Granulated Fly Ash Research Articles

The improvement of soil, plant growth, and sugarcane yield Saccharum officinarum (L) on account of the application of fly ash granule and dolomite as ameliorating agents in peat soil

Probably effective application of fly ash granules for ameliorants on sugarcane has not been meaningful reported in tropical agricultural systems and no exact results have not been established. The experiment was arranged from January 2014 up to May 2015 at IPB Bogor, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the improvement level of additional fly ash granules as soil ameliorants on peat soil in sugar cane cultivation compared to the application of dolomite. The experiment used a complete randomized block design in sub-optimal peat soil. There were five levels of treatment at 50 kg peat soil weight at polybag as the following: without the addition of ameliorant as control (C0) at pH=4.0; Mixing with fly ash granule at pH 6.0 (C1); Mixing with fly ash granule at pH 7.0 (C2); Mixing with dolomite at pH 7.0 (D1), Mixing with dolomite at pH 6.0 (D2). The fly ash granule and dolomite application at a starting value of pH 6.0 or pH 7.0 exposed reliable impact to maintain the pH value of peat soil at least for one year during the growth of the sugarcane plant biomass until harvest. The application of fly ash granule at the starting value of pH 6.0 showed a better effect on plant growth biomass and was sufficient to ameliorate the peat soil to achieve the optimum sugar yield. More than this application rate would be luxurious, it causes no increase in sugar production.

Control of Endogenous Phosphorus Release at the Sediment–Water Interface by Lanthanum-Modified Fly Ash

This study optimizes the modification and granulation of fly ash to make it more stable at the sediment–water interface. Through laboratory simulations, the modified fly ash pellets were optimally granulated to cover the sediment–water interface, and its control effect and mechanism were evaluated. The results showed that the phosphorus adsorption effect of lanthanum-modified fly ash was 34% and 40% higher compared with those of acid-modified and alkali-modified fly ash, respectively, with the phosphorus adsorption effect reaching 85%. The best dosing ratio was about 0.3 g/L. Adsorption was affected by pH and was more effective under weak alkalinity, close to the Langmuir adsorption model, which was consistent with the unimolecular layer adsorption characteristics and the presence of chemisorption and physical adsorption. The saturation adsorption amount of phosphate by lanthanum-modified fly ash was 8.89 mg/g. The optimized granulation conditions for lanthanum-modified fly ash pellets were a fly ash/montmorillonite ratio of 7:3, a roasting temperature of 900 °C, a roasting time of 4 h, and a particle size of 3 mm. After 20 days, the orthophosphate removal rate was more than 60% higher than that of the control group, with a total phosphorus removal rate of 43%. After covering for 60 days, active phosphorus in the surface layer of the sediment was gradually transformed into a stable phosphorus form, with calcium phosphorus accounting for 70% of the total inorganic phosphorus. The ability of the sediment to release phosphorus to the overlying water body was also significantly weakened. Meanwhile, the total phosphorus removal rate in the overlying water at the sediment–water interface reached more than 40%, and orthophosphate removal reached more than 60%, indicating an obvious phosphorus control effect. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that lanthanum was present at locations enriched with elemental phosphorus and was adsorbed onto the material surface. Therefore, lanthanum-modified fly ash pellets are a promising in situ phosphorus control agent with good endogenous phosphorus pollution control abilities in eutrophic water bodies.

The application and effectiveness of fly ash granule using tapioca flour and sugarcane molasses as granule agents for soil ameliorant and fertilizer

The most popular fly ash application as coal combustion energy waste is as a mixing agent for cemented infrastructure and building construction. However, due to its appropriate various mineral content from vegetation fossil, the usage for fertilizer and soil amelioration agent was tested in small pots on the field. The experiment’s purpose was to confirm the effectiveness of fly ash granule application using tapioca flour and sugar cane molasses as granule agents for soil ameliorant and fertilizer. Specifically, for the sorghum growth, development, and potential bioethanol yield harvested in the vegetative stage. The granule binding agents’ source is from an agricultural product, byproduct, or agricultural waste. Hence, environmental management and the fly ash granules’ production system exhibit the advantage of a sustainable production system. The concentration of 10% of the granule binding agents concentration for the application at a rate of 8 tons ha−1 was effective enough to improve the soil properties, plant growth, and the doubling of potential bioethanol yield.

Flexural capacity and ductility of lightweight concrete T‐beams

AbstractThe present study aims to estimate the flexural capacity and ductility of lightweight concrete T‐beams prepared using the expanded bottom ash and dredged soil granules (LWAC‐BS beams). Eight full‐scale beams were prepared under the main parameters including the unit weight and compressive strength of concrete and amount of longitudinal tensile reinforcement. The moment capacities and displacement ductility ratios measured for the present specimens were compared with those compiled from normal‐weight concrete (NWC) beams and lightweight concrete beams made using the expanded clay and fly ash granules (LWAC‐CF beams) with respect to the longitudinal reinforcement index (ωs). The coefficients for the equivalent rectangular stress block to assess the ultimate moment capacity of LWAC beams were formulated from the actual stress–strain curve of the concrete. The test results showed that the effect of the type of artificially expanded lightweight granules on the normalized cracking and ultimate moment capacities of LWAC beams was insignificant, whereas LWAC‐BS beams exhibited lower displacement ductility ratios than LWAC‐CF beams at the same ωs value. The maximum amount of longitudinal tensile reinforcement specified in ACI 318‐14 provision for preventing brittle failure of the beam needs to be lowered for LWAC beams. When determining the coefficients of the equivalent stress block for LWAC members, the concrete unit weight deserves consideration as a primary factor together with the compressive strength of the concrete.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Concretes (LWCs) with Various Aggregates.

High requirements for the properties of construction materials and activities directed at environment protection are reasons to look for new solutions in concrete technology. This research was directed at solutions affecting the reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The use of lightweight concretes (LWCs) allows one to meet both conditions at the same time. The purpose of the research presented in this paper was to investigate the abilities of using lightweight aggregates (LWAs) of the following types: 2 and 4 mm granulated expanded glass aggregate (GEGA) as ingredients with excellent insulating properties and 8 mm granulated fly ash aggregate (GAA) as an ingredient with a relatively high resistance to crushing. The influence of the percentage participation of each aggregate in all LWCs was variable and amounted to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. A series of 15 LWC mixes were prepared for various LWA participations and for a constant water–cement ratio (w/c = 0.5). Concrete tests were carried out for the following criteria: density, porosity, compressive strength, and the modulus of elasticity. In order to fully analyze fracture processes in LWCs with the participation of GEGA and GAA and to assess the correctness of the results obtained during the experiments, numerical models that corresponded to both geometrical and load diagrams of elements under research were created. The numerical analyses of the LWCs were conducted by means of the conventional finite element method (FEM).

Kinetics Study of Methyl Orange Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions using Fly Ash Granules as Low Cost Adsorbent

Kinetics Study of Methyl Orange Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions using Fly Ash Granules as Low Cost Adsorbent

Study on the Granulation of FLY Ash from Thermal Power Station

The effect of the type and amount of binding substance on the yield and strength of granules prepared from fly ash was studied. The highest yield of granules was achieved with clayish slip used as binder. The granules obtained are brittle, with compression strength 0,1МРа. The apparent density of the sintered granulates was in the range1200-1500kg/m3 and the total porosity was 55-40%.

Granulation of fly ash and biochar with organic lake sediments – A way to sustainable utilization of waste from bioenergy production

The main waste generated during the thermochemical processes of biomass burning used for bioenergy production in cogeneration plants are ash and biochar which can be used as fertilizers in forestry and agriculture. However, several difficulties are attributed to possibilities of practical exploitation of ash and biochar due to the transporting, handling and mode of application. Granulation of energy generation waste has been shown in some circumstances as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method. Production of granules (pellets) from wood ash and biochar leads to improved recycling and logistics of waste as well as helps to control and avoid undesirable environmental effects such as leaching of nutrient excess.The aim of this study was to prepare granules from wood fly ash and biochar mixed with organic-rich freshwater lake sediments (sapropel) used as a natural binder and a source of organic matter for enrichment of derived granules to be applicable as a soil improver. Characterization of raw materials and derived granules included range of physical and chemical analysis. Applied granulation technology involved homogenization of components following by extrusion and drum granulation, and the process was developed for prospective production of soil improvers. It was estimated that the most optimal mass ratio of raw materials applicable for the process of granulation is 67:100 (fly ash to sapropel) and 30:100 (biochar to sapropel) resulting in production of granules 3–8 mm in diameter. Among the characteristic parameters of granules apparent density, bulk density, compressive strength, total element content and element content by fractions was assessed.

Preparation of Fly Ash Granules with Respect to Mine Filling

Preparation of Fly Ash Granules with Respect to Mine Filling

Granulation of coal fly ash by using different types of granule agents

The use of coal produces about 5% solid pollutant in the form of ash (fly ash and bottom ash). Of the total ash produced, about 10–20% is bottom ash and 80–90% is fly ash. This study was aimed at obtaining a type of adhesive which could be used as a fly granulation material for soil conditioner. The study was conducted at the pilot plant of Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center (SBRC) LPPM IPB from April to August 2016. The fly ash used in this study was obtained from Kalimantan. A pan granulator was used in fly ash granule making process. Granule agent materials were diluted in the concentration of 5, 10, and 15%. Different types of granule agents, namely SBRC-M, SBRC-T, and SBRC-SC were used. The formed fly ash granules were then analyzed for their physical properties including particle density, fly ash granule pH, fly ash granule durability, and fly ash granule water holding capacity. Results showed that fly ash granules made from 15% of SBRC-M had the highest particle density (0.75 g/cm3). Fly ash granules made with SBRC-M had higher pH (10) than those made by using SBRC-SC adhesive (9.3) and SBRC-T (9). SBRC-T was found as the granule agent material which produced fly ash granules with the highest durability levels on average. In this study, the use of SBRC-M granule agent resulted in higher water holding capacity (WHC) (40.62%) than did SBRC-SC (38.79%) and SBRC-T (36.85%). As a granule agent, compared to SBRC-SC and SBRC-T, SBRC-M could produce fly ash granules with highest particle density, highest pH, good durability, and best water holding capacity.

Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Based on the Fly Ash Variation

. This study was conducted to determine the factors that may affect the compressive strength of fly ash-based geopolyme, manufactured using fly ash obtained from different power plants. Fly ash obtained from different sources may have very different characteristics that affect the properties of geopolymer product. The source of variations in the geopolymer properties from the view point of the source materials can be classified into internal and external factors. Internal factors include the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash, while external factors associated with mixture proportion of geopolymer and the manufacturing process. From the experimental results, it was found that the size of the fly ash granules, the CaO and MgO content, and the carbon content in fly ash are the internal factors that may affect the compressive strength of geopolymer. On the other hand, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide in the alkaline solution and the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution are the external factors influencing the compressive strength of geopolymer.

Investigations on the Fixed-Bed Column Performance of Acid Brown 75 Adsorption by Surface Modified Fly Ash Granules

Adsorption potential of surface modified granule (SM-G) to remove acid brown 75 (AB 75) from aqueous solution was investigated using fixed-bed column mode. To produce SMG, lignite fly ash was agglomerated into porous granules by an extruder at 800°C and surfacemodified with a cationic surfactant, Hexadecyltrimetylammonium Bromide (HDTMABr). The performance of the fixed-bed column was evaluated to assess the effect of various process variables, viz., of bed height, flow rate and initial feed concentration on breakthrough time and adsorption capacity. The bed depth service time (BDST) model was applied to the data for predicting breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters. The highest experimental and theoretical bed capacities were obtained to be 55.3 mg of AB 75 adsorbed per gram of SM-G. The results indicated that the SM-G is a suitable adsorbent for the removal of AB 75 from aqueous solution.

Research on Adsorption and Discolor of Dyes on the New Wastewater Purifying Agent Named Granulated Fly Ash

The new purifying agent named granulated fly ash was used to absorb the organic dyes-ethylene blue, direct red 12B and reactive brilliant orange X-GN in solution in this paper. The effects of dosage, temperature and pH on adsorption and discolor were separately studied. In addition, the adsorption model was also analyzed. Experiment results showed that adsorption isotherm models of ethylene blue and direct red 12B on the new agent conformed to Freundlich equation, and reactive brilliant orange X-GN conformed to Langmuir equation; The adsorption kinetics models of ethylene blue, direct red 12B and reactive brilliant orange X-GN on the new agent conformed to pseudo-secondary kinetic equation, liquid film diffusion was the main control step for adsorption of the three dyes.

間隙水圧測定に基づいた粒子径が及ぼす覆砂内での水圧変動の挙動特性

Sand capping was often used in closed water area to restore water environment. To evaluate long-term performance of capping layer, water flow in capping layer was important, because water flow in the layer brought oxygen into the layer and reduced consolidation of settling organic sediments, and finally effected to habitat of marine creatures. Water flow in the layer was affected by momentary pressure variation in water and transmitted to the layer, thus resulted grain size of the layer was enormously influential. In this paper, momentary pressure variation in water and in pore of the layer, which made of sand (grain size 1-5mm), granulated fly ash (3-40mm) and mixed with both materials, were measured. In consequence, it was suggested that in the small size of grain as sand long-term wave caused delay in transmit and short wave degraded through transmitting into the layer.

Safety Assessment of Granulated Fly Ash on Benthic Animals

Granulated fly ash, one of recycled material, has been used as covering sands to improve sediment quality in enclosed coastal areas of Chugoku District. In the present study, in addition to reveal heavy metal contents of granulated fly ash, safety of the materials was examined using snails and bivalves in both laboratory experiments and field experiments. In the all experiments, bioaccumulation of heavy metals was not observed. Further, the heavy metal accumulation was lower in the body of animals used in the experiments than those sold in market. It was concluded that granulated fly ash is safety recycle material in terms of heavy metals for benthic animals.

Preparation of free flowing fly ash granules containing multifunctional molecules

A new approach for the granulation of fly ash powder is studied. The fly ash dispersed in aqueous medium at pH>10 in the presence of multifunctional molecules such as methylol urea, triethanol amine, glycerol, glucose and pentaerythritol, was centrifugally separated, dried to a moisture content < 0.5 wt.% and then granulated by rotation granulation. Loosely packed powder agglomerates are produced by particle bridging by the multifunctional molecules through hydrogen bonding. The flow property of the powder is remarkably improved by the granulation process. The granules redisperse in aqueous medium, even after heating at 400°C, without any appreciable increase in primary particle size. The heated fly ash granules disintegrate to the primary particles and the particles disperse well in polyester resin by simple stirring.

Light weight aggregates prepared by cold fly ash granulation

The report deals with artificial light weight aggregates prepared by cold granulation of fly ash. Composition and properties of three types of aggregates—grades 600, 700 and 800, are given. Artificial light weight sand with normal granulometry and bulk density 450 kg/m3 was obtained as well.

Granulation of Fly-ash with Pulp Waste Liquir by the Pan-type pelletizer

Granulation of Fly-ash with Pulp Waste Liquir by the Pan-type pelletizer