Capture Of Flies Research Articles

A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE CYLINDRICAL STICKY TRAP FOR FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract A sticky trap for fruit flies was developed that is 2.5× more effective than yellow panel traps of equal surface area for capture of Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens (Loew)). The trap consists of a slightly conical yellow cardboard cylinder coated on the outside surface with trapping adhesive. In trapping efficacy, these stand-alone cylinders were equivalent to plastic Liquibaitor trap tops with similar cylinders fitted over the trap top with the sticky surface facing outward. Liquibaitor trap tops with cylinders mounted on the inside with their sticky surfaces facing inward were ineffective, and Liquibaitor tops with cylinders both inside and outside were not more effective than those with the sticky surface only on the outside. Besides the increased attractiveness of the stand-alone cylinders with the sticky surface outside, advantages of this design are that lures can be suspended from the trap hanger inside the cylinder where they do not contact the sticky surface, sticky cylinders can ...

Capture of Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Dry Traps Baited with a Food-Based Attractant and Jackson Traps Baited with Trimedlure During Sterile Male Release in Guatemala

Capture of Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Dry Traps Baited with a Food-Based Attractant and Jackson Traps Baited with Trimedlure During Sterile Male Release in Guatemala

Efficacy of 1,4-Diaminobutane (Putrescine) in a Food-Based Synthetic Attractant for Capture of Mediterranean and Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Field trials were conducted in Guatemala to evaluate the importance of 1,4 diaminobutane (putrescine) in traps baited with ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, and putrescine. For the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), there were no differences in percentage of females captured in coffee and citrus or in percentage of males captured in citrus in traps with ammonium acetate and trimethylamine lures (females in coffee, 26.4 ± 6.27%; females in citrus, 35.7 ± 5.35%; males in citrus, 37.7 ± 7.48%) versus ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, and putrescine lures (females in coffee, 36.6 ± 9.64%; females in citrus, 41.1 ± 5.18%; males in citrus, 37.1 ± 6.09%). Percentage of males captured in coffee was reduced significantly when putrescine was not used with the ammonium acetate and trimethylamine (39.9 ± 4.34 versus 31.6 ± 5.29%). Lower percentages were captured in traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine, and the lowest percentages were captured in traps baited with putrescine and trimethylamine. When population level as indicated by capture in traps baited with ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, and putrescine was considered, a higher percentage of C. capitata males were captured in traps baited with all three components when one or more flies per trap per day were captured in coffee, and a higher percentage of females were captured when less than one fly per trap per day was captured in citrus. Percentage of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), captured was significantly higher in traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine and significantly lower in traps baited putrescine and trimethylamine than in all other treatments. Results indicate that putrescine may be deleted when monitoring established populations of C. capitata but should be used in traps used to monitor A. ludens or to detect new infestations of C. capitata.

Factors related to the attraction of flies at a biosolids composting facility (Bariloche, Argentina)

The composting process is used to treat biosolids from the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Bariloche (NW Patagonia, Argentina). Since 1998, an odourless, innocuous and stable organic amendment has been produced at the Biosolids Composting Plant of Bariloche. However, volatile compounds produced during this process, attract different vectors, mainly insects belonging to the Order Diptera, particularly in summer. To evaluate factors associated with the attraction of Diptera to composting windrows, volatile compounds, wind velocity, ambient and windrow temperatures were measured and their relationships with the taxa of flies found were determined. Sampling was conducted several months on newly formed windrows during 3 weeks of the thermophilic composting period. Composite samples from each windrow were taken on the first day of each sampling week, from November 1999 to March 2000 to analyze volatile compounds using an ‘electronic nose’. Windrow and ambient temperatures and wind velocity were recorded on three consecutive days of each week, from January to March 2000; also the capture of flies was performed in this period. A weekly mean value was calculated for each environmental variable. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was employed to determine relationships between taxa of flies and the studied factors. The electronic nose discriminated among odours emitted, differentiating windrows by the bulking agent employed and by week of the thermophilic composting period. Ambient temperatures increased slightly during the sampling weeks; the highest values of wind velocity were registered during the second sampling week while windrow temperatures were sustained approximately 60 °C. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that attraction of flies to composting windrows was related to minimum and maximum ambient temperatures and volatile compounds for Muscina stabulans, Fannia sp. and Acaliptratae and to wind velocity for Ophyra sp., Sarcophaga sp., Cochliomyia macellaria and Phaenicia sericata.

Populational fluctuation of frugivorous flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea) in two orange groves in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

This paper evaluated the capture of frugivorous flies (Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) with plastic McPhail traps, in two commercial citrus groves, located in the municipalities of Anastácio and Terenos, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The aim of this work was to determine the populational fluctuation of adult frugivorous flies, and to study its relationship with the damaged fruits in the groves. The traps were placed about 30 m apart over the entire area in both groves, hung up approximately 1.70 m high from soil, in the canopy of the citrus plants. Eight traps were installed (two traps/ha) at Anastácio and 21 traps in Terenos (one trap/ha). The traps were baited with the hydrolyzed corn protein (5%) TephritidTM (food bait). Evaluations were carried out from March 22, 1994 to March 23, 1996. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and 25 species of Anastrepha were caught during several months in both orange groves, but no fruit fly species were found infesting oranges. Neosilba sp. was caught from the traps during all the experiment and was also reared from the damaged oranges, thus suggesting that that fly can be a pest. The predominant species of frugivorous flies caught in the traps were: Neosilba sp., C. capitata, Anastrepha punctata Hendel and A. sororcula Zucchi. There was no correlation between adult frugivorous flies caught in the traps and the number of larvae and adult flies reared from the infested oranges collected in the groves.

Effect of Sex, Reproductive Maturity Stage and Trap Placement, on Attraction of the Blueberry Maggot Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Sphere and Pherocon AM Traps

We compared the performance of 9 cm diameter green spheres and red spheres and Pherocon AM traps, all baited with the same mixture of ammonium acetate and protein hydrolysate, in attracting blueberry maggot flies, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, of different reproductive maturity stages and sex. We also evaluated the effect of trap placement in relation to bush canopy (within the top 15 cm of the canopy, or near the base of the bush, 25 cm above ground, within a row) on attraction to these classes of flies. Results of this study showed that captures of flies on red or green spheres were better than on Pherocon AM traps, irrespective of maturity status or sex. Captures of flies were similar among traps placed in the top or the base of the bush, in the case of small bushes (1.2 m high). Traps placed within the top of the canopy captured more flies than those at the base, in the case of larger bushes (1.5-2.0 m high). At both positions, capture patterns were also not dependent on reproductive maturity or sex. Regression analysis between capture ratio of mature females on Pherocon AM/Spheres and time revealed a significant inverse relationship, which might have been caused by differential aging of these traps. These data show that sphere traps capture more immature flies than Pherocon AM traps, and therefore can be deployed early in the season, when most flies present are immature females. The combination of more effective sphere traps and correct placement strategy depending on bush characteristics can further optimize blueberry maggot monitoring programs.

Captures of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae on spheres of different colours

AbstractAlighting and capture of wild olive fruit flies, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera, Tephritidae), on spheres of seven different colours was studied on Chios island, Greece. The 70‐mm‐diam plastic spheres, coated with adhesive, were suspended on olive trees. Yellow and orange spheres trapped the greatest number of males while red and black spheres trapped the greatest number of females. White and blue spheres were the least effective for both sexes. Peak captures occurred in the late afternoon and especially around sunset. Since mating takes place in the last hours of the photophase, the increased captures during that period may be related to the sexual behaviour of the fly. When red spheres were assessed against glass McPhail traps baited with 2% ammonium sulphate, which consist a standard tool for monitoring the olive fruit fly in Greece, there were no significant differences in male captures. However, spheres trapped almost three times as many females as McPhail traps. The possible mechanisms underlying colour discrimination, the motivation of alighting flies and the possible use of red spheres for monitoring and controlling B. oleae are discussed.

Capture of Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Protein-Baited Traps and Fruit-mimicking Visual Traps in a Guava Orchard: Fig. 1.

Experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of 2 commercially available traps, the protein-baited McPhail trap and the fruit-mimicking Ladd trap, for capturing oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, in a commercial guava orchard. The relative attractiveness of McPhail and Ladd traps changed over seasons. In the winter of 1996, Ladd traps captured more females than McPhail traps. In the spring of 1997, McPhail traps captured >4 times as many females as Ladd traps. In the summer, fall, and winter of 1997, equal numbers of females were captured on Ladd and McPhail traps, and in the spring of 1998, McPhail traps captured >10 times as many females as Ladd traps. Ovaries of female fruit flies captured in these 2 traps were dissected and examined for the presence of mature eggs. Greater numbers of immature females were captured in McPhail traps than on Ladd traps in both 1997 and 1998. In 1997, the proportion of immature versus mature females captured in both trap types changed over seasons, with the greatest proportion of immature females being captured in the spring. We conclude that McPhail traps are a better option for growers than Ladd traps, especially in the spring when the proportion of protein-hungry flies may be greater.

Comparison of ceralure and trimedlure controlled-release formulations for male mediterranean fruit flies in C&C traps

Ceralure or trimedlure polymeric TNO panels in C&C traps were compared for attractancy by the capture of male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). This study contrasts the effectiveness of ceralure with trimedlure, the former of which is an iodo-analog of trimedlure. Field tests in Hawaii with released flies showed that the active ceralure B1 isomer in a commercial mixture of ceralure isomers consistently caught as many male flies as active trimedlure C isomer in a commercial mixture of trimedlure isomers at one-half the molar quantity of trimedlure C. These panels caught 6.4 and 5.2 times, for ceralure and trimedlure, respectively, more than the standard 2 g trimedlure AgriSense aged plug over a 26-week period. The persistence of ceralure is demonstrated by residual analyses of aged panels that revealed the presence of 2.75 times more ceralure than trimedlure in panels after 130 days of field exposure.

Captures of Wild Mediterranean and Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Jackson and McPhail Traps Baited with Coffee Juice

We examined captures of wild Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in Jackson and McPhail traps baited with juice from ripe coffee fruits. Both males and females of each species were captured. Jackson traps baited with coffee juice caught significantly more C. capitata females than did traps baited with water or trimedlure. Fewer B. dorsalis males and females were captured in traps baited with coffee juice compared with other traps. McPhail traps baited with coffee juice caught more C. capitata female and male flies than those baited with water, and they were equal to those baited with Nu-Lure or a water + sugar mixture. McPhail traps baited with coffee juice caught more B. dorsalis female and male flies than those baited with water or Nu-Lure, and they were equal to those baited with a water + sugar mixture. Findings are discussed with respect to the physiological condition of responding C. capitata females and development of a female attractant.

Phenylpropanoids as attractants for adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera:Muscidae).

Rate of capture of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), on phenylpropanoid-baited and unbaited sticky traps was determined in tests conducted in a corn field and in grasses adjacent to a dairy farm. Phenylpropanoid compounds significantly increased capture in 2 of 4 tests in corn. Captures were highest with 3-phenyl-1-propanol, followed closely by hydrocinnamaldehyde (3-phenyl-1-propanal), and more distantly by cinnamyl alcohol. Both sexes were trapped, although males predominated approximately 2:1. Compounds without apparent attractiveness were (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-propylphenol, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol. In the test adjacent to a dairy, 3-phenyl-1-propanol attracted approximately 16 times more stable flies than did 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol or controls. The latter 2 treatments did not differ from one another, but were significantly less effective than 3-phenyl-1-propanol, which captured 1.2 times more males than females. The results are discussed in relation to stable fly nectar- and host-seeking behaviors.

Capture of Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Using Color Inserts in TriInedlure-Baited Jackson Traps

Tests of the capture of wild Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were made using a commercially produced adhesive paper available in several different colors as an insert in trimedlure-baited Jackson traps. Colors tested included fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow, fluorescent light green, dark green, black, and white. These inserts were compared with the standard white inserts, which use sticky material that is manually applied. Tests were conducted in both citrus groves and coffee fields in Guatemala, and in a coffee field in Hawaii. Generally, inserts made with the fluorescent colors captured more flies than those with nonfluorescent colors. Traps with light green inserts captured a higher percentage of total flies than did traps with the standard white inserts in 3 of the 4 trials. Traps containing either yellow or orange inserts captured significantly more flies than the standard white insert in 2 of the 4 trials. Traps containing black inserts tended to catch a relatively low percentage of flies. There were differences in host species, host fruit availability, and fruit fly population levels among the various trials. These factors may influence the role of color cues in the capture of male flies by trimedlure-baited traps.

Improved Pheromone-Based Trapping Systems to Monitor Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A membrane-based formulation method that provided a constant release rate of synthetic pheromone for the papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, was developed. Release rate measurements over 23 days indicated that lures loaded with 5, 15, 25, and 50 l of synthetic pheromone released an average of 120, 360, 580 and 1120 ng per hr and the half-life of the lures was estimated to be 67, 184, 300 and 48 days, respectively. Field tests conducted in Mexico compared efficacy of blank and pheromone-baited sticky green spheres, cylindrical traps made from green opaque plastic that either contained a toxicant or were coated with sticky material, and cylindrical traps prepared from green sticky paper. Green opaque traps containing a toxicant and sticky paper traps captured approximately five times more papaya fruit flies than either the sticky-coated green opaque traps or the sticky-coated green spheres, and the presence of pheromone did not affect numbers of flies captured. Thus, the combination of the green color and the cylindrical shape provided a visual cue sufficient for papaya fruit fly capture. The pheromone lure significantly increased trap capture in similar tests conducted in Guatemala. Capture was highest in the sticky paper traps and in sticky-coated spheres. Use of the membrane-based synthetic pheromone in a cylindrical trap may provide an effective tool for monitoring papaya fruit flies.

Control of Blueberry Maggot on Blueberries, 1995

Abstract This study was conducted in a ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry field in full production, near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart. Treatments were applied to 108 ft X 275 ft plots with a Rears 50 gal airblast sprayer at 140 psi, calibrated to deliver 60 gal of spray solution per acre. There was a single replication of each treatment. Four unsprayed rows (36 ft) along the length (108 ft) and 12 unsprayed bushes (48 ft) along the width (275 ft) served as buffers between treatments. Insecticides were applied once on 3 Jul, 14 days after the first BBM fly capture in Pherocon AM traps. Samples of ripe blueberries were harvested on 14 Jul from each of the 12 rows in each treatment (12 samples/treatment). Berries were collected from the top, middle, and bottom third of each bush in a row. From each sample, a 1 -pt sub-sample was cooked and the fruit pulp filtered through a screen mesh and thoroughly checked for BBM larvae.

Development of a Dry Plastic Insect Trap with Food-Based Synthetic Attractant for the Mediterranean and Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A dry plastic insect trap for monitoring populations of tephritid fruit flies is described. The plastic trap is constructed of acetate film that is painted to provide a visual cue and contains a toxic ant panel that provides a visual cue and a feeding stimulant to flies that have entered the trap. The trap baited with a 2-component blend of ammonium acetate and putrescine was tested against feral populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), in field trials conducted in Guatemala. The combination of ammonium acetate and putrescine was better than either ammonium acetate-only, putrescine-only, or unbaited traps. More female Mediternmean fruit flies were trapped in green traps than in colorless traps, and capture of male Mediternmean fruit flies was greater in yellow traps than in orange traps. Neither female nor male Mexican fruit flies differentiated among orange, green, and yellow traps, but the percentage trapped in any colored trap was higher than in colorless traps. McPhail traps with standard protein bait caught more Mexican fruit flies than either of the plastic traps at any of the doses of synthetic baits tested. However, plastic traps baited with either the medium or high dose of synthetic blend caught equal numbers of Mediterranean fruit flies as McPhail traps. Although McPhail traps caught more female Mediterranean fruit flies than plastic traps baited with the low dose of synthetic blend, a greater percentage of females captured in plastic traps were unmated (55-65% versus 22% in McPhail traps). Increase in dose of the synthetic lure increased the percentage of mated females captured in the plastic traps. Unlike McPhail traps, which catch large numbers of miscellaneous Diptera, the plastic traps were highly specific and caught few nontarget flies.

Effect of trap background on cabbage root fly landing and capture

AbstractPieces (600 mm × 800 mm) of coloured board, plastic sheeting and woven materials, placed beneath water traps prevented the traps from becoming soiled during rainy weather. Such backgrounds are not recommended for use with traps for monitoring populations of the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L. ‐ Diptera:Anthomyiidae), however, as, instead of increasing trap catch they reduced the numbers of female flies caught by 70%–90%. The main effect was that the visually attractive stimuli from the introduced backgrounds competed with those from the trap. A white background competed with a white trap on a direct fly/unit area basis. Green backgrounds stimulated males to land and the vertical stems of both real and artificial grass induced trivial flights that resulted in greater numbers of males entering traps resting on short grass. Most females were caught over bare soil. To minimize the variation in catch between traps used for monitoring cabbage root fly populations, the background beneath each trap should be similar. For maximum capture, the background should be of grass for male flies and of bare soil for female flies. Care is required if data from traps within mulched crops are used to make pest control decisions, as they will underestimate considerably the numbers of flies in such crops.

PH Effect on the Attractiveness of a Corn Hydrolysate to the Mediterranean Fruit Fly and Several Anastrepha Species (Diptera: Tephritidae

Field trials were conducted to determine the attractiveness of aqueous formulations of a protein bait, NuLure, as compared with a standard bait of pelletized torula yeast plus sodium borate for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann); the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew); and other Anastrepha spp. The addition of 1-10% borax to 10% NuLure solution increased bait pH, which corresponded directly with increase in number of female C. capitata trapped in field trials. The percentage of female C. capitata trapped with NuLure at a pH of 8.6 was significantly greater than with traps baited with five torula yeast plus borax pellets. NuLure + 1% borax attracted significantly fewer male C. capitata than either torula yeast plus borax pellets or NuLure + 5 or 10% borax. Significantly fewer female and male A. ludens were attracted by the NuLure + 1% borax than most of the other baits tested. Capture of female and male flies of other Anastrepha spp. generally paralleled the preference in attraction of A. ludens to the various protein baits.

Adult Resting and Larval Developmental Sites of Stable Flies and House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairies in Alberta

Adult resting sites and larval developmental sites were determined for the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and house fly, Musca domestica (L.), at three dairies in southern Alberta during the summers of 1990 and 1991. Adult stable flies were present throughout each dairy but showed a tendency to rest outdoors on east- and south-facing surfaces of barns and fences, as well as along feed aprons. House fly adults tended to rest indoors. Stable fly larvae were most abundant in manure mounds, general lots, and indoors and were also abundant in silage mounds and spilled silage. Fences, feed aprons, and lagoons had fewer stable fly larvae. House fly larvae were most abundant in silage mounds, followed by indoors and general lots. Peaks of stable fly capture on resting sites occurred in late August and mid-September and were preceded by increases in the number of stable fly larvae per sample in mid-August and early September. Peak house fly captures occurred in August and early September, and larval populations peaked in early to mid-August. Residual pesticides for controlling adult stable flies should be applied early to mid-August and priority given to east- and south-facing surfaces and barns. Applications for house fly control should begin in early July and can be made primarily indoors. Sanitation should be applied before July, and attention should be paid to the manure mounds, general lots, and indoors.

Capture of Caliptrate flies with different breeding substrates on beaches in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Muscidae flies belonging to four Familia and 13 species in a total number of 3.652 specimens were collected from beaches at Ilha do Governador, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil using different breeding substrates, and subsequently bred in the laboratory. Captures were done from April to November 1989, using in a first phase different substrates: fruits (banana and papaya), vegtable (tomato), animal viscera (bovine liver), marine animals (fish, crab, shrimp, squid), mouse carcass and feaces (human and canine). The species collected more often were: Fannia sp. (subgroup pusio), Chrysomya megacephala, Phaenicia eximia, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, Peckya chrysostoma, Musca domestica and Atherigona orientalis. In a later phase, only fish was used, as bait and placed directly on the beach sand. From a total of 189 pupae, the following adult specimen were obtained: Peckia chrysostoma (58.06%), Chrysomya megacephala (30.64%) and in lesser numbers Synthesiomyia nudiseta and Phaenicia eximia.

A survey of the distribution of Glossina pallidipes Austen around the lambwe valley, south nyanza district, Kenya

A tsetse survey was conducted around the Lambwe Valley in South West Kenya in order to establish the extent of Glossina pallidipes distribution outside the Valley. Between October 1988 and March 1989 flies were found far outside the Lambwe Valley. A proportion of these flies was infected with three species of trypanosomes. The capture of teneral flies suggested that breeding was occurring and that viable populations of G. pallidipes therefore exist away from the core breeding areas in the valley.