Fly Ash Mixtures Research Articles

Recycling of environmental harmful industrial wastes in eco-friendly building materials production suitable for specific applications

Sustainable building materials are one of the main principles to achieve sustainable construction. It refers to the potential of utilizing environmentally harmful industrial wastes to reduce the consumption of raw materials/energy used in producing ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), lead-bearing sludge (LBS), metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) were used in this work to develop eco-green binding materials with several advanced applications. Five specimens were prepared, including a control specimen (100 % GGBFS, S0) and four ternary-blended geopolymers (TBGs; GGBFS/LBS/FA and GGBFS/LBS/MK) with different proportions. The experimental work examined the mix-design's influence of the TBGs on the fresh/hardened characteristics and resistance against elevated-temperature (200–900 °C), high-dose gamma-radiation (1000–3000 kG y) and mico-organisms (Salmonella-typhi, Bacillus-Cereus, Aspergillus-oryzae and Aspergillus-fumigatus). Also, the XRD, TGA/DTG (phase composition analysis) and SEM/EDX (microstructure analysis) were studied. The findings revealed that LBS significantly reduces workability compared to MK and FA. Although the LBS, MK, and FA mixture elongated the setting time, its values are still within acceptable limits. The strength values obtained by TBGs after 28 days ranged from 51.0 to 66.7 MPa, revealing that these wastes are good alternatives to OPC. TBGs proved effective in resisting elevated-temperatures and high-dose gamma-radiation compared to S0 by forming highly-stable zeolitic compounds. The S0 specimen cannot hinder Salmonella typhi's growth; unlike TBGs, the existence of PbO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2 in the matrix inhibits all microorganisms' growth.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Hasil Pembakaran Batubara Faba (Fly Ash dan Bottom Ash) PLTU Menjadi Paving Block

Water absorption test and compressive strength test were conducted to determine the quality standards of paving blocks. This research was conducted by using a mixture of fly ash, bottom ash and cement. The tests carried out in this study were water absorption test and compressive strength test using 3 compositions of 5%, 8% and 12%. In each composition using 3 samples for testing. Tests were carried out with a vulnerable time between 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. The highest water absorption results in the 8% composition with water absorption of 1.467%. The highest compressive strength results in the 8% composition with a compressive strength of 10.479 Mpa.

The adsorption performance of high crystallinity Na-p zeolites prepared from oil shale ash for the waste water treatment

ABSTRACTS The Na-p type zeolite has been prepared by the alkali fusion hydrothermal synthesis method using the pure oil shale ash (OSA) and mixture of OSA and coal fly ash (CFA) as raw materials, which was used for adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The XRD spectra of zeolite synthesized from pure oil shale residue under different conditions indicated that the optimal experimental conditions were determined as follows: acid leaching concentration of 10%, sodium hydroxide dosage of 7 g, crystallization temperature of 130°C, and crystallization time of 12 h. Under the same conditions, zeolite was synthesized using the mixture of OSA and CFA, and its properties were characterized using XRD, SEM, and BET techniques. The results showed that the specific surface area and crystallinity of the zeolite prepared from the mixture were 59.6 m2/g and 86.32%, respectively, which were higher than that of pure OSA (20.6 m2/g and 64.07%). When 0.05 g of zeolite was added to the 35 mg/L MB solution and adsorbed for 180 min, the removal rates of MB by pure OSA, single-source zeolite and zeolite prepared from the mixture were 27.6%, 83.4%, and 99.2%, respectively. The adjusted R square verified that the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model were the best fitting models. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of zeolite prepared from the mixture for MB was 55.5 mg/g. The above results proved that the novel material prepared in this study could be a potential effective wastewater treatment material.

Preparation and performance optimization of fly ash- slag- red mud based geopolymer mortar: Simplex-centroid experimental design method

Cement production emits a large amount of CO2 into the atmosphere and consumes significant mineral resources, necessitating urgent green transformation in this traditional industry. To address carbon emissions in the building materials sector and effectively utilize industrial solid waste, this study presents the preparation of geopolymer mortar using a ternary mixture of fly ash (FA), slag (GGBS) and red mud (RM), making full use of the advantages of each component to optimize the mix proportion. The mix proportions are determined using the simplex-centroid experimental design method, with NaOH concentration (8 M, 10 M, 12 M) as the independent variable, aiming to meet multi-objective performance requirements including fluidity, setting time, flexural strength, and compressive strength. The microstructure and composition of hydration products are examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the optimal mix proportion range is proposed. Results indicate that: (1) When the concentration of NaOH increases, the setting time is shortened, and the mechanical properties first increase and then decrease. The optimal alkali concentration is 10 mol/L. (2) RM and FA exhibit similar effects on mechanical properties, suggesting RM can replace FA in geopolymer material preparation. Besides, RM significantly reduces fluidity. (3) GGBS enhances mechanical properties and shortens setting time. The increase of GGBS content provides more CaO for the matrix and generates more compact C-S-H gel, and thus, the flexural strength and compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar are improved. When GGBS blending amount is 50 % and NaOH is 10 M, the flexural strength and compressive strength of mortar can reach 15.66 MPa and 69.06 MPa, respectively. (4) The simplex-centroid experimental design method provides a mix proportion design method that can meet the requirements of multiple properties at the same time.

Adding barium sulfate (BaSO4) to fly ash geopolymer increases its compressive strength as X-ray shielding for medical imaging applications

BackgroundGeopolymers, a novel cementitious material, have the potential for reducing carbon dioxide wastes resulting from the manufacture of cement. PurposeThis study presents an experimental inquiry conducted to produce a fly ash geopolymer mortar with a good of compressive strength of the batch. MethodsActivation of the mortar is accomplished through the use of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The mortar is created from a mixture of fly ash and sand. In order to determine the maximum load that a material is capable of bearing before experiencing failure, the compressive strength test was utilized. ResultsAccording on the findings of the compressive strength testing device, the fly ash geopolymer with 15 % barium sulfate (BaSO4) demonstrates the highest compressive strength, which is measured at 56 MPa. When compared to the results obtained from cement mortar, this one is twice as high, which indicates that the strength improvement factor is 2. This study's findings highlighted the necessity of employing fly ash geopolymer that contains 15 % BaSO4 for the purpose of providing shielding protection. Conclusion: Therefore, in terms of its performance, fly ash geopolymer is superior to cement mortar. This is due to the fact that it is manufactured with a high compressive strength.

Effect of fly ash and nano Silica on the formation and evolution of Calcium Silicate Hydrate in Portland Cement during hydration process

Recently, the trend of replacing cement with mineral admixtures in concrete has witnessed increasing interest in the construction industry due to the reduction in embodied energy and CO2 emissions. However, the addition of these admixtures in Portland Cement (PC) affected the formation as well as the structure of the hydration product Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H), which is reflected in the mechanical and durability properties of cement concrete. In the present study, nano-silica (NS) and a mixture of fly ash (FA) and NS were replaced into PC (PC + 0.5 % NS, PC + 1 % NS, PC + 0.5 % NS + 20 % FA and PC + 1 % NS + 40 % FA) to systematically study the formation and structural evolution of hydration products, namely C-S-H, at atomic and micro-scales at the early stage of hydration (3 days) and a later stage of hydration (90 days). The formation and structure of C-S-H were analyzed to correlate the microstructure development by using XRD, Rietveld technique, FESEM, TEM, FTIR and nano-scale mechanical properties by employing the nanoindentation techniques. Atomic Pair Distribution Function (PDF) is used to understand the effect of admixtures on the C-S-H structure from atomic point of view. PDF shows the structural modification of C-S-H such as different polyhedral, separation of intralayer/interlayer, pair/bond length, coordination number of atoms corresponding to the addition of additives with hydration age. Also, porosity measurements show increasing or decreasing porosity during hydration with additives. It is observed that the contribution of low-density C-S-H (LD C-S-H) is greater than that of high-density C-S-H (HD C-S-H) in the beginning days, whereas HD C-S-H more than LD C-S-H in the latter days of hydration. The elastic modulus increased from 15.44 GPa to 19.82 GPa and the hardness decreased from 0.41 GPa to 0.35 GPa of LD C-S-H in early days, whereas elastic modulus decreased from 34.84 GPa to 29.33 GPa and the hardness increased from 0.75 GPa to 0.83 GPa of HD C-S-H in the latter stage due to addition of additives. However, both increased for LD C-S-H and HD C-S-H for each corresponding mixture during hydration. The present study reported the formation and microstructural modifications of C-S-H and the correlation with nano-mechanical properties due to addition of nano or micro-sized admixtures (nano silica and fly ash) in the cement system. This correlation helps to develop low-energy cement composites by tailoring cement systems with desired properties.

Innovative Pavement Materials: Utilizing Corn Stover and Fly Ash in Geopolymers

The development of each nation is evaluated by its infrastructure, and each nation is competing with the others in infrastructure advancement, especially in the construction of roadways, since they play a vital role in the economic and social development of the nation. The conventional materials used for road construction are concrete and asphalt, which pose significant environmental challenges. This research gives insight into the potential of fly ash (FA) and corn stover (CS) in synthesizing geopolymer, as an alternative material for the construction of roads. This study examines the impact of three FA and CS mixture percentages and the particle size of CS on the compressive strength and porosity of geopolymer. The results indicate that incorporating larger amounts of CS in fly ash-based geopolymer may decrease the compressive strength of the geopolymer. Smaller CS particle sizes also tend to lead to lower compressive strength. Porosity of the geopolymer tended to increase with the incorporation of higher percentages of CS, particularly for smaller corn stover sizes. As a fine aggregate replacement for geopolymer, CS incorporation has the potential to reduce mined aggregate obtained from a process that harms the environment.

A systematic analysis of binary blend cement concrete infused with lime sludge and fly ash

Lime sludge is a residual substance came from the paper sector. The current research investigates that the effects of adding lime sludge to concrete as a cementitious substance on its mechanical properties. Lime sludge replaces cement in various amounts to provide the appropriate mechanical properties. The resulting material is then compared to standard concrete. The research on supplemental cementation resources that equivalent Portland cements's potency without compromising stability. According to the Indian standard (IS 10262–2009), the study used M20, M30, and M40 concrete. Lime sludge replaced cement 0 ​%, 10 ​%, 20 ​%, and 30 ​%. Also investigated were lime sludge and fly ash mixtures of 10 ​%, 20 ​%, and 30 ​% by weight. Mechanical parameters of concrete classes M20, M30, and M40 were measured at 7 and 28 days. The grades show that the 10 ​% lime sludge out performed normal concrete. This work represents can be applied as unique additional cementitious substance up to the definite proportions.

Research on the diffusion plugging mechanism of flowing water grouting slurry in karst pipelines

Among the many adverse geological disasters, the surge water disaster in karst areas causes the greatest loss to underground engineering construction, so it is necessary to carry out relevant research on the management of surge water disaster in karst pipelines. This study presents the creation of an oily epoxy resin magnetic convergence grouting material (OEMS) specifically developed to prevent water infiltration in pipelines. A self-designed visual karst pipeline grouting simulation system was used to conduct an experimental study on the diffusion and plugging behavior of magnetic slurry grouting. A model was constructed to simulate the migration of a magnetic slurry in water inrush circumstances. The model is based on the theory of slurry diffusion and the concept of magnetic adsorption. The results suggest that:(i) The best performance in grouting sealing is achieved when the ratio of new OEMS epoxy resin A liquid to B liquid is 2:1, and the blending ratio of flyash and Fe3O4 powder falls between 25 and 55%. (ii) The primary and secondary correlations among the parameters that affect the rate of change in flow rate, plugging pressure, and slurry retention rate are as follows: Hydrodynamic velocity has the greatest correlation, followed by plugging length, Fe3O4 power ratio, and flyash mixture ratio. (iii) The validity of the model is verified by comparing empirical observations with calculated theoretical values.

Development of insulating backfill materials produced from the ternary mixtures of red mud, fly ash and preformed foam

Many public utility lines to transport power, water, natural gas, water, sewer, and communication are placed beneath trafficable areas. However, insufficient or inadequate backfill induces sudden subsidence, damage, or pothole on the road. This study aims to develop lightweight controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) with low thermal conductivity using the ternary mixtures of red mud to replace aggregate sand, high carbon fly ash, and preformed foam. Changes in flow consistency, air void characteristics, bulk unit weight, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and thermal conductivity (k) of the tested materials with varying red mud contents were investigated as a function of the foam volume ratio (FVR). The results demonstrate that the UCS and k of tested materials decreased with increasing FVR due the decrease in unit weight, and a greater UCS but smaller k was observed at a given FVR with increasing red mud content because the inclusion of red mud in the lightweight CLSM mix design helps improve the stability of air bubbles and achieve uniform distribution of air voids. In addition, the red mud can act as a NaOH supplier, leading to the developed material had additional strength gain from the alkali activation. Thus, the developed insulating backfill material showed 43 % decrease in k while maintaining UCS similar to non-foam CLSM without red mud.

Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash Utilization to Enlarge Clay Brick Dimension

Burnt clay bricks, mostly used as non-structural wall unit materials in Indonesia, contain only clay in Bengkulu Province. A large amount of clay is used during clay brick production as a shrinkage effect of burning, while clay is a limited natural resource. Available non-plastic materials that can withstand combustion contraction are required to reduce the use of clay. Ash materials like fly ash and rice husk ash are non-plastic materials. The purposes of this research are to reduce clay usage, enlarge dimensions, and improve brick performance at the same time by adding coal fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA). This research is an experimental study of FA clay brick (FCB) and a combination of 50% FA and 50% RHA clay brick (FRCB). The ash was added to the mixture at weights of 10%, 20%, and 30% of clay. The factory-specified production method was used to create bricks. After the materials and water meltdown process to produce plastic material, bricks were molded, dried, and burned. Green and burnt brick measurements and weights were gathered. The Brick Indonesian Standard Code (SNI 15-2094-2000) was used while determining the bricks' compression strength and absorption. The mean values of the quantitative data were used after being analyzed through coefficient of variation values less than 10%. The result shows that the compressive strengths and absorption of 10% and 20% of the ash content of FCB meet the Indonesian code. Both brick volumes expand as the ash content increases. FRCB volume weight is 11%, 7.8%, and 8.1% lighter than FCB for 10%, 20%, and 30% ash content, respectively. Both brick varieties meet the ASTM code for nonload-bearing concrete masonry units. The use of FA and a mixture of FA and RHA enhances shrinkage, increases brick dimensions, and simultaneously lowers brick weight. Using lighter and larger bricks for the walls helps to recycle waste, reduce the mass of the building, and reduce the use of clay resources. Application 10% and 20% fly ash is recommended for increasing the size of clay bricks in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia.

Mineral transformation and solidification of heavy metals during co-melting of MSWI fly ash with coal fly ash.

Melting is an efficient method to turn municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash (FA) into non-hazardous material. Coal fly ash (CFA) was selected as the silica-alumina source to carry out co-melting research with MSWI FA in this work. The effects of the temperature and the CFA content on mineral transformation and the migration characteristics of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mixtures of MSWI FA and CFA reacted at high temperatures to mainly generate Ca2Al2SiO7, Ca2SiO4, and CaAl2Si2O8 primarily and then melted and formed the amorphous-phase vitreous body when the CFA content was more than 40% and the temperature was higher than 1300 °C. During the melting process, Cd and Pb were almost volatilized, while Cr, Mn, and Ni were almost retained. Besides, the volatilization rates of Cu and Zn fluctuated with the temperature and the CFA content. Suitable treatment temperature and CFA content were conducive to the transformation of the heavy metals in the FA into stable forms, and the melting products were no longer hazardous wastes because the vitreous body could effectively encapsulate heavy metals. This study aims to help reuse the FA and CFA collaboratively and be more environmentally friendly.

Mechanical and Microstructural Analysis of Lightweight Subgrade Bricks Synthesized from Mixtures of Coal Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge

Abstract The massive discharge of coal fly ash and sewage sludge has placed great pressure on the environment and society. This study proposes a feasible method for producing lightweight subgrade bricks from coal fly ash and sewage sludge. The results show that the lightweight subgrade bricks mainly consist of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), hematite (Fe2O3), sillimanite (Al2SiO5), aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), and a small amount of cristobalite (SiO2). The formation of AlPO4 improved the sintering and mechanical properties of the sintered samples. The formation of voids and cracks in the sintered samples was primarily attributable to the combustion and sintering shrinkage of the organic matter in the mixture. The maximum compressive and flexural strengths were observed when the sewage sludge content was 40 wt. %, and the corresponding compressive strength and flexural strength were 19.86 and 8.57 MPa, respectively. An appropriate amount of sewage sludge improves the connections between coal fly ash particles and promotes the densification of the lightweight subgrade bricks. These results provide a direction for the development of applications for coal fly ash and sewage sludge in the field of building materials.

Performance evaluation of geopolymer mortars containing waste ferrochrome slag and fly ash for sustainable green building

The aim of the present study, an attempt to shed light on the use of industrial-based wastes as alkali-activated binder (AAB) material is mainly. The present novel research work, the characterization of waste ferrochrome slag (FCS) and the performance of alkali-activated mortar consisting of fly ash (FA) were investigated. The characterization of used materials were carried out using advanced microstructural analysis techniques (XRF, XRD and SEM). A total of thirty two mortars are prepared using FCS (90–60%) and FA (10–40%) with 5 M, 10 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Na2SiO3/NaOH (SS/SH = 1 and 2) solution. All specimens were cured in an oven at 70 °C and 100 °C for 24 h. After oven curing, the geopolymer mortars were kept in the laboratory for 28 days and thermal and mechanical tests were applied to them. The A5 mixture (SS/SH = 1 with 10%FA, 90%FCS and 5 M NaOH) was found to be optimum in terms of thermal insulation properties, making it suitable for use in sustainable construction in terms of low energy cost through exterior insulation. The C8 mixture (SS/SH = 1 with 40%FA, 60% FCS and 10 M NaOH) was found to be optimum in terms of strength and durability, making it suitable for use in sustainable construction. As a result, in this study, an optimum mixture of waste FCS and FA was obtained and geopolymer building materials that provide thermal insulation and structural performance and are resistant to external influences were produced.

Enhancing Concrete Durability and Strength with Fly Ash, Steel Slag, and Rice Husk Ash for Marine Environments.

The effect of an alternative source of silica, based on class F fly ash mixed with blast furnace slag and activated by rice husk ash (RHA), to produce concrete exposed to marine environments was evaluated. Four mixtures activated by the combination of 85% NaOH 14M + 15% RHA were manufactured to achieve a liquid/solid ratio of 0.20. Fly ash was incorporated into the steel slag mixture at addition percentages of 20, 40, 60, and 80%, and evaluated at 28, 900, and 1800 days for pore and chloride ion absorption. In general, including rice husk ash in the mixture of fly ash and steel slag significantly affected mechanical performance because it was possible to obtain concrete with high mechanical resistance. Concerning the durability evaluation, the effect of the activator generated by rice husk ash was observed, and the increase in steel slag added to the cementitious samples improved the capacity of the material to resist the penetration and diffusion of chloride ions.

Long-term and accelerated swelling of steel slag-glass powder and steel slag-fly ash mixtures as sustainable geo-materials

The volumetric instability of steel slag hinders its use in pavement layers and embankments. Accordingly, evaluating the swelling potential of steel slag and designing volumetrically stable steel slag mixtures is required to promote its sustainable utilization. This paper focuses on the comparison of the swelling response of basic-oxygen-furnace steel slag (BOFS), electric-arc-furnace steel slag (EAFS), BOFS-fly ash and BOFS-glass powder mixtures based on the results of three different types of tests: (i) long-term California bearing ratio (CBR) swelling, (ii) heated water bath swelling and (iii) autoclave tests. BOFS mixtures were prepared using glass powder or class F fly ash with 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement ratios. The compaction characteristics, permeability, and California bearing ratio (CBR) of steel slag and steel slag mixtures were also assessed within the framework of a detailed discussion of their swelling response. At the end of swelling tests, the measured maximum 1D strains of EAFS were all at negligible levels. Based on the test results, BOFS and BOFS-glass powder mixtures had ∼5.0–5.5% swelling strains after 20.5 months without signs of stabilization. 20% class F fly ash replacement stabilized the swelling strains of the mixture at about 0.75% after ∼3 months of monitoring in long-term tests. 1D swelling rates measured for all BOFS-class F fly ash mixtures decreased with increasing fly ash content. CBR and swelling response of BOFS-class F fly ash mixtures were more favorable compared to those of BOFS. The heated water bath tests provided higher estimates of the swelling strains compared to those obtained from autoclave tests for the steel slag mixtures that contain 15% or more fines. The results of this study showed that glass powder replacement is not effective in alleviating the swelling of BOFS. The volumetrically stable BOFS-class F fly ash mixtures indicated favorable mechanical properties for their use in pavement layers.

Compressive Strength and Water Absorption Capacity on Brick Interlock with Fly Ash Addition

Interlock brick is an environmentally friendly substitute for house wall materials because the manufacturing process is not burned like red brick. This method of installing interlocking walls, like Lego, can function as a structure for sluice gates, columns and ring beams without the need for plastering or painting, so it is more effective and efficient and can reduce cement consumption. Several actions must be taken to minimize the use of cement by using environmentally friendly materials. One of the environmentally friendly materials that will be researched is Interlock bricks made from a mixture of Fly Ash . This research aims to determine the compressive strength and water absorption capacity of Interlock bricks mixed with Fly Ash. The research method begins by looking for interlock brick parameter data in the form of compressive strength and water absorption capacity. Compressive strength is a parameter of the mechanical suitability of interlock bricks , while water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb water. There are 3 variations of the mixture, namely with the ratio Fly Ash : Sand: Cement, mixture I (3: 3: 1) Fly Ash 43% , mixture II (4 : 3 : 1) Fly Ash 50% , and mixture III (5 : 3 : 1) Fly Ash 56% calculation divided based on the percentage of the amount of Fly Ash , obtained the compressive strength value of Interlock brick from the Fly Ash mixture in mixture I 16.0 kg/m2 and water absorption capacity 20%, mixture II 24.7 kg/m 2 and strength water absorption 17.5%, mixture III 10.3 kg/m 2 and water absorption 21.8%. According to SK-SNI-S-04-1989-F Interlock brick mix II with a Fly Ash composition of 50% is close to class K25 (25 kg/m 2 ) and has an absorption capacity value of <20.0% according to the absorption capacity limit based on SNI 15- 2094-2000.Keywords: Interlock Bricks, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Water Absorption.

Identifikasi Potensi Penambahan Limbah Batu Bara sebagai Penyedia Hara Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai

Fly ash as coal burning waste contains a variety of main compounds such as CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO, Na2O, K2O and some heavy metals. The composition of each compound is different depending on the combustion condition parameters in the industry. Rice husk waste reaches 20-30% of the grain produced and has not been utilized optimally by farmers. Therefore, the use of a mixture of fly ash and husk requires further study as an innovative soil improvement product. The aim of this research is to identify the use of fly ash and rice husks as environmentally friendly soil amendments or fertilizers. Fly ash is mixed with organic components such as burnt husks, goat manure with different compositions. The product obtained is then placed in the soil of the chili plants using the method of spreading 0.5 g on 1.5 kg of soil. Tests were carried out both on the soil regarding the value of the degree of acidity and humidity and the growth of chili plants as indicators of the effect of adding fly ash on their growth. The results of fly ash waste can be used as a soil conditioner with a range of acidity between 6.5 to 8.5 fly ash with a nitrogen content of 0.49%, 0.18% phosphorus, 0.6% potassium with a carbon value of 6.9% and C/N ratio 14.08. These conditions are good for the soil for chili plants. The increase in height increases on days 1 to 9, while leaf width tends to remain constant on days 3 to 9. The results of this research contributes on the developing the use of fly ash in agriculture so that the absorption of fly ash waste can be done on a large scale.

Optimization, Characterization, and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Alkali Activated Waste Tuff and Fly Ash Mixtures for Deep Mixed Columns

Optimization, Characterization, and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Alkali Activated Waste Tuff and Fly Ash Mixtures for Deep Mixed Columns

PEMANFAATAN FLY ASH DAN BOTTOM ASH PLTU REMBANG UNTUK PEMBUATAN BETON MENGGUNAKAN SEMEN PPC

The research aims to reduce the amount of coal burning waste of fly ash and bottom ash PLTU Rembang as a substitution of cement and sand in the production of quality concrete K-225 and waterproof using Portland Pozzolan cement. The method was experimented in the laboratory by making 50 samples of 15 x 15 x 15 cm3 test objects for 28 days, 60 days, and water absorption tests. The test objecte was made in 5 variations: normal concrete (without substitution) and 20% bottom ash substitution concrete and fly ash mixture 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. Strong K-225 pressure occurs at the age of 60 days on bottom ash substituted concrete 20% with fly ash 0%, 5% 10% and 15% respectively of 245 kg/cm2, 254,67 kg/cm2, 250,67 kg/cm2, dan 250,67 kg/cm2. Water absorption of concrete at 28 days of ashes substitution was less than 20% and ashes flew below 0% and 5%, 10% 15% resulted in 4.85%, 5.17%, 5.05%, and 5.18%. The results of the research showed that the concrete made meets the K-225 quality and better absorption than normal concrete.