Fluvial Archives Research Articles

Rivers through geological time: the fluvial contribution to understanding of our planet

Fluvial rocks and sediments form an important part of the geological record from the terrestrial environment, from the Archaean to the recent. Precambrian fluvial archives record the change in Earth's atmosphere from anoxic to oxygen-rich, while the absence of land plants led to significant differences between Precambrian and Palaeozoic fluvial regimes and those from later in the geological record. In the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, river valleys were populated by land animals and their deposits are repositories for the fossils that record these biomes: dinosaurs and mammals being the prominent groups, respectively, in these eras. By the Cenozoic some of the drainage systems that exist at present had been initiated; their evolution during this era, and especially in the Quaternary, is evident from fluvial archives worldwide. The record of Quaternary rivers reveals the increasing influence of global cooling, with the severity of climate a potential driver of erosional isostatic uplift, bringing about incision of landscapes and the formation of river terraces in all but the most stable areas and subsiding basins. In the Holocene the fluvial environment experienced increasing influences from early humans as catchments and slopes were transformed by deforestation and farming, and later by industries such as mineral mining. These themes are represented in contributions to this special issue, arising from a Geologists’ Association conference and field meeting convened in Exeter in October 2012.

Fluvial archives from past to present – Introduction

Fluvial archives from past to present – Introduction

Fluvial archives as a framework for the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: patterns of British artefact distribution and potential chronological implications

With the adoption of an ‘expanded chronology’ for the Middle Pleistocene, based on the greater number of warm and cold episodes evident in the marine oxygen isotope record from deep ocean cores, has come the recognition of a meaningful progression of artefact types, something that could not be achieved with reference to the previous ‘compressed chronology’. In Britain, at least, it has been established that Levallois knapping techniques appeared in MIS 9–8, that bout coupé handaxes are indicative of MIS 3 and, rather more tentatively, that assemblages with twisted ovate handaxes in significant numbers represent MIS 11 occupation. Added to these key markers, it is now possible to suggest that further tool types occur preferentially in deposits of particular age: assemblages with significant proportions of cleavers and ‘ficron’ handaxes appear to be correlated with deposits formed at around the time of the MIS 9 interglacial. This newly recognized patterning within the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic record differs markedly from the previous use, in the mid‐20th century, of archaeological typology as a means of dating Pleistocene sequences, which was based on a relative refinement of tool making that is now recognized to be unrelated to age. Indeed, the authors would wish to emphasize that, even with reference to the new scheme presented here, the archaeological record should only be seen as dating evidence ‘of last resort’.

Relation between alternations of uplift and subsidence revealed by Late Cenozoic fluvial sequences and physical properties of the continental crust

Reversals in vertical crustal motion, alternations between uplift and subsidence over time scales of hundreds of thousands of years or more, have been identified in Late Cenozoic fluvial sequences in many regions worldwide. They form a class of fluvial archive that is distinct from the extreme stability observed in Archaean cratons and the monotonic uplift or subsidence that is widely observed in other regions. Such alternations between uplift and subsidence are characteristic of regions of Early or Middle Proterozoic crust, where the initial crustal consolidation included the development of a thick ‘root’ of mafic material at the base of the crust; the present study focuses on localities with this crustal type in the USA and eastern Europe. It has previously been suggested on the basis of uplift modelling that this style of crustal behaviour occurs only in regions where the mobile lower‐crustal layer is relatively thin. This study supports this conclusion on the basis of independent geothermal calculations, which indicate that such alternations between uplift and subsidence occur where the mobile lower‐crustal layer is ≤∼7 km thick. An understanding of this phenomenon, in relation to the understanding of vertical crustal motions induced by surface processes (and thus by climate change) in general, therefore requires analysis of the properties and dynamics of the mobile lower‐crustal layer; detailed analysis of fluvial sequences thus contributes unique information in this area.

Palaeoenvironmental significance of fluvial facies and archives of Late Quaternary deposits in the floodplain of Damodar River, India

Statigraphic exposures, fluvial archives and borehole data have been allowed to reconstruct the alluvial history of Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene and climate changes in the monsoonal wet–dry region of lower Damodar Basin (West Bengal, India). The facies architectures and climate proxies suggest that five to six climate changes occurred in between ∼14 and 6 kiloannum (ka). Supporting evidence from the floodplain of Damodar River demonstrates that the successive phases of aggradation and incision were linked to the south-west monsoonal variability of Late Quaternary period. The onset of semi-arid climate was associated with caliches, pond and backswamp deposits of waning low-energy floods. The relatively warm-humid climate was associated with sandy bedforms, valley fills, slack water deposits and ferruginous nodules. This paper presents a synthesis of the available palaeoclimatic records from the lower Ganga Basin and the rivers of western and central India for the palaeoenvironmental significance of Late Quaternary deposits and discusses the influence of palaeoclimatic controls on the fluvial architectures and archives that developed below the floodplain of Damodar River. We have taken some representative studies from the region to reveal the spatial variability in fluvial successions in response to climate changes during this period.

Early Devensian sediments and palaeovenvironmental evidence from the excavations at the Royal Oak Portal Paddington, West London, UK

Abstract This paper discusses the results of the investigation of Pleistocene sediments at the Royal Oak Portal (ROP) site on the new Crossrail scheme near Paddington Station, London. The site was sampled and recorded in May 2011 by archaeologists from Oxford Archaeology commissioned by Crossrail Ltd. The investigation revealed a sedimentary sequence associated with cool climate waterlain deposition towards the edge of the River Westbourne floodplain. During excavation an assemblage of around 100 identifiable large mammal bones was recovered, dating to the Late Pleistocene. The major concentration of bones, from bison and reindeer, was located and excavated from a shallow sequence of sediments. Analysis of the bones indicates that they represent a natural death assemblage, scavenged and subsequently disarticulated, transported by water, exposed and further dispersed and broken by trampling. The site is of regional and national importance because the assemblage derives from a well-constrained geological context, with associated dating evidence suggesting accumulation during the later parts of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 and continuing within MIS 4. The site is also of significance because it is one of a growing number of recently discovered sites away from the main fluvial archive for the British Middle and Upper Pleistocene. These sites have the potential to add significantly to our understanding of parts of the Pleistocene record that remain difficult to document through the investigation of the more active systems associated with major rivers such as the Thames, Severn or Trent.

Late Cenozoic Fluvial Archives: evidence for coupling between climate and landscape evolution

Late Cenozoic Fluvial Archives: evidence for coupling between climate and landscape evolution

The use of fluvial archives in reconstructing landscape evolution: the value of sedimentary and morphostratigraphical evidence

AbstractEvidence-based interpretations of fluvial evolution, and especially of river-terrace formation, have advanced significantly in recent decades, with a notable contribution made by activities of the Fluvial Archives Group. Well-dated river-terrace sequences provide frameworks for the understanding of landscape evolution, since they record valley-floor levels that were higher in the past, attributable, from their patterns of occurrence, to regional uplift. The role of climate fluctuation during the Quaternary is also paramount, since this has been an important driver of the varied fluvial activity that has given rise to the staircases of terraces that characterise the temperate latitudes. This approach is contrasted with a more theoretical methodology for using rivers as recorders of landscape evolution, again with an emphasis on uplift, based on the concept of the formation of knickpoints at particular base levels and their migration upstream. Although different timescales can be explored by the two methods, the concept of headward-migrating knickpoints implies a mechanism for incision that is difficult to reconcile with the formation of the broadly parallel river terraces that are observed in many systems. Knickpoints can frequently be observed to coincide with gorge reaches, where river valleys are constricted as a result of resistant bedrock and/or the effects of localised active crustal deformation. This raises the possibility that knickpoints have generally formed in response to factors of local geology rather than migrating from downstream.

The River Orontes in Syria and Turkey: Downstream variation of fluvial archives in different crustal blocks

The geomorphology and Quaternary history of the River Orontes in western Syria and south-central Turkey have been studied using a combination of methods: field survey, differential GPS, satellite imagery, analysis of sediments to determine provenance, flow direction and fluvial environment, incorporation of evidence from fossils for both palaeoenvironments and biostratigraphy, uranium-series dating of calcrete cement, reconciliation of Palaeolithic archaeological contents, and uplift modelling based on terrace height distribution. The results underline the contrasting nature of different reaches of the Orontes, in part reflecting different crustal blocks, with different histories of landscape evolution. Upstream from Homs the Orontes has a system of calcreted terraces that form a staircase extending to ~200m above the river. New U-series dating provides an age constraint within the lower part of the sequence that suggests underestimation of terrace ages in previous reviews. This upper valley is separated from another terraced reach, in the Middle Orontes, by a gorge cut through the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene Homs Basalt. The Middle Orontes terraces have long been recognized as a source of mammalian fossils and Palaeolithic artefacts, particularly from Latamneh, near the downstream end of the reach. This terraced section of the valley ends at a fault scarp, marking the edge of the subsiding Ghab Basin (a segment of the Dead Sea Fault Zone), which has been filled to a depth of ~1km by dominantly lacustrine sediments of Pliocene–Quaternary age. Review of the fauna from Latamneh suggests that its age is 1.2–0.9Ma, significantly older than previously supposed, and commensurate with less uplift in this reach than both the Upper and Lower Orontes. Two localities near the downstream end of the Ghab have provided molluscan and ostracod assemblages that record somewhat saline environments, perhaps caused by desiccation within the former lacustrine basin, although they include fluvial elements. The Ghab is separated from another subsiding and formerly lacustrine depocentre, the Amik Basin of Hatay Province, Turkey, by a second gorge, implicit of uplift, this time cut through Palaeogene limestone. The NE–SW oriented lowermost reach of the Orontes is again terraced, with a third and most dramatic gorge through the northern edge of the Ziyaret Dağı mountains, which are known to have experienced rapid uplift, probably again enhanced by movement on an active fault. Indeed, a conclusion of the research, in which these various reaches are compared, is that the crust in the Hatay region is significantly more dynamic than that further upstream, where uplift has been less rapid and less continuous.

Fluvial archive of peculiar avulsive fluvial patterns in the largest Quaternary intracratonic basin of tropical South America: The Bananal Basin, Central-Brazil

The Bananal Basin is the most important intracratonic Quaternary sedimentary basin of South America and preserves a good record of the paleohydrological conditions of Central Brazil at the Cerrado–Amazon ecotone. This area is currently a large tropical plain, seasonally flooded by rainfall and water table saturation that can be classified as a seasonal wetland.This paper presents a geological and geomorphological analysis supported with geochronological dating aiming to reconstruct the Pleistocene environmental history of the Bananal Basin. The basin was filled by the sediments sourced by the Araguaia–Mortes fluvial system. The deposits belong to the Araguaia Formation which covers ~106,000km2 of the Bananal Basin. TL and OSL chronologies of the Araguaia Formation show that sedimentation started at least in the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 7) but aggradation and avulsion processes were important in the Lower–Middle Pleniglacial between 70.5ka and 34.0±4.6ka (MIS 4 and 3) and in the Upper Pleniglacial between 24.5±3.1 and 17.2±2.3ka (MIS 2). River avulsions were more intense in the lower Bananal Basin (Bananal Island region). Remarkably, we did not record ages between 17ka and 10ka. Although avulsion seems to have been more active in the past, the abandonment by the Araguaia of a channel belt, now occupied by the underfit Javaés River, indicates that avulsion is still active. The avulsion processes are mainly related to palaeohydrological changes, although present-day seismic activity is also recorded.Additional data is needed to generate a more detailed scenario for the older Middle Pleistocene deposits. The data is remarkable, however, because it is the first Middle Pleistocene record described in a large alluvial tropical system in Brazil. The fluvial record is temporally in agreement with records from other large Brazilian fluvial systems such as the Amazon and Paraná basins. The Bananal plain, however, is unique because of its particular style of sedimentation and geomorphologic processes that generated a mega-scale anabranching-like complex pattern of paleochannels presently occupied by underfit streams.

Fragility of Western Mediterranean landscapes during Holocene Rapid Climate Changes

In this paper we explore the evidence for Holocene Rapid Climate Changes (RCCs) in Western Mediterranean records, examining similarities and differences in the timing and nature of impacts on different components of the natural environment (vegetation, fluvial and coastal sedimentation, fire activity, soil formation). Marine, lacustrine, and fluvial archives of the Western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and Northwest Africa) provide evidence for both pervasive millennial-scale climatic variability and abrupt (decadal- to centennial-scale) transitions. We focus in particular on three RCCs characterised by high-latitude cooling, glacier advances and North-Atlantic ice-rafting events: the mid-Holocene RCC interval 6–5 cal ka BP, the late-Holocene RCC interval 3.5–2.5 cal ka BP, and the historical RCC interval known as the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1300–1950 AD). Evidence from multiple records indicates wide-ranging impacts of RCCs in the Western Mediterranean region. The three RCC intervals were characterised, however, by contrasting hydrological situations in the Western Mediterranean, with prevailing dry conditions including marked aridification events during the RCC intervals 6–5 and 3.5–2.5 cal ka BP, and prevailing or recurrent wet conditions during the LIA. We examine issues of proxy sensitivity in palaeoecological and geomorphological records and evaluate examples of contrasting geomorphological responses to regional climatic triggers between humid and semi-arid sectors of the Western Mediterranean. Finally, we consider the long-term sensitivity of the region to rapid climate change, the role of threshold changes, and the extent to which this region represents a “fragile” landscape.

Infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) dating of middle pleistocene fluvial archives of the Heidelberg Basin (Southwest Germany)

The infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) dating technique was applied to eight fluvial samples that were collected from two sediment cores at the Heidelberg Basin located near Viernheim and Ludwigshafen in southwest Germany. Based on the IR-RF derived ages of the samples it was possible to establish a chronological framework for the Mid-Pleistocene fluvial deposits of the Heidelberg Basin. The results allow us to distinguish between four main periods of aggradation. The lowermost sample taken from 100 m core depth lead to an IR-RF age of 643 ± 28 ka pointing to a Cromerian period of aggradation (OIS 17–16). For the Elsterian it is now possible to distinguish between two aggradation periods, one occurring during the Lower Elsterian period (OIS 15) and a second during the Upper Elsterian period (OIS 12–11). For the so called Upper interlayer (or “Oberer Zwischenhorizont” — a layer of organic-rich and finer-grained deposits), the IR-RF results point to a deposition age of around 300 ka, with samples taken directly on top and out of this layer yielding IR-RF ages of 288 ± 19 ka and 302 ± 19 ka, respectively. Hence, the measured IR-RF ages clearly point to a deposition during the Lower Saalian period (OIS 9–8) whereas earlier studies assumed a Cromerian age for the sediments of the Upper Interlayer based on pollen records and also mollusc fauna. The new IR-RF dataset indicates that significant hiatuses are present within the fluvial sediment successions. In particular the Eemian and Upper Saalian deposits are missing in this part of the northern Upper Rhine Graben, as the 300 ka deposits are directly overlain by Weichselian fluvial sediments. It is obvious that time periods of increased fluvial aggradation were interrupted by time periods of almost no aggradation or erosion which should have been mainly triggered by phases of increased and decreased subsidence of the Heidelberg Basin.

Holocene flood histories in south‐western USA

AbstractRiver basins in south‐western USA are some of the most extensively studied arid land fluvial systems in the world. Since the early 1960s their hydro‐climatic histories have been reconstructed from the analysis of alluvial cut‐and‐fill cycles, while from the late 1970s there have been investigations of slackwater deposits and palaeostage indicators for large floods in stable‐boundary bedrock reaches. However, no studies have regionally integrated Holocene fluvial histories from these two different types of fluvial environments. The current study combines the alluvial archive with flood records from bedrock reaches to generate a probability‐based 12,000 year record of flooding in south‐western USA. Using more than 70014C‐dated fluvial units, the analysis produces a high resolution (centennial) flood record. Seven episodes of increased flooding occurred at 11,250–10,400, 8800–8350, 8230–7600, 6700–5700, 5600–4820, 4550–3320 and 2000–0 cal. BP. Bedrock reaches are found to record more frequent floods during the middle to late Holocene, while in alluvial rivers more flood units are dated to the early and middle Holocene. These differences are primarily the result of selective preservation with alluvial reaches tending to erode during periods characterised by very large floods. Episodes of major Holocene flooding recorded in slackwater deposits within bedrock systems correspond with periods of increased precipitation in the region and lower temperatures. In contrast, within alluvial rivers above‐average flooding probabilities, as well as regionally extensive channel entrenchment episodes, match with reduced annual precipitation and lower temperatures. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the value of the Holocene fluvial archive for reconstructing regional, short‐term hydro‐climatic change in south‐western USA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The record from British Quaternary river systems within the context of global fluvial archives

AbstractData amassed in the past decade on Quaternary fluvial archives has allowed comparison across widely separated regions of the world. Meanwhile there has been a new impetus for research on British sequences, as a result particularly of the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF). In this context, the key British records (from the Thames, Severn–Avon, Trent, Wash system and Solent) are described briefly, with emphasis on the latest information. In the case of the Trent, sedimentary evidence, discovered during ALSF‐funded work, appears to confirm the existence of a Middle Pleistocene ‘Trent–Ancaster’ River. In the case of the Solent, independent projects that sought to improve the age constraint for the sequence have produced complimentary results; the first used luminescence dating, whereas the second made use of Palaeolithic evidence to calibrate numerical incision/uplift modelling. The overarching message is that the British fluvial archive can be readily understood within a global context; it typifies records from areas with relatively young crust that has been uplifting during the Quaternary and, being in the temperate latitudes and close to the Atlantic margin, it reflects strong climatic forcing. The combination of rich faunal and Palaeolithic artefact contents means that certain British records are of international significance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Pleistocene fluvial deposits of the Moselle and middle Rhine valleys: new correlations and compared evolutions

The River Moselle is one of the main tributaries of the Rhine, connecting the Vosges Massif, the Paris Basin and the Rhenish Massif. Research on fluvial archives preserved along the Moselle and Rhine valleys led to the recognition of well-developed fluvial terrace staircases, whose formation is the result of climate and tectonic forcing. The chronostratigraphical framework of these fluvial terraces was recently improved by applying luminescence dating methods, enabling a more reliable correlation of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene terraces for the River Moselle and the Middle Rhine valley (Rhenish Massif). The Moselle fluvial archives were morphologically, sedimentologically and chronologically studied in the Paris Basin and in the southwestern Rhenish Massif (area of Trier, Germany). They include eight middle and lower fluvial terraces, correlating with the middle and upper Pleistocene cold periods. All these fluvial terraces (except that formed during the Weichselian Early and Middle Pleniglacial) can be correlated with the seven youngest fluvial terraces recognized in the Middle Rhine. Minor differences in the elevation of contemporaneous terraces suggest differential uplift rates in both valleys: while the Neuwied tectonic basin (Middle Rhine area) presents a similar fluvial terrace system as the Moselle for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene, the other parts of the Middle Rhine valley showed greater uplift between 600 and 350 ky, coinciding with the development of intensive volcanic activity in the Eifel, which continued until recently.

Understanding the impacts of Late Quaternary climate change in tropical and sub-tropical regions

The understanding of climate impacts on tropical rivers and catchments has developed, in part, from models developed for temperate landscapes, and a common rhythm is often apparent when millennial-scale studies are compared. At this level issues arising from the complex response of rivers to internal and external factors appear less important than the climate-driven signal. Understanding the fluvial record, however, depends on the availability and interpretation of other sources of proxy data such as pollen spectra, lake levels and ocean cores. In many rainforest areas few pollen records exist and many of these reveal a hiatus at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. Examples of fluvial archives from Africa, Indonesia and tropical Queensland, Australia are discussed in relation to independent records of vegetation change and inferences are made concerning critical episodes in fluvial history, focusing on the transitions from Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS)3 towards ‘glacial’ conditions in OIS2 and the Pleistocene–Holocene transition to modern climates. Links between climate, vegetation change and fluvial activity are presented as descriptive models.

Mid- and Late Holocene fluvial chronology of Tunisia

Regarding fluvial response to recent climate change, it is important to identify and understand previous changes of fluvial dynamics related to past climatic shifts. In this paper, periods of increased flood activity in Central Tunisian river systems are presented. Changes in Holocene flood dynamics are reconstructed through a comprehensive analysis of 195 radiocarbon dates from alluvial archives. Holocene floodplain deposits in Central Tunisia normally consists of cohesive overbank fines, which exhibit excellent preservation conditions against lateral erosion and, therefore, permit chronostratigraphic records of the entire Holocene at most. Based on published radiocarbon dates, two 14C cumulative probability density plots are created for Central Tunisia: the former represents ‘activity dates’ indicating phases of increased fluvial dynamics, the latter documents ‘stability dates’ showing periods of soil formation and enhanced landscape stability within the floodplain and the catchment. Due to geomorphological considerations, ‘activity dates’ and ‘stability dates’ should be mutually exclusive. There is a good match for the Mid-Holocene with increased periods of flooding from 6.2 to 6.0, 4.8 to 4.5, 4.1 to 3.7, and 3.3 to 3.0 ka. These flood periods coincide with low soil formation signals. On the other hand, periods of increased alluvial soil formation from 6.8 to 6.6, 5.9 to 4.8, 4.5 to 4.1, 3.7 to 3.3, 3.0 to 2.8, and 1.8 to 1.6 ka coincide with periods of low flood plain aggradation. The data reveal a coupling with North Atlantic cooling. Short-term periods of enhanced fluvial dynamics in Central Tunisia match well with North Atlantic cooling. The findings indicate a strong climatic link from 4.7 ka until today. Compared to the Holocene floodplain dynamics in Tunisian drylands, the temperate mid-latitudes show Mid-Holocene switches in fluvial dynamics with opposite signs. Especially after 5 ka North Atlantic driven flooding in the temperate Central European river systems contrast sharply to flood dynamics in arid to semiarid Mediterranean Tunisia. While under temperate climate conditions floodplain sedimentation decreases, it increases under more arid conditions. This may indicate that fluvial archives of dissimilar climatic zones reveal different threshold values and sedimentation patterns, and, therefore, different responses to climatic shifts.

Testing the aminostratigraphy of fluvial archives: the evidence from intra-crystalline proteins within freshwater shells

Until recently few studies of amino acid racemization of fossil bivalves and gastropods collected from river terrace deposits in Europe were based on the analysis of the intra-crystalline fraction. Instead they were based on the epimerization (racemization) of a single amino acid, isoleucine, and its inter-conversion to alloisoleucine. This paper presents data from the analysis of the intra-crystalline fraction of the shells, using a preparation technique of sample bleaching to remove the leachable matrix, thus leaving a component that exhibits closed-system behaviour. Reverse-phase HPLC separation with fluorescence detection allows the interpretation of four amino acids in detail: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and valine. The intra-crystalline fraction offers greater potential for improved resolution, especially when combined with the analysis of multiple amino acid d/l values, which racemize at different rates. This is explored using three species of freshwater gastropods (Bithynia tentaculata and troschelii, Valvata piscinalis) and the bivalve Corbicula. Sites of different ages within the Lower Thames river terrace sequence are used as a stratigraphical framework, with samples from other southern UK sites providing supplementary evidence. The results indicate better resolution using the intra-crystalline fraction over that obtained using unbleached shells, with differentiation possible at sites of up to MIS 7 age. However, for older sites, although values are always higher, the separation is less successful. A species effect has been identified between the gastropod shells. Despite the analysis of intra-crystalline protein, amino acid data from Corbicula remain problematical. Preliminary data on the opercula from Bithynia indicate that better resolution is possible, particularly at older sites.

The British Pleistocene fluvial archive: East Midlands drainage evolution and human occupation in the context of the British and NW European record

This paper reviews the Pleistocene evolution and human occupation of the River Trent, the major fluvial artery draining Midland Britain, and places it within a modern Quaternary context. In contrast to the sedimentary records of the River Thames and the erstwhile Bytham system, which extend back to the early Pleistocene, present knowledge of the terrace sequence of the Trent, its tributary systems and associated ancestral courses extends back only to the Anglian glaciation (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12), although the regional pre-Anglian drainage configuration is demonstrably complex. The post-Anglian sequence is well developed, with major terrace sand and gravel aggradations associated with each subsequent cold stage. Temperate-climate sediments correlating with MIS 7 and 5e have been recorded, although deposits relating to earlier interglacials during MIS 11 and 9 have yet to be identified. Evidence for human occupation in the form of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts has been recorded from terrace sediments correlated with MIS 8 and MIS 4, but the majority of this material is heavily rolled and abraded, suggesting significant reworking from older deposits. This review demonstrates that there is a rich palaeo-environmental record from the Trent but the lack of a high-resolution chronostratgraphic framework raises issues about correlation with other systems.

Long-term fluvial archives in Hungary: response of the Danube and Tisza rivers to tectonic movements and climatic changes during the Quaternary: a review and new synthesis

The paper discusses the Quaternary evolution of the Danube and Tisza rivers and their main tributaries in the context of evolution of the entire Pannonian Basin, which is Europe's largest intramontane basin, within the Alp–Carpathian orogen. The palaeo-drainage reconstruction of the Pannonian Basin for the pre-Quaternary period is outlined in connection with the gradual regression of Lake Pannon since the Late Miocene. Deltas of rivers that entered the basin from the northwest and northeast were gradually transformed into extended alluvial plains; thus, the earliest possible ancestor of the Danube coming southeastwards from the Alps could be as old as Late Miocene. By the Pliocene the whole Lake Pannon was infilled. The former extensional basin formation was replaced by a compresional stress field, which resulted in an uplift of the marginal flanks and late-stage subsidence anomalies. The increasing relief led to the formation of the Quaternary drainage pattern. The actively subsiding young basins were filled by fluvial sediments, transported by the Danube and Tisza river systems from the uplifting mountains. Between the subsiding regions of the Little and Great Plains, the Danube has formed an antecedent valley with terrace staircases between the uplifting sections of the Transdanubian Range and the North Midmountains. The formation of the terraces is attributed to periodic climate changes during the Pleistocene combined with differences in the uplift rate. The paper gives a complex overview of the classical chronology of the six terraces based on various data sources: mostly dating of loess/paleosol sequences, travertines, aeolian sand, and tephra strata overlying the fluvial sediments, complemented by scattered vertebrate faunal data and archaeological evidence directly from the terrace sediments.The Quaternary drainage pattern evolution of the Great Plain, with a strong tectonic control, is discussed in detail. Rivers originating from the uplifting marginal areas were drawn towards the subsiding depressions which served as local base level. Changes in subsidence rates in space and time throughout the Quaternary resulted in the evolution of a complex drainage pattern. A special emphasis is placed on the Late Pleistocene–Holocene development of the Middle–Tisza region and the Körös basin, where the Berettyó–Körös Rivers form an eastern tributary system of the Tisza River. A comparative evaluation of these two areas is especially relevant, as they provide insights into large-scale Late Pleistocene avulsion of the Tisza River. OSL dating, complemented with inferred transport directions determined from heavy mineral analysis of fluvial sediments in the Körös basin, has revealed an ancient large meandering river system that can be identified with the palaeo-Tisza, which was flowing along a tectonically controlled depression during the Late Pleniglacial. Successions in the Middle Tisza region have allowed differentiation between the older channels of the palaeo-Bodrog River and the Sajó–Hernád alluvial fan and the younger meander belts of the new course of the Tisza. In the Tisza system, changes in river style (braided to various scales of meandering) show correspondence to millennial-scale climate changes of the last 25ka, while in the Körös basin the effects of tectonics are overprinted onto the regional climatic signals.