Foam Formation Research Articles

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Synergistic Effect of Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer on the Formation and Stabilization of Water-Based Foam Systems.

The stable maintenance effect of a chemical oil displacement agent on a foam liquid film usually creates problems with the oilfields surface system. To achieve comprehensive insights into the influence mechanism of these chemical agent components on the foam liquid film, an "SDBS/HPAM/OH-" water-based foam simulation system and corresponding control systems were constructed by adjusting the categories and quantities of component molecules by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The simulated results indicated that the foam stability follows the order of "SDBS/HPAM/OH-" system > "SDBS/HPAM" system > "SDBS" system. The smaller the inclination angle of the SDBS molecular tail chain, the greater the tendency of the SDBS molecular configuration to be "upright" at the gas-liquid interface, which is not conducive to preventing the aggregation and penetration of gas molecules at the gas-liquid interface. Although the presence of HPAM molecules can significantly enhance the stability of the liquid film by restricting the liquid film's drainage and the diffusion of gas molecules, the addition of HPAM molecules would weaken the formation ability of the foam liquid film. Through decreasing the aggregation of cations around the co-adsorption layer, OH- not only enhances the interfacial activity of SDBS molecules, but also reduces the electrostatic repulsion between -COO- groups on the HPAM molecular chain, which makes the foam more stable. With an increase in the pH, SDBS concentration, and HPAM concentration, the stability of foam liquid film was strengthened. These results are helpful in facilitating new insights into the formation and stabilization mechanism of water-based foams. In particular, they provide support for the development and application of new defoaming technologies.

Harvest of nisin from fermentation broth using foam separation with the assistance of ultrasonic treatment: Foam property evaluation and antimicrobial activity retention

Nisin is a gene-encoded short peptide secreted by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and it has wide applications in diverse fields. Foam separation was used for harvesting nisin from fermentation broth in the current work. First, the effects of pH, nisin concentration and gas type on foam property, surface tension and antimicrobial activity of unitary nisin solution were investigated, respectively. At the suitable pH of 5.0, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of nisin was 2.891 g/L. As nisin concentration exceeded cmc, the foam stability of sample solution gradually decreased. Among four gases, nitrogen (N2) gas could be selected as the suitable carrier gas for foam formation. Moreover, foam evolution could induce the modification of the nisin secondary structure, resulting in the loss of antimicrobial activity. In batch fermentation, the variations in biomass, nisin concentration and pH over cultivation period were monitored. Experimental results indicated that batch fermentation could be terminated after cultivation for 21 h. The foam property of peptone and yeast extract at different pH conditions was analyzed. The high selectivity of foam separation for harvesting nisin achieved at pH 5.0. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the operational conditions of foam separation. Finally, the inactivation percentage of nisin in the foamate could be effectively reduced by assembling 300 W ultrasonic treatment into foam separation. The novelty of current work prompts a search for understanding of how operational factors of foam separation affect biochemical property and structural stability of nisin, thereby facilitating the industrial manufacture of nisin.

Synthesis of in situ Generated Cu−CNT Hybrid Nanofluid and the Study of Their Thermo‐physical Properties

AbstractIn recent years, numerous investigations have been carried out in heat transfer applications for CNT nanofluid as it possesses a high thermal conductivity compared to conventional fluids. Hydrophobicity of CNT poses a challenge to disperse CNT in polar basefluid. Surfactants can solve this issue up to a certain extent only but have some associated disadvantages such as foam formation, stickiness and viscosity enhancement responsible for an increase in power required to pump Nanofluid in heat transfer devices. This work presents preparation of a hybrid nanofluid as an alternative. Cu−CNT hybrid nanoparticles were generated in this research using in‐situ preparation of Cu nanoparticles in the presence of CNT and dispersion in double distilled water without addition of surfactant to produce a stable nanofluid. FESEM with EDX confirms copper nanoparticles present on outer surface of MWCNT and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the covalent functionalization. Spectral analysis, Zeta potential, and DLS were used to evaluate the dispersibility of Cu−CNT hybrid nanofluid. The results showed that the samples were extremely stable, with maximum stability of about 168 days. XRD pattern of Cu−CNT hybrid nanoparticles confirmed the existence of Cu and CNT. Nanofluid demonstrated a minor increase in density and viscosity compared to basefluid water due to addition of nanoparticles. An increase in thermal conductivity was also observed, which is critical for heat transfer applications.

Influence of aqueous foam on gas–liquid flow development of hilly-terrain wet gas pipeline with surfactant injection

This study presents surfactant injection as a replacement technology for mechanical pigging to reduce liquid accumulation for wet gas transmission. The hilly terrain gas/liquid flow development characteristics under surfactant injection were explored in pipelines, and a comprehensive experiment was performed through flow observation and the measurement and analysis of the flow characteristic parameters. The 250 ppm sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant was employed according to the variation characteristics of the flow pattern and pressure drop at different concentrations. Flow observations and liquid holdup characteristics indicate that owing to the formation of aqueous foam, the gas/liquid interface and phase characteristics change significantly, and the liquid holdup decreases by several or even more than ten times and maintains a low value (0.004–0.070), except for the initial gas–liquid flow at low gas flow and high liquid flow rates. The aqueous foam effectively suppresses the slug and pseudo slug initiation, the gas/liquid convection of the slug body, and the large wave rolling of the pseudo-slug body, which induces the dissipation of intermittent flow. The pressure drop under the influence of aqueous foam decreases drastically (60% ∼ 85%) at certain gas and liquid velocities and fluctuates smoothly near zero over a wide experimental range. The surfactant suppression on partially blocked pseudo-slug body induces a significant decrease of pseudo-slug frequency from 0.17 ∼ 0.42 Hz to 0 ∼ 0.06 Hz and transitional velocity from 1.21 ∼ 1.90 m/s to 0 ∼ 1.11 m/s. This research is highly significant for surfactant injection schemes and efficient and sustainable production.

Foam EOR as an Optimization Technique for Gas EOR: A Comprehensive Review of Laboratory and Field Implementations

Foam-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is poised to become one of the most promising tertiary recovery techniques to keep up with the continuously increasing global energy demands. Due to their low sensitivity to gravity and permeability heterogeneities that improve sweep efficiency, foams are the preferred injection fluids over water or gas. Although foam injection has been used in the field to improve oil recovery and control gas mobility, its success is still hindered by several conceptual and operational challenges with regard to its stability and foamability under reservoir conditions. This can be attributed to the insufficient attention given to the mechanisms underlying foam generation and stability at the microscopic level in many studies. For a deeper understanding, this study reviews the most pertinent published works on foam-EOR. The major objective is to provide a broad basis for subsequent laboratory and field applications of foam-EOR. In this work, we highlighted foam classification and characterization, as well as the crucial factors impacting foam formation, stability, and oil recovery. Additionally, the principal mechanisms of foam generation are thoroughly explained. Finally, the most recent developments in foam generation and stability improvement are discussed. Foam-EOR is comprehensively reviewed in this work, with an emphasis on both theoretical and practical applications.

CHARACTERIZATION OF QUAIL EGG POWDERS OBTAINED BY LIQUID EGG DRYING AND FOAM-MAT DRYING.

Quail eggs have nutritional, therapeutic, and functional potential but are still not widely consumed in the world. Its powder form availability can contribute to expanding its consumption worldwide. However, drying can significantly affect food properties. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study comparing the effect of drying methods on the rehydration capacity and functional properties of whole quail egg powder. In this context, this work aimed to obtain powdered quail eggs by convective oven drying and freeze-drying of eggs in liquid and foam form, to evaluate the effect of each drying method on their physical, rehydration, and functional characteristics. The powder obtained by freeze-drying eggs in the liquid form (L-FD) showed the most desirable foaming capabilities; however, it produced less stable emulsions. The powder obtained by convective oven drying of eggs in liquid form (L-CONV) had the worst rehydration and foaming capabilities but produced firmer gels and had good emulsifying capacity. Finally, the powders obtained by foam-mat drying yielded very stable foams and emulsions. The evaluated methods promoted a good performance for quail egg powder production. The results point to the great potential of quail egg powder as an ingredient. Liquid freeze-dried (L-FD) eggs stood out positively concerning the rehydration capacity. Regarding the functional properties, each powder stood out with specific functionality. Therefore, the choice of the best method depends on the powder application since specific characteristics and functional properties are desirable for preparing each food. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Foam and Antifoam Behavior of PDMS in MDEA-PZ Solution in the Presence of Different Degradation Products for CO2 Absorption Process

Absorption is one of the most established techniques to capture CO2 from natural gas and post-combustion processes. Nevertheless, the absorption process frequently suffers from various operational issues, including foaming. The main objective of the current work is to elucidate the effect of degradation product on the foaming behavior in methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and piperazine (PZ) solution and evaluate the antifoaming performance of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) antifoam. The foaming behavior was investigated based on types of degradation product, temperature, and gas flow rate. The presence of glycine, heptanoic acid, hexadecane, and bicine in MDEA-PZ solution cause significant foaming. The presence of hexadecane produced the highest amount of foam, followed by heptanoic acid, glycine and lastly bicine. It was found that increasing the gas flow rate increases foaming tendency and foam stability. Furthermore, increasing temperature increases foaming tendency, but reduces foam stability. Moreover, PDMS antifoam was able to reduce foam formation in the presence of different degradation products and at various temperatures and gas flow rates. It was found that PDMS antifoam works best in the presence of hexadecane with the highest average foam height reduction of 19%. Hence, this work will demonstrate the cause of foaming and the importance of antifoam in reducing its effect.

Waste Polyurethane Foams as Biomass Carriers in the Treatment Process of Domestic Sewage with Increased Ammonium Nitrogen Content.

In order to understand the mechanisms of microbial growth on waste polyurethane sponge materials, their effectiveness as biomass carriers in domestic sewage with increased ammonium nitrogen content treatment was assessed. Comparative experiments were carried out in microreactors under steady conditions of batch culture, which allowed for an assessment of different carriers, in the form of flexible foams, rigid foams, and flexible foams placed in full casings. In the studies conducted in continuous cultures, biomass carriers selected in batch culture were used as fillings in the column model. The structure of the microbial community inhabiting the spongy material was determined and the pollutant-removing process from real domestic sewage was assessed. Analyzes using the Illumina sequencing technique allowed for demonstrating that Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira were the predominant nitrifiers in the biomass carrier in the form of waste polyurethane foams (PUF). It was found that anammox bacteria, the presence of which-as unidentified Planctomycetes-was confirmed in the polyurethane sponge material, were also responsible for the high removal of N-NH4+. Burkholderia and Sphingopyxis phyla were identified as the dominant denitrifying bacteria involved in the treatment of domestic sewage with increased content of ammonium nitrogen. The biomass carrier in the form of waste PUF placed additionally in full casings proved to be more beneficial for the proliferation of bacteria involved in nitrification and denitrification processes. On the other hand, waste foams without casings proved to be more suitable for the growth of microorganisms known to perform partial denitrification and may accumulate nitrites (Staphylococcus, Dokdonella). Additionally, the presence of Devosia and Pseudonocardia, which participated in the phosphorus removal process, was found in the waste PUR foams.

Influence of Expeditionary Liqueur on The Formation of Foam Properties of Sparkling Wines

When determining the quality of sparkling wines, first of all, we thought to focus on the assessment of processes of formation of sparkling and frothy properties, as the process of cavitation reveals the relationship with the chemical components, which affects organoleptic indicators. The effect of expeditionary liquor on frothy properties was investigated and it was found that expeditionary liquor directly affects the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide. The control samples were made according to the classical technology of sparkling wine production, including “prise de mousse”, due to which the carbon dioxide molecules were promoted and dissolved, increasing the degree of diffusion in the liquid. Such a sparkling wine is characterized by a fine foam and a highpressure index. Foam formation is associated with proteins, as they exhibit the ability to adsorb and unfold at the gas-liquid interface, and foam stability is provided by amino acids due to strong bonds that increase wine viscosity. When expeditionary liqueur was added, the pressure dropped from 7 atmospheres to 4 atmospheres, which allowed the sparkling wine to calm down and stabilize bubble formation, and this is the result of the subtle interaction between dissolved carbon dioxide molecules and tensioactive wine components.

Nanoparticle-Surfactant Stabilized Strong Foam for Enhanced Oil Recovery in High-Salinity Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs

Summary Foam flooding can minimize bypassing in gasfloods in fractured reservoirs. Finding a foam formulation effective in high-salinity brine is challenging, especially with divalent cations, e.g., American Petroleum Institute (API) brine (8% NaCl with 2% CaCl2). When formulating with nanoparticles, the colloidal dispersion stability is difficult due to the dramatic reduction in zeta potential and the Debye length at high salinity. The aim of this work was to develop a strong foam in API brine at the ambient temperature, using a nonionic surfactant and ethyl cellulose nanoparticles (ECNP), for gasflooding in fractured carbonate reservoirs. ECNPs was synthesized and dispersed in API brine using a nonionic surfactant (also denoted as SF). SF and SF/ECNP foams were generated, and their stability was studied at atmospheric pressure and 950 psi. Foam mobility was measured in a sandpack at high pressure. Foam flood experiments were conducted in oil-saturated fractured carbonate cores. The nonionic surfactant proved to be a good dispersion agent for ECNP in API brine. The SF/ECNP mixture stabilized foam in API brine, even in the presence of oil. Injecting a partially miscible gas (below its minimum miscibility pressure) as an SF foam into a fractured core more than doubles the oil recovery over injection of the gas alone. The injection of the strong foam (SF/ECNP) further improves the oil recovery over that of the SF foam, indicating the synergy between ECNP and surfactant. ECNP accumulates in the foam lamella and induces larger pressure gradients in the fracture to divert more gas into the matrix for oil displacement.

The thermal and combustion properties of soybean oil phosphate-based polyurethane foam composites containing polyol of etidronic acid

In this work, a phosphorus-containing soybean oil-based polyol (PSOP) was successfully synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil by a ring-opening reaction with dibutyl phosphate. A phosphorous polyol (HEDP-PO) was synthesized by polymerization between 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and propylene oxide (PO). The two new polyols were used together in the formation of flame-retardant polyurethane foams (FRPUF), which depicted good thermal stability and flame retardancy performance. The addition of PSOP/HEDP-PO polyols resulted in a reduction of cell size and an increasement of cell numbers of PUF composites, whose apparent density was observed to increase. Besides, the LOI value of PUF-80 could reach 23.7% and satisfy the V-0 rating in the vertical burning test. The cone calorimeter test showed a reduction in the heat release rate from 395 kW/m2 to 251 kW/m2 and the total heat release from 24.9 MJ/m2 to 18.0 MJ/m2. Polyurethane foam exhibited good flame retardancy because PSOP/HEDP-PO played a great free radical quenching effect in the gas phase by releasing the PO* and PO2* free radicals. Meanwhile, a more dense and complete carbon layer was formed to cut off the transfer of heat and oxygen between the matrix and the ambient.

Influence of orientation of layers of a multilayer composite material on the stressed state of a robotic structure under dynamic loading

The paper developed a method for calculating the stress-strain state of a robotic structure made of composite material under dynamic action. The bearing capacity of multilayer composite materials is affected by the location of the warp threads of the composite material. By changing the orientation of the layers, it is possible to change the bearing capacity of the composite material. In the present work, such a study was carried out for a robotic system made of a composite material under the action of a dynamic operational load. An eight-layer composite material with different layer orientations was considered. Carbon fiber was used as the basis. As a robotic system stand was considered, designed to simulate flight characteristics in laboratory conditions. The simulation of the stand was carried out. The bench was approximated by finite elements. The convergence of the results of the finite element model of the stand was checked by condensing the finite element mesh and comparison the results obtained. Robotic systems are equipped with elements that move the channels: bearings, gear rims, gearboxes, motors. In the present study they were replaced in the finite element model with a system of bar elements of identical stiffness. The design of the stand was a three-layer structure, consisting of external carrier layers of an eight-layer composite material and a filler layer between the carrier layers of lightweight material in the form of foam and used to absorb shear stresses and prevent the bearing layers from approaching. Calculation and analysis of the design of the stand for dynamic load is carried out, the stress-strain state of the stand is obtained for different arrangement of the layers of the composite material.

Comprehensive identification and hydrophobic analysis of key proteins affecting foam capacity and stability during the evolution of egg white foam

Each protein in a multiprotein system assumed a different role at the colloidal interface. To determine exactly which proteins played a key role in the evolution of egg white foam, label-free quantitative proteomics techniques were employed to detect key proteins associated with egg white foam properties. There were 35 (14 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated) and 25 (13 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated) key proteins related to egg white foam capacity and stability, respectively. The hydrophobicity prediction results revealed that the hydrophobicity of the amino acid sites, the grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of the whole molecule and the spatial arrangement of the hydrophobic domain all influenced the air-water interface properties of these key proteins. Among the high abundance proteins in egg white, ovalbumin was identified as a key protein associated with superior foam capacity, and ovostatin, although a trace protein, could not be ignored for the role it assumed in foam formation. Meanwhile, ovomucoid and lysozyme could result in excellent foam stability. This study was integral to the ensuing discussion of the air-water interface behavior of single or multiple key protein systems. • Key proteins related to egg white foam properties were identified using proteomics. • Ovalbumin and ovostatin gave egg white their excellent foam capacity. • Ovomucoid and lysozyme were closely related to foam stability. • The distribution of hydrophobic domains greatly affected the interfacial activity.

Effects of tea saponin on the foaming properties of pea protein.

Plant proteins are becoming increasingly important for foam formation as an alternative to animal proteins. Consumers, however, are unsatisfied with the foaming properties of pea protein isolates. Recent research on proteins and surfactants has primarily concentrated on chemically synthesized surfactants. In this study, foams were prepared by complexing pea protein isolates with a natural small molecule surfactant tea saponin. This study investigates the mechanisms responsible for the formation and stability of foams prepared from pea protein isolates (PPIs) complexed with tea saponins. Analyses of foaming performance were carried out by analyzing the morphology of foam, foaming properties, foam's rheological properties, and the microstructure of the pea protein-tea saponin complex system. Compared to the pea protein isolate alone, the pea protein-tea saponin complex significantly improved foaming capacity and foaming stability. As shown by light microscopy analysis, the size of the foam decreased and became more homogeneous, probably because of the altered aggregate state of the protein. In this study, natural surfactants and mixtures of plant proteins are studied in order to better understand their properties. The mixed system has excellent prospects for application in the industries related to foam.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate blocked cellular foam formation in atherosclerosis by modulating CD36 expression in vitro and in vivo.

Green tea is popular worldwide, so its main active ingredients have attracted people's attention. (-)-Epicatechin gallate (ECG) is the main active component of green tea polyphenols, which has good antioxidant activity, but its cardiovascular intervention is unknown. This study established in vitro and in vivo models of ox-LDL-induced macrophages and HFD-induced ApoE-/- mice to study the effects of ECG on atherosclerotic lesions. Firstly, the study confirmed that ECG has a therapeutic effect in different stages of atherosclerotic plaques. Subsequently, the results showed that the ox-LDL-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators and the expression of the related protein CD86 in macrophages were inhibited by ECG. ECG blocked the formation of cellular foam by downregulating the expression of CD36 and LOX-1 proteins, thereby increasing SOD activity and reducing MDA production in cells. ECG also prevented ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, promoted macrophage migration, and increased plaque stability. The results confirmed that ECG attenuated ox-LDL-induced green fluorescence of ROS in macrophages by inhibiting the expression of related proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathway and activating the HO-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. These results indicated that ECG has anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory potential, and its molecular mechanism may be related to the inhibition of intracellular NF-κB signaling pathway proteins and activation of the HO-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Influence of the macrostructure on the physic-mechanical and heat-protective characteristics of porous gypsum concrete

The work is devoted to the study of the characteristics of porous gypsum concretes obtained by the methods of foaming and gas formation using an acid blowing agent. Modification of the structure of gypsum stone makes it possible to obtain materials with high strength and good heat and sound insulation characteristics. The characteristics of the durability of the material largely depend on the type of pore structure, and the creation of the required pore structure can be carried out by various methods, among which the most studied and effective are foaming, which involves the introduction of gypsum dough into a pre-prepared foam and gas formation initiated by introducing gas-forming agents into the mixture at the stage mixing. In the work, samples of foam-gypsum and gas-gypsum were made, their strength characteristics and their thermal conductivity were evaluated. Using the method of optical microscopy, a comparative assessment of the macrostructure of cellular gypsum concretes and its comparison with gypsum stone was made. Using an electronic microscope, the microstructures of gas gypsum and foam gypsum were studied at x20, x100 and x500 magnifications. Fundamental differences in the resulting structures are established. From the array of data obtained, the most effective compositions were selected, proving the prospects for the development of porous gypsum materials. Based on the analysis and generalization of the obtained experimental data, recommendations are given on the use of the obtained compositions of porous gypsum concretes in civil engineering.

Hydrolysable Chestnut Tannin Extract Chemical Complexity in Its Reactions for Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) Foams

Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) foams from a commercial hydrolysable tannin extract, chestnut wood tannin extract, have been prepared to determine what chemical species and products are taking part in the reactions involved. This method is based on two main steps: the reaction with dimethyl carbonate and the formation of urethane bonds by further reaction of the carbonated tannin with a diamine-like hexamethylene diamine. The hydroxyl groups on the tannin polyphenols and on the carbohydrates intimately linked with it and part of a hydrolysable tannin are the groups involved in these reactions. The carbohydrate skeleton of the hydrolysable tannin is also able to participate through its hydroxyl groups to the same two reactions rendering the whole molecular complex able to react to form NIPUs. The analysis by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) to further investigate the reaction mechanisms involved revealed the unsuspected complexity of chestnut hydrolysable tannin, with different fragments reacting in different manners forming a hardened network of considerable complexity. As the morphology and performance of these types of foams changes slightly with the change in the amount of glutaraldehyde and hexamine hardeners, the best performing foam formulation previously determined was scanned by SEM and analysed chemically for the structures formed.

Study on Optimization of Polymer Enhanced Foam Formulation System

Study on Optimization of Polymer Enhanced Foam Formulation System

MANAGEMENT OF MINIINVASIVE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY VARICOSE SUPERFICIAL VEINS.

The aim: Determination of the optimal method for surgical correction of stages C2-C6s varicose superficial veins. Materials and methods: The treatment results of 228 patients with stages C2-C6 of primary varicose according to the CEAP classification using thermal and non-thermal treatment methods were analyzed. Results: All patients underwent operations under the control of ultrasound scanning. In patients after EVLA, total trunk obliteration was detected in 148 patients (98.7%) after 1 week, and in 100% after a year. In 2 patients, reflux was diagnosed in the PDSV and in the ZDSV after 1 week. In patients after RFA, inflow reflux on the leg was in 1 patient (5.2%), in others - complete obliteration (18 patients - 94.7%). In patients after MOCA, recanalization was performed in 5 patients (19.2%) with a control ultrasound investigation after 1 month. In patients after cyanoacrylate obliteration, inflow reflux on the leg after 1 month was in 2 patients (14.2%). In patients who underwent UGS of the GSV trunk, 5 patients (33.3%) had persistence of pathological reflux after 1 month with control ultrasound. All corrections were performed using Foam form sclerotherapy. Conclusions: EVLA is the most effective method of treating varicose veins and gives the best long-term results. The advantage of non-thermal methods is the lack of influence on paravenous structures and no need for tumescent anesthesia, which is important in case of an allergic history. After applying cyanoacry¬late, there is no need for mandatory compression. The advantage of foam scleroobliteration is its lowest cost among all methods. Foam sclerotherapy was the method of choice for correction of postoperative treatment.

PENETAPAN KADAR KALSIUM SECARA KOLORIMETRI PADA CANGKANG KERANG HIJAU (Perna viridis) JANTAN DALAM FORMULA PASTA GIGI

The shell of the male green mussel (Perna viridis) contains several minerals including calcium which is needed by the human body. Green scallop shells have a fairly high calcium content. This study aims to determine the calcium levels in green mussel shells and in the preparation of green mussel shell toothpaste. This type of research is experimental with colorimetric method using spectrophotometric equipment, namely UV visible spectrophotometer or visible light. Evaluation of the preparation includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, dispersion and foam formation. Quantitative analysis was carried out at a maximum wavelength of 505.00 nm and obtained the line equation linear regression, namely y = 0.0802X + 0.0109 with a correlation value (r) of 0.9976. The results showed that the calcium content in green mussel shells was 86.517 g/100g, the calcium content in the Formula I toothpaste was 19.874 g/100g and the calcium content in the Formula II toothpaste was 27,613 g/100g.