significant advantages. However, the high toxicity of the phenol and formaldehyde compounds it releases is a significant deterrent to its usage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to search for ways to reduce the toxicity of foamed plastic. The research considered the method of using ferric chloride as a complexing agent that binds phenol, with simultaneous use of sodium hexafluorosilicate to reduce material consumption.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on phenol-formaldehyde resin FRV-1A (TU 6-05-1104-78 “Resin, phenol-formaldehyde, foaming, brand FRV-1A”) and curing agent VAG-3 (TU 6-55-1116-88 “Product VAG-3”). The number of free phenol monomers was determined through gas chromatography method following GOST 11235-2017 “Phenoloformaldehyde resins. Methods for determination of free phenol”. The tests were carried out using a Tsvet-4 chromatograph. Tests on determining the foaming rate were carried out according to TU 6-05-1104-78 “Resin, phenol-formaldehyde, foaming, brand FRV-1A”. The density of the samples was measured basing on the mass-to-volume ratio of the samples. Strength was determined using samples of size 50 × 50 × 50 mm mm at 10 % compression on a test press.&#x0D; Results. The conducted studies showed a decrease in the content of free phenol monomers in samples modified with ferric chloride. The use of sodium hexafluorosilicate allows significantly reducing the density of the finished material and, consequently, reducing the toxicity of foamed phenolic plastic per material mass unit.&#x0D; Conclusions. According to the obtained results, the most effective for detoxifying a cast foamed phenolic plastic is the use of ferric chloride in an amount of 2 % of the FRV-1A oligomer mass with the addition of 0.5 % of the sodium hexafluorosilicate mass. The use of this method for modifying phenol-formaldehyde resin foam in the future may make it possible to obtain a much safer material and expand its areas of application.

The effects of nanoclay and deformation conditions on the inelastic behavior of thermoplastic polyurethane foams

Abstract Under cyclical loading–unloading compression conditions, flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/nanoclay composite foams exhibit inelastic behaviors consisting of stress softening, hysteresis loss, and residual strain. In this research, the inelastic behavior of TPU and TPU/nanoclay composite foams was investigated by incorporating different amounts of nanoclay and maximizing strain deformation conditions. As the maximum compression strain was increased from 20% to 40%–60%, the inelastic behavior of TPU neat resin foams (TPUNR) with the same microcellular structures became more profound. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compression testing results indicated that the nanoclay fillers were dispersed in the cell walls (struts). Fully exfoliated nanoclay increased the material's compression strength from 0.13 MPa for TPUNR foam to 0.16 MPa for TPU/5 wt% nanoclay foam (TPUNC5) and 0.36 MPa for TPU/10 wt% nanoclay foam (TPUNC10). With increasing nanoclay content, the relative hysteresis loss, relative residual strain, and relative stress softening of the TPU/nanoclay composite foams decreased markedly. Cell deformation mechanism analyses revealed that the dispersed nanoclay in the cell walls effectively reinforced the foams and retarded the permanent deformation of the cell walls, thereby reducing the inelastic behavior of the TPU/nanoclay foams. That is, the addition of organically modified nanoclay provided an effective way to tune the inelastic behavior of TPU and TPU/nanoclay composite foams.

A novel chemical-consolidation sand control composition: Foam amino resin system

AbstractA novel chemical-consolidation method based foam amino resin system of sand control systems in the oilfield is reported. This sand control technique is more superior to the conventional method owing to its advantages such as the outstanding resistance and lower density as well as simple process preparation. The apparent density of the foam resin system ranges from 0.528 g/cm3 to 0.634 g/cm3 at room temperature. Moreover, the system has excellent foaming properties and excellent compatibility with the formation fluids. In addition, the foam amino resin sand consolidation system was optimized and investigated. Simultaneously, the sand-fixing performance of the foam resin system was comprehensively assessed. The optimized conditions are as follows: curing temperature, 60°C; curing time, 12 h; consolidated core compressive strength, 6.28 MPa. Furthermore, the consolidated core showed remarkable resistance to the formation fluids. In summary, the foam resin system effectively met the requirements of the sand control and the horizontal wells in the oilfield.