Fly Eggs Research Articles

FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE COPPER/FLY ASH FOAM WITH EGG YOLK AS FOAMING AGENT

Copper has been widely in many applications such as heat exchangers due to mechanical and physical properties. In this work, the composite foam was fabricated by powder metallurgy method with fly ash powder and egg yolk as a foaming agent and reinforcement, respectively. Mechanical properties of the specimen were characterize using a compaction test. Moreover, observation of the specimen was conducted using the measurement of shrinkage and porosity. The strength of the specimen was obtained in the range 1:1,25 is 0,26 MPa through compaction test. Porosity measurement revealed that maximum and minimum porosities are 88.79 % and 71.53%, respectively. Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy observation size of the pores ranging from 21,63μm to 169,7μm. Moreover, some crystalline phase was observed using X-Ray Diffraction Test.

Effect of water absorption and curing period on strength and porosity of triple blended concrete

Water absorption and porosity are the two main factors which are directly related to strength and durability property of concrete. The present work is mainly focused on the influence of water absorption on the compressive strength and effect of curing period on porosity, investigated on concrete specimens triple blended with fly ash, egg shell powder and steel fibres. Fly ash and waste egg shell powder are being used as one of raw material in concrete. In addition to both, a small amount of steel fibers is also added to examine the change in the properties of concrete. Fly ash and egg shell powder are used as a substitution in place of cement in various proportions and initially the experiments were performed to examine the results, with 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% addition of steel fibres by volume of concrete, after 7 days and 28 days of curing period. It is observed that water absorption percentage decreased with the rise in the amount of steel fibers and porosity decreased with the increase in curing period but increased with the rise in the amount of steel fibers. It was also confirmed that a combined mix of 35% fly ash, 6% egg shell powder reinforced with 0.75% steel fibers exhibited the maximum compressive strength.

Morpho-physiological traits and leaf surface chemicals as markers conferring resistance to sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani)

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata,causes substantial economic losses in sorghum globally. Cultural practices and host plant resistance are effective measures for mitigating the losses caused by sorghum shoot fly. Therefore, we evaluated 32 sorghum genotypes consisting of a set of 10 restorer lines, 10 CMS (cytoplasmic male-sterile) lines and their respective maintainers exhibiting resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly along with resistant and susceptible checks under field conditions. The traits such as leaf glossiness, leaf sheath pigmentation, percentage plants with shoot fly deadhearts and number of shoot fly eggs per plant were used as morphological markers for selecting genotypes with resistance to shoot fly during the rainy and post rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017. The test material was also subjected to biochemical analysis (total soluble sugars, protein and tannin contents), while the leaf surface chemicals were analysed by GC–MS to identify the compounds associated with resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly. The genotypes differed significantly for all the traits, except percentage plants with shoot fly deadhearts during the 2016 rainy season. The genotypes ICSB 458, ICSA/B 467, ICSA/B 487, ICSA/B 14037, IS 18551 and ICSV 93046 exhibited moderate to high levels of resistance to shoot fly based on number of plants with shoot fly deadhearts, plants with shoot fly eggs and total number of shoot fly eggs. The shoot fly resistant genotypes ICSB 84, ICSA/B 467, ICSB 487, ICSB 14024, and IS 18551 had low shoot fly deadheart incidence, higher amounts of condensed tannins, soluble sugars, phenols and lower protein content as compared to the susceptible genotypes. Thirteen unique compounds were identified from leaf surface extracts by GC–MS which were associated with shoot fly resistance/susceptibility. While HPLC analysis revealed that Protocatechuic and coumaric acids were present in most of the sorghum genotypes, but their amounts were significantly greater in resistant as compared to the susceptible ones. The findings of the study highlight the importance of various morphological and biochemical traits conferring resistance to sorghum shoot fly, and these traits can be used as markers to identify shoot fly resistant genotypes for use in breeding programs.

Preliminary in Vitro Tests for Microwaves as a Post-harvest Disinfestation Treatment on Fruit Flies

In vitro preliminary tests executed to evaluate the possibility of using microwave to disinfest fruits as a postharvest quarantine treatment using a cocking microwave oven. Subjecting the eggs, 1st, 2nd and 3rd larval instars of both medfly and peach fruit fly for 10, 15, 25 and 30 seconds and estimate the mortality percentage. Results revealed that there were a gradual increase in mortality percentage for the larval instars for both flies, eggs and larval instars of peach fruit flies have a higher heat tolerance than medfly stage consequently, lower mortality percentage for the same time period microwave treatments. Also, revealed that eggs of fruit flies (medfly and peach fruit fly) have a higher resistance to heat than larval instars. Thus, Microwave can be a very efficient tool for disinfesting treatments of fruit flies since it can give a very fast rise in temperature in very short time which is a very important parameter in qualifying postharvest quarantine method to avoid fruit damage, still a challenges are presents for developing microwave processes to be applicable as a postharvest quarantine treatment.

Effect of oviposition by Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice.

Among fruits and fruit products, oranges and orange juice are the most widely consumed worldwide. However, the effects of pest infestation of oranges on the quality of orange juice are not yet known. To evaluate the effect of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis on the antioxidant activity of orange juice, we measured changes in the vitamin C (Vc) concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after the introduction of fruit fly eggs. Ten days after the eggs were introduced (larvae removed), the concentration of Vc in orange juice was 18.65 µg/mL, which was 9.16 µg/mL lower than that measured in healthy orange juice. In addition, the total phenol content decreased by 46.519 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g to 9.748 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the free-radical scavenging activity decreased from 22.297% to 5.393%. Correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between Vc concentration, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of orange juice after B. dorsalis infestation. The decrease in Vc concentration, total phenol content and free-radical scavenging activity indicated that B. dorsalis changed the quality of orange juice by affecting the antioxidant activity of the juice after the oranges were infested.

Individual and environmental determinants of Cuterebra bot fly parasitism in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus).

Understanding the interactions between parasites, hosts, and their shared environment is central to ecology. Variation in infestation prevalence may be the result of varying environmental and population characteristics; however, variations in parasitism may also depend on individual characteristics that influence both the exposure and susceptibility to parasites. Using 12years of data from a population of wild eastern chipmunks relying on pulsed food resources, we investigated the determinants of bot fly parasitism at both the population and individual level. We assessed the relationship between infestation prevalence and weather conditions, population size and food abundance. Then, we assessed the relationship between infestation intensity and chipmunk behavior, sex, age, body mass and food abundance. Precipitation, temperature and population size were positively related to infestation prevalence, while beech masts were negatively related to infestation prevalence, highlighting the importance of local environmental conditions on hosts and parasites. We also found that the influence of activity and exploration on infestation intensity varied according to sex in adults. More active and faster exploring males had more parasites compared to females, suggesting that reproductive behaviors may influence parasite exposure. For juveniles, infestation intensity was greater when juveniles emerged in the spring as opposed to fall, possibly because spring emergence is synchronized with the peak of bot fly eggs in the environment, low food availability and longer activity period. Our results suggest that the environmental, population and host characteristics that are advantageous for reproduction and resource acquisition may come at the cost of increasing parasitism.

Roles of fresh and decomposed liver on aspects of reproduction of blowfly <i>Chrysomya chloropyga</i> (wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

This study compared the effects of fresh and decomposed liver on aspects of reproduction of the blowfly, Chrysomya chloropyga to determine the possibility of multiple generations of the blowfly on a single cadaver. The total development time from egg to adult were 8.75 and 8.50 days in the flies fed on fresh and decomposed liver respectively and were not significantly different (p=0.58) from each other. The sex ratio (male: female) was 1:1 on both diets. There was a significant difference in the survival of adults fed fresh and decomposed liver (p=0.001, 0.001). There was no significant difference (p=0.362, 0.029) in the longevity of flies fed fresh and decomposed liver. Age at first egg laying on fresh and decomposed liver were 15.00 and 7.25 days respectively on fresh and decomposed liver. Fecundity of 175.6 eggs recorded in the flies fed on fresh liver was not significantly different (p=0.804) from that (200.8 eggs) of flies on decomposed liver. Mean weights of male and female flies maintained on both diet increased from the first day to tenth day only. However, it was not significantly different (p=0.130, 0.576) from each other throughout the period of exposure. Protein concentration was significantly higher in females fed fresh liver than those maintained on decomposed liver at ages 0 to 25 days. In conclusion, decomposed liver was as effective as fresh liver in supporting reproduction of the C. chloropyga with a better performance on decomposed liver. The study also demonstrated a strong indication for more than one generation of flies on a sizeable cadaver.
 Key Words: Blowfly, Chrysomya, Decomposition, Forensic entomology, Reproduction

Effects of the Clonostachys epichloë fungal hyperparasite on the symbiotic interaction between Botanophila flies and Epichloë fungus

Botanophila flies are associated with Epichloë fungi in a symbiotic relationship in which the flies benefit from stromata as a food source for both adults and larvae, and the fungus benefits from the transfer of conidia by the flies, resulting in fertilization. Derogations from this pattern indicate that the Epichloë-Botanophila interaction cannot be clearly defined. The situation may be complicated by reports of new elements of the interaction, e.g., Wolbachia bacteria present in Botanophila larvae. The present study investigates the impact of Clonostachys epichloë (Speg.) Schroers, the fungal hyperparasite of Epichloë stromata, on the Botanophila-Epichloë interaction.The interaction between C. epichloë and Botanophila flies associated with Epichloë typhina subsp. clarkii (J.F. White) Leuchtm. & Schardl stromata was studied in the Holcus lanatus L. grass population. C. epichloë was present on 76.5% of stromata, covering on average 44.8 ± 32.1% of its surface and influencing the final perithecial coverage to the same extent as larval feeding. C. epichloë began to appear on stromata much later than the fly eggs and did not affect the preference for Botanophila egg laying. On the other hand, C. epichloë reduced larval hatching success and increased the mortality of the larvae. Clonostachys was responsible for 76.0% of all deaths, overgrowing brood chambers, and its mycelium was present both on and within larvae in all cases. Overall, as a result of the presence of C. epichloë, the number of Botanophila fly offspring decreased by 52.7%. Of the 26 surviving larvae, 10 (38.5%) were affected by C. epichloë, and their weight was significantly lower than that of unaffected larvae.Results show that C. epichloë, a new element of the interaction between E. typhina fungus and Botanophila flies, negatively affects both fungal reproduction and the offspring success of flies. This is the first report on the entomopathogenic activity of C. epichloë against Epichloë-associated Botanophila flies.

Characterization of the Volatiles' Profiles of the Eggs of Forensically Relevant Lucilia sericata and Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Blow Flies by SPME-Facilitated GC-MS.

The attraction of necrophagous insects, particularly blow flies, to corpses and carrion is of ecological, economic, and agricultural importance, although the mechanisms by which it occurs are not well understood. Much of the published research on blow fly attractants has focused on volatiles emitted from carrion surrogates, but little attention has been given to the possibility that blow fly eggs themselves may emit chemical cues that are responsible for conspecific and heterospecific insect attraction. In this study, the headspace volatiles emitted from eggs representing two aggregated oviposition events that were collected 1 mo apart from two species of the Calliphoridae family (Order: Diptera), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), and Phormia regina (Meigen) were analyzed via solid-phase microextraction-facilitated GC-MS. The volatiles' profiles were found to be consistent between samples representing the same species, but unique between the two species. Over 100 molecules covering a wide range of compound classes that included alcohols, aldehydes, esters, amines, ketones, and organosulfur compounds were identified. The profile of volatiles emitted from the L. sericata eggs contained several alkanes and aldehydes, whereas salient features of the P. regina headspace included numerous esters and ketones. Between the two species, 42 compounds were shared, several of which were carboxylic acids. Little overlap between the range of compounds detected and those reported to be emitted from decomposing remains was observed.

The Arp2/3 complex and the formin, Diaphanous, are both required to regulate the size of germline ring canals in the developing egg chamber

Intercellular bridges are an essential structural feature found in both germline and somatic cells throughout the animal kingdom. Because of their large size, the germline intercellular bridges, or ring canals, in the developing fruit fly egg chamber are an excellent model to study the formation, stabilization, and growth of these structures. Within the egg chamber, the germline ring canals connect 15 supporting nurse cells to the developing oocyte, facilitating the transfer of materials required for successful oogenesis. The ring canals are derived from a stalled actomyosin contractile ring; once formed, additional actin and actin-binding proteins are recruited to the ring to support the 20-fold growth that accompanies oogenesis. These behaviors provide a unique model system to study the actin regulators that control incomplete cytokinesis, intercellular bridge formation, and growth. By temporally controlling their expression in the germline, we have demonstrated that the Arp2/3 complex and the formin, Diaphanous (Dia), coordinately regulate ring canal size and growth throughout oogenesis. Dia is required for successful incomplete cytokinesis and the initial stabilization of the germline ring canals. Once ring canals have formed, the Arp2/3 complex and Dia cooperate to determine ring canal size and maintain stability. Our data suggest that nurse cells must maintain a precise balance between the activity of these two nucleators during oogenesis.

Zinc Dynamics During <i>Drosophila</i> Oocyte Maturation and Egg Activation

Temporal fluctuations in zinc concentration are emerging as essential signaling events in the regulation of meiosis during oogenesis and early embryogenesis. For example, accumulation and release of zinc in mammalian gametes are required for oocyte maturation and egg activation, respectively. Here, we report that significant zinc fluctuations occur in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes and activated eggs, and that zinc is required for female fertility. Using synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), we mapped the subcellular localization of essential transition metals during fly oogenesis and egg activation. Quantitative analysis of the XFM data reveals that zinc is the most abundant transition metal in oocytes and that its levels increase during oocyte maturation. This increase is accompanied by appearance of zinc-enriched intracellular granules in the oocyte. The zinc transporter Znt35C is required for maintenance of these zinc-enriched granules in mature oocytes. During egg activation, the process that follows oocyte maturation and mediates the transition of the egg to an embryo, oocyte zinc levels decrease significantly, accompanied by a decrease in the number of zinc-enriched granules. This essential pattern of zinc dynamics in Drosophila oocytes follows a similar trajectory to that in mammals, rising during oogenesis and decreasing during egg activation. This further extends the parallels in female gamete processes between Drosophila and mammals, suggesting that the former may provide an important genetically tractable model for studying the role of zinc in female reproduction.

Pengaruh dan Efektivitas Maggot Sebagai Proses Alternatif Penguraian Sampah Organik Kota di Indonesia

<p>One of the organic waste treatment using the bioconversion process of the Black Soldier Fly larvae or commonly called Maggot. This study aims to determine the total amount of waste produced from bioconversion and to determine the effect of variable type of waste on Maggot growth. The types of samples used are household waste, melon waste, chicory waste and tofu waste as a control. The research method uses the True Experimental Design method with the Posttest Only Control Design research design. The study began with hatching of 1 gram Black Soldier Fly eggs which were then incubated for four days. Analysis of the study was conducted when Maggot was 7 days old with the number of feeding varied per feed. The results showed that total organic waste decomposed varied in each sample, namely the average total waste of 8122.1 grams, 1859.7 grams, 1320.3 grams and 1683.3 grams. The percentage of waste showed 74.6% for samples without mashed and 87.1% for mashed samples. The type of waste gives a significant influence on the growth of Maggot the value of sig. 0.024 (sig. P value <sig. Value)</p>

Arthropod fauna associated with black vulture and turkey vulture nests (Accipitriformes: Cathartidae) in south-Central Kentucky, USA

Arthropods were collected from seven black vulture and two turkey vulture nests in South-Central Kentucky. Species diversity in each nest ranged from a low of two to 10 species in total. Three nest cavities that had the highest amount of heterogeneous organic matter concomitantly had the highest number of arthropod taxa. Insects were the most abundant arthropods and included taxa from the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Psocoptera. Diptera and Coleoptera were represented by the highest number of families (and species), with seven (ten spp.) and four (eight spp.), respectively. Discovered Acari included eight species in seven families, of which four were members of the Mesostigmata. A majority of the insects collected were either scavengers or accidentals and do not have a strong link with the nest habitat. But taxa associated with guano or feathers for food sources or those that are predacious on fly eggs or larvae appear to have a loose association with these vulture nests.

Tachinid Fly Parasitism and Phenology of the Neotropical Red-Shouldered Stink Bug, Thyanta perditor (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), on the Wild Host Plant, Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae).

Field and laboratory studies were conducted with the Neotropical red-shouldered stink bug Thyanta perditor (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) aiming to evaluate parasitism incidence on adults by tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae), which were raised in the laboratory for identification. Egg deposition by flies on adult body surface was mapped. In addition, nymph and adult incidence on the wild host plant black jack, Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae), during the vegetative and the reproductive periods of plant development was studied. Seven species of tachinid flies were obtained: Euthera barbiellini Bezzi (73% of the total) and Trichopoda cf. pictipennis Bigot (16.7%) were the most abundant; the remaining five species, Gymnoclytia sp.; Phasia sp.; Strongygaster sp.; Cylindromyia cf. dorsalis (Wiedemann); and Ectophasiopsis ypiranga Dios & Nihei added 10.3% of the total. Tachinid flies parasitism on T. perditor adults was significantly greater on the dorsal compared to the ventral body surface. On the dorsal surface, the pronotum was significantly preferred and the wings the least preferred site. No differences were observed on the number of tachinid fly eggs deposited on wings, considering the "under" and "above" sites. Results indicated a significantly greater number of nymphs on mature compared to immature seeds. Adults significantly preferred immature compared to mature seeds; both were less abundant on leaves/stems and inflorescences.

Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid Composition from Blowfly Eggs Represents a Potential Complementary Taxonomic Tool of Forensic Importance.

One of the most important contributions of forensic entomology is to assist criminal expertise to determine the postmortem interval, which depends on the duration of the immature stages of insects of forensic interest. On the other hand, the time of development of the different stages varies according to the species; therefore, its identification is essential. Currently, few studies have investigated the use of cuticular hydrocarbons, and none regarding fatty acids, as complementary taxonomic tools to expedite species identification. Therefore, we evaluated whether cuticular hydrocarbons together with fatty acids of eggs of flies of the family Calliphoridae, main group of forensic interest, can be used to distinguish species. The analyses were performed by chromatographic techniques. The results show that there are significant differences between the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons and fatty acids between species and, therefore, they can be used to provide a complementary taxonomic tool to expedite the forensic expertise.

Oxidative Effects of Gemifloxacin on Some Biological Traits of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

In recent times, several studies have been undertaken on the artificial mass-rearing of insects in which clinical antibacterial antibiotics, including gemifloxacin, which is a DNA gyrase and topoisomerases inhibitor, are amended into the diet to control microbial contamination and preserve diet. The findings of these studies have suggested the possibility that these antibiotics influence the biological traits of insects in relation to their oxidative effects. This study investigated the effects of gemifloxacin on Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) survival rates, development times, and male-female adult longevity. And we also determined the effects of gemifloxacin on lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl levels, and glutathione S-transferase activity of fruit fly eggs. First instars were fed on artificial diets containing 150, 300, 600, and 900 mg/liter concentrations of gemifloxacin until adult emergence. Our results indicate that sublethal effects of gemifloxacin are likely to significantly impair adult fitness and life-history parameters in D. melanogaster, probably because of its oxidative effects.

Ovicidal and Deleterious Effects of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nut Shell Oil and Its Fractions on Musca domestica, Chrysomya megacephala, Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda.

In this work, we evaluated the ovicidal activity and the deleterious effects of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell oil and its fractions on the development of Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala, important vectors of several diseases. The insecticidal effects of this plant were also measured on the first and second instar larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda, soy and maize pests, respectively. The fly eggs and the crop pest insect larvae were exposed to the cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its fractions: technical CNSL, anacardic acid, cardanol and cardol. The results show that the cardol fraction, for both species of flies, presented the lowest lethal concentration with LC50 of 80.4 mg/L for M. domestica and 90.2 mg/L for C. megacephala. For the mortality of the larvae of A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda, the most effective fraction was anacardic acid with LC50 of 295.1 mg/L and 318.4 mg/L, respectively. In all species, the mortality rate of the commercial compounds (cypermethrin 600 mg/L and temephos 2 mg/L) was higher than that of the evaluated compounds. Despite this, the results obtained suggest their potential in field trials, once the fractions of A. occidentale presented high mortality at low lethal concentrations in laboratory conditions, with the possibility of integrated use in the control of disease vectors and agricultural pests, employing ecofriendly compounds.

The perfumed eggs of flies

Entomology Insect eggs are vulnerable to desiccation, predation, and cannibalism. Fly eggs consist of several layers that are usually covered with a top coat of wax. Narasimha et al. discovered that this wax layer effectively masks the nutritionally desirable contents of fruit fly eggs from cannibalism by already hatched larvae. The wax contains the maternal pheromone 7,11-nonacosadiene. This fly “perfume” also turns out to be essential for preventing egg contents from leaking out and is just as good at waterproofing and camouflaging yeast cells from predatory fly larvae. Mosquito eggs have a layered structure similar to eggs of fruit flies. Isoe et al. have identified an essential constituent called eggshell organizing factor 1 (EOF1) that promotes melanization of mosquito eggs and safeguards embryo development. A lack of EOF1 leads to poor egg pigmentation and a failure to survive because water can enter the eggs. PLOS Biol. 17 , e2006012, e3000068 (2019).

Free living nematodes as alternative prey for soil predatory mites: An interdisciplinary case study of conservation biological control

Species of soil predatory mites feed on a diverse diet making them excellent biocontrol candidates for conservation biocontrol programs. Free-living nematodes (FLN) are commonly found in soils and serve as prey for many soil predatory mites, but as far as we know, have never been used as alternative prey to enhance the efficacy of soil predatory mites for conservation biological control. Our goal in this case study was to determine whether the FLN Rhabditella axei, provisioned as complementary prey, would improve the efficacy of Macrocheles embersoni as a biocontrol agent of the housefly Musca domestica. Two experimental setups differing temporally and spatially were conducted. The first, performed in small Petri dish arenas over 10 days, assessed M. embersoni fecundity and predation of L1 M. domestica, with or without supplementation of R. axei. The second, carried out in plastic containers over four weeks, was provisioned three times a week with M. domestica eggs and fresh larva diet, with or without nematode supplementation. The efficacy of fly immature predation was estimated by counting the adult flies that emerged. In the short-term, small arena, experiment, nematode supplementation reduced predation. Similarly, in the long-term experiment in plastic containers, more flies emerged in the nematode supplemented treatment during the 3rd week (the 1st week of fly emergence). However, in the 4th week, fly emergence dropped dramatically in the nematode supplemented treatment, whereas fly emergence continued to escalate in the treatment that received only fly eggs, and M. embersoni abundance was about a third of that in the nematode supplemented treatment. In summary, complementing the diet of M. embersoni with nematodes resulted in higher predator abundance and better biological control.

The Effects of Diets and Long-term Laboratory Rearing on Reproduction, Behavior, and Morphology of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The Australian sheep blow fly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), is commonly reared in the laboratory for many sequential generations on simple, fixed diets, so it can be used in veterinary, medical, and forensic studies. To investigate the effect of diet and long-term laboratory rearing on L. cuprina, flies were fed with two different diets (sugar and milk-sugar) over a year and F1, F6, and F11 generations were used for comparisons based on the number of eggs, attraction to wool and liver, and wing size. The results showed that the number of eggs of gravid flies, and the attractiveness of wool and liver did not differ significantly between diets and generations, but gravid flies were more attracted to wool and liver than non-gravid flies (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the F1 generation, thorax length and wing aspect ratio were significantly longer than in the F6 and F11 generations (P < 0.05), and the wing length was significantly longer than in the F11 generation (P < 0.05). It was concluded that neither diet nor long-term laboratory rearing affect potential fecundity or the behavioral responses of L. cuprina, but the gravidity of flies affects their behavioral response, and long-term laboratory rearing significantly affects fly morphology, apparently explaining a loss in flight performance.