Flutamide Research Articles

New insights from the integration of dapsone, flutamide, tea tree oil, and rose oil as a topical combined microemulsion for the management of Acne Vulgaris: Design, development, and in vitro/in vivo characterization

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a multifactorial sebaceous glands disorder resulting from androgen receptor activation associated with follicular colonization by bacteria. Oral administration of the androgenic antagonist flutamide (FLU) and the antibacterial dapsone (DAP) may cause several side effects. Hence, this study aimed to design a topical microemulsion (ME) combining these drugs to manage AV. Drugs solubility was examined in different oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. Pre-formulation and compatibility studies were performed. The selected MEs were characterized to determine one ME to be investigated regarding stability, and skin irritation as well as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acne activities. Based on the in vitro characterization of the selected MEs, o/w ME (F1) based on 15 % w/w oils (tea tree oil (TTO)/rose oil (RO)) and 40%w/w of tween 20 as surfactant together with transcutol p as co-surfactant was chosen as the optimized ME. The results revealed that F1 showed acceptable pH, viscosity, conductivity, and droplet size (172.6 ± 9.7 nm). The in vitro release and ex vivo permeation of DAP and FLU were efficiently enhanced by their combination in F1. Moreover, F1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Topical application of F1 resulted in low expression levels of interleukin 1β associated with a reduction in the number of androgenic receptors (AR). In conclusion, F1 could be suggested as a combination topical therapy to control AV via its anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, and antimicrobial activities.

Electrocatalytic degradation of flutamide an anti-prostate cancer drug and its metabolite 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline using a simple graphite/β-PbO2 electrode

Flutamide is an anti-androgen drug used to treat prostate cancer. It has been determined that this drug exists in aqueous environments at ng/L levels. On the other hand, the environmental impacts of flutamide (FLU) have not yet been determined. This paper reports a simple electrocatalytic convergent-paired strategy for the degradation of FLU and its metabolite 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline (NTA) using a simple graphite/β-PbO2 anode. The prepared electrode has good electrochemical stability and lifetime (more than 60 h). The results showed that the degradation efficiency of FLU and NTA under optimal conditions (pH 5.0, pollutant concentration 138 ppm and applied current density 4.9 mA/cm2) is 86 and 99 %, respectively. Also, in the solution containing both FLU and NTA with a concentration of 138 ppm of each compound, the degradation efficiency of FLU and NTA is 82 % and 92 %, respectively. Furthermore, we have comprehensively investigated the electrochemical behavior of FLU and NTA and we compared the electrochemical similarities and differences of the drug with its metabolite, and also reported important data such as electrochemical reaction mechanism, pH-potential relationship, and drug absorption/diffusion activity.

A fluorescence switch-off nanosensor for sensitive determination of the antiandrogen drug flutamide in pharmaceutical and environmental samples. Analytical method greenness, blueness, and whiteness assessment

A fast, practical, and non-hazardous switch-off fluorescent nanosensor for the non-fluorescent antiandrogen drug flutamide (FLU) was developed from nitrogen/sulfur co-doping of carbon quantum dots (N,S-CQDs). For the first time, the highly fluorescent N,S-CQDs were generated via one-pot microwave-assisted synthesis in only 3 min using facilely available precursors (sweet yellow pepper and thiourea). The sensor is characterized by a narrow particle size distribution, high doping efficiency (N, 42.05 % and S, 8.28 %), reproducibility, and high emission at 410 nm after excitation at 330 nm. FLU efficiently and quantitatively turned off the fluorescence of the prepared N,S-CQDs via a synergistic combination of static quenching and inner filter effect. The furnished nanosensor showed good linearity (r = 0.9999) for FLU analysis within concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 30.0 µg mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.293 µg mL−1 and quantitation limit of 0.886 µg mL−1. The selectivity of the probe was confirmed in the presence of co-administered drugs, possible co-existing materials, and various metal ions. The N,S-CQDs interestingly showed acceptable cytocompatibility and low toxicity, as revealed by the MTT assay. This feature bestows the N,S-CQDs a practicability as an environmental sensor. Thus, the proposed approach was implemented for FLU analysis in pharmaceutical tablets, tap water, and river water with good percentage recoveries (99.59 ± 1.28%, 99.49 ± 1.75%, and 101.21 ± 1.67%, respectively) and without interferences. Furthermore, the approach was positively assessed with respect to greenness, blueness, and whiteness. The high values of the analytical greenness score AGREE (0.78), the chiefly green ComplexGAPI pictogram, the Blue Applicability Grade Index BAGI (72.5), and the RGB12 (93.6) show the high greenness, blueness, and whiteness features of the method that confirm its minor environmental impact, excellent applicability, and sustainability, respectively.

An assessment of the (anti)androgenic properties of hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) in male rats

The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) defined by the Stockholm Convention include polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs); of these, the most toxic, persistent, abundant, dioxin-like congeners found in human tissues are the hexachloronaphthalenes (HxCNs). Recent research also indicates that PCNs may disrupt hormonal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the (anti)androgenic action of HxCN. Immature, castrated male Wistar rats were exposed per os to HxCN in corn oil at daily doses ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 mg kg−1 for 10 days. According to the OECD 441 protocol (Hershberger Bioassay), the anti-androgenic assay groups were co-exposed with testosterone propionate (TP), while the androgenic groups were not. TP was used as the reference androgen (subcutaneous daily doses of 0.4 mg kg−1), and flutamide (FLU) as the reference antiandrogen (per os daily doses of 3.0 mg kg−1). Five assessory sex tissues (ASTs) were weighed: ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle (LABC), Cowper's glands and glans penis. HxCN + TP significantly decreased the weight of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle indicating an anti-androgenic action via 5α-reductase inhibition. These weight changes were also accompanied by abnormalities in cell morphology and hormonal disturbances: lowered levels of the testosterone and thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Disturbances were also noted in the lipid profile, viz. total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein and non-HDL fraction content. However, the direction of these changes differed depending on the size of the HxCN dose. No dose-effect relationship was noted for most of the obtained results; as such, exposure to even small HxCN doses run the risk of anti-androgenic effects in the general population, especially when encountered in combination with other POPs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment.

Radiolabeling and preclinical animal model evaluation of DTPA coupled 99mTc-labelled flutamide complex ([99mTc]DTPA-FLUT) as a potential radiotracer for cancer imaging.

Advances in molecular imaging strategies have had an effect on precise diagnosis and treatment. Research has been intensified to develop more effective and versatile radiopharmaceuticals to uplift diagnostic efficiency and, consequently, the treatment. To label the flutamide (FLUT) coupled with diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) with technetium-99 m (99mTc) and to evaluate its binding efficiency with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cancer cells. Radiolabeling of FLUT with 185 MBq freshly eluted 99mTcO4-1 was carried out via DTPA bifunctional chelating agent using stannous chloride reducing agent at pH 5. The labeled compound was assessed for its purity using chromatography analysis, stability in saline and blood serum, AND charge using paper electrophoresis. Normal biodistribution was studied using a mouse model, while binding affinity with RMS cancer cells was studied using an internalization assay. The in vivo accumulation of RMS cancer cells in a rabbit model was monitored using a SPECT gamma camera. Radiolabeling reaction displayed a pharmaceutical yield of 97% and a stability assay showed >95% intact radiopharmaceutical up to 6 h in saline and blood serum. In vitro internalization studies showed the potential of [99mTc]DTPA-FLUT to enter into cancer cells. This biodistribution study showed rapid blood clearance and minimum uptake by body organs, and scintigraphy displayed the [99mTc]DTPA-FLUT uptake by lesion, induced by RMS cancer cell lines in rabbit. Stable, newly developed [99mTc]DTPA-FLUT seeks its way to internalize into RMS cancer cells, indicating it could be a potential candidate for the diagnosis of RMS cancer.

Optimized Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanoparticles for the Encapsulation of Flutamide.

Biopolymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention in several areas as an alternative to synthetic polymeric NPs due to growing environmental and immunological concerns. Among the most promising biopolymers is poly(lactic acid) (PLA), with a reported high degree of biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work, PLA NPs were synthesized according to a controlled gelation process using a combination of single-emulsion and nanoprecipitation methods. This study evaluated the influence of several experimental parameters for accurate control of the PLA NPs' size distribution and aggregation. Tip sonication (as the stirring method), a PLA concentration of 10 mg/mL, a PVA concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, and low-molecular-weight PLA (Mw = 5000) were established as the best experimental conditions to obtain monodisperse PLA NPs. After gelification process optimization, flutamide (FLU) was used as a model drug to evaluate the encapsulation capability of the PLA NPs. The results showed an encapsulation efficiency of 44% for this cytostatic compound. Furthermore, preliminary cell viability tests showed that the FLU@PLA NPs allowed cell viabilities above 90% up to a concentration of 20 mg/L. The comprehensive findings showcase that the PLA NPs fabricated using this straightforward gelification method hold promise for encapsulating cytostatic compounds, offering a novel avenue for precise drug delivery in cancer therapy.

Therapeutic Monitoring of Flutamide Using Aggregated Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Substrates

It is essential to monitor the blood level of flutamide (FLT) during prostate cancer treatment since the abnormal renal elimination due to pathophysiological factors hinders attaining steady-state drug concentration. This study reports a systematic investigation of aggregation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) based on Hofmeister effect and eventual change in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enhancement for the determination of FLT. Among the aggregants, MgSO4 showed the maximum enhancement. The concentration of MgSO4, pH, and duration of aggregation were optimized for FLT detection. The aggregated AgNPs (a-AgNPs) SERS substrate enhanced the Raman signal of FLT by up to five-orders of magnitude under optimized conditions. The developed technique was able to determine FLT from 0.25 × 10−3 μM to 250 μM with a limit of detection (LoD) of 1 pM. The application of the SERS substrate in practical analysis has been demonstrated using FLT-spiked human serum from 0 nM to 1000 nM with a detection limit of 0.3 nM. The reported Hofmeister series of AgNPs aggregation will assist in the development of SERS substrates for other analytes.

The High Stability and Selectivity of Electrochemical Sensor Using Low-Cost Diamond Nanoparticles for the Detection of Anti-Cancer Drug Flutamide in Environmental Samples.

In this study, a novel electrochemical sensor was created by fabricating a screen-printed carbon electrode with diamond nanoparticles (DNPs/SPCE). The successful development of the sensor enabled the specific detection of the anti-cancer drug flutamide (FLT). The DNPs/SPCE demonstrated excellent conductivity, remarkable electrocatalytic activity, and swift electron transfer, all of which contribute to the advantageous monitoring of FLT. These qualities are critical for monitoring FLT levels in environmental samples. Various structural and morphological characterization techniques were employed to validate the formation of the DNPs. Remarkably, the electrochemical sensor demonstrated a wide linear response range (0.025 to 606.65 μM). Additionally, it showed a low limit of detection (0.023 μM) and high sensitivity (0.403 μA μM-1 cm-2). Furthermore, the practicability of DNPs/SPCE can be successfully employed in FLT monitoring in water bodies (pond water and river water samples) with satisfactory recoveries.

A sensitive electrochemical sensor based on graphene quantum dots/hierarchical flower-like gold nanostructures for determination of cytostatic drug flutamide

Using an electrochemical sensor with high sensing capability and manufacturing simplicity, flutamide (FLU) can be quantitatively measured. A glassy carbon electrode is modified with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and hierarchical flower-like gold nanostructures (HFGNs). Combining GQDs and HFGNs enhanced the electrode surface and electron transfer rate, improving the signal's intensity and sensitivity. Nanostructure characterization, electrochemical characterization, and detection studies indicated the high performance of the platform in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. With these improvements, linear correlations were achieved between 0.01 and 400 µM, with a detection limit of 6.2 nM (based on 3Ssb/m). Pharmaceuticals and complex biological samples along with interfering agents have been successfully analyzed with this platform.

Multi-interfacial bio-hybrid hydrogel engineering of Alg-Cys polymer coupled with Au nanoparticles as hierarchical excellent electrocatalyst for the detection of prostate cancer drug in human biological fluids

In recent years, the number of patients with prostate cancer has increased in many countries. Consequently, the use of anticancer drugs to effective cancer treatment has also risen. Flutamide (FLU) is an anticancer drug that can cause significant side effects when the dose is too high. Therefore, there is an urgent need to monitor and detect this drug in the human body. In this regard, we have developed a novel electrocatalyst based on Alg-Cys-AuNPs for FLU detection. This functionalization creates more active sites, increasing the surface area and electron transportation, resulting in an excellent detection limit (LOD; 1.4 nM), linear range (LR; 0.001–5.23 μM), and sensitivity (65.99 ( ± 0.002) μA μM−1 cm−2) for FLU. Furthermore, the proposed electrocatalyst FLU sensor has demonstrated good repeatability, anti-interference capabilities, stability, and real-time analysis with satisfactory recovery results. This clearly indicates its suitability for real-time industrial applications.

Exploring the potential of single-metals (Cu, Ni, Zn) decorated Al12N12 nanostructures as sensors for flutamide anticancer drug

In recent years, scientists have been actively exploring and expanding biosensor technologies and materials to meet the growing societal demands in healthcare and other fields. This study aims to revolutionize biosensors by using density functional theory (DFT) at the cutting-edge B3LYP-GD3BJ/def2tzsvp level to investigate the sensing capabilities of (Cu, Ni, and Zn) doped on Aluminum nitride (Al12N12) nanostructures. Specifically, we focus on their potential to detect, analyze, and sense the drug flutamide (FLU) efficiently. Through advanced computational techniques, we explore molecular interactions to pave the way for highly effective and versatile biosensors. The adsorption energy values of −38.76 kcal/mol, −39.39 kcal/mol, and −39.37 kcal/mol for FLU@Cu–Al12N12, FLU@Ni–Al12N12, and FLU@Zn–Al12N12, respectively, indicate that FLU chemically adsorbs on the studied nanostructures. The reactivity and conductivity of the system follow a decreasing pattern: FLU@Cu–Al12N12 > FLU@Ni–Al12N12 > FLU@Zn–Al12N12, with a band gap of 0.267 eV, 2.197 eV, and 2.932 eV, respectively. These results suggest that FLU preferably adsorbs on the Al12N12@Cu surface. Natural bond orbital analysis reveals significant transitions in the studied system. Quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) and Non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis confirm the nature and strength of interactions. Overall, our findings indicate that the doped surfaces show promise as electronic and biosensor materials for detection of FLU in real-world applications. We encourage experimental researchers to explore the use of (Cu, Ni, and Zn) doped on Aluminum nitride (Al12N12), particularly Al12N12@Cu, for biosensor applications.

Electrochemical Detection of Flutamide by the Composite of Complex Based on Thiacalix[4]arene Derivatives and Reduced Graphene Oxide.

In this paper, a thiacalix[4]arene complex [Zn2(TIT4A)L2]·4DMF·2CH3OH (H2L = 4,4'-oxybisbenzoic acid) (Zn-TIT4A-L) was synthesized by a solvothermal method. The composites were prepared by combining Zn-TIT4A-L with reduced graphene oxide (RGO), mesoporous carbon (MC), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively. Three representative composites are Zn-TIT4A-L@RGO(1:1), Zn-TIT4A-L@MC(1:2), and Zn-TIT4A-L@MWCNT(1:2). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy characterized their structures and morphologies. The results showed that three composites were successfully prepared, and the crystals of the complex remained in the composites. The electrochemical properties of the composites were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicated that they had good electrocatalytic activity and conductivity. Among them, Zn-TIT4A-L@RGO(1:1) had the best performance and was used for the quantitative detection of flutamide (FTA). The linear range of detection is 0.1-200 μM, and the limit of detection is 0.015 μM. At the same time, the sensor also had good reproducibility, anti-interference, and stability. The sensor was also used for the detection of FTA in lake water, human urine, and serum with a satisfactory recovery rate. The possible mechanism of electrochemical detection of FTA was also discussed.

Ternary MnFeZn layered double hydroxides as an efficient material for the electrochemical sensing of flutamide

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been gaining interest in electrochemical sensors due to their ease of making and significant performances. In this work, we have developed a simple and low-cost method for the preparation of ternary LDH. The MnFeZn-LDH was prepared and initially characterized to explore its formation. Further, the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with MnFeZn-LDH was employed for the electrochemical analysis of flutamide (FLA). Thus, the prepared ternary MnFeZn-LDH was prominent with better sensitivity of about 5.04 μAμM−1 cm−2 and selective over several interferants injected over the MnFeZn-LDH fabricated electrode. The limit of detection was appreciable with a linear range of 0.019–2735.79 µM about 12.9 nM. Also, other technical analyses showed good electrochemical performances as a higher rate of repeatability and reproducibility. The stability of the electrode was retained for 50 cycles and the real sample detection in river water showed significant potentiality. Thus, the as-described work evolves the better enhancement with MnFeZn-LDH towards FLA detection. The better electrocatalytic properties of the prepared LDH paves the way for its exploration in various application.

Norethindrone suppress the germ cell development via androgen receptor resulting in male bias

Progestins are widely used and detected in surface waters, and can affect gonad development and sexual differentiation in fish. However, the toxicological mechanisms of sexual differentiation induced by progestins are not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of norethindrone (NET) and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide (FLU) on gonadal differentiation in zebrafish from 21 dpf (days post-fertilization) to 49 dpf. The results showed that NET caused male bias, while FLU resulted in female bias at 49 dpf. The NET and FLU mixtures significantly decreased the percentage of males compared to the NET single exposure. Molecular docking analysis showed that FLU and NET had similar docking pocket and docking posture with AR resulting in competitively forming the hydrogen bond with Thr334 of AR. These results suggested that binding to AR was the molecular initiating event of sex differentiation induced by NET. Moreover, NET strongly decreased transcription of biomarker genes (dnd1, ddx4, dazl, piwil1 and nanos1) involved in germ cell development, while FLU significantly increased transcription of these target genes. There was an increase in the number of juvenile oocytes, which was consistent with the female bias in the combined groups. The bliss independence model analysis further showed that NET and FLU had antagonistic effect on transcription and histology during gonadal differentiation. Thus, NET suppressed the germ cell development via AR, resulting in male bias. Understanding the molecular initiation of sex differentiation in progestins is essential to provide a comprehensive biological basis for ecological risk assessment.

(103) Olfactory Investigation of the Male is Stimulated by Administration of Dihydrotestosterone and Blunted by Co-administration of Flutamide in Ovariectomized Rats Primed with Estradiol

Abstract Introduction Although Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) is a common condition with a relevant impact on women’s quality of life, approved androgenic formulations for its treatment are lacking. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the administration of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a non-aromatizable androgen, in ovariectomized (OVX) Long-Evans rats primed with Estradiol Benzoate (EB), enhanced measures of sexual behavior. Objective To further clarify the mechanisms underlying the facilitating action of testosterone on female sexual function by investigating the effect of AR (androgen receptor) activation in a validated animal model. Methods After sexual training and hormonal wash-out, OVX Long-Evans rats were treated with different hormonal regimens: oil (O) + O (negative control group), 10 mcg EB+500 mcg Progesterone (P) (positive control group), 10 mcg EB+500 mcg DHT, and 10 mcg EB+500 mcg DHT+10 mg flutamide (FLU), a nonsteroidal AR antagonist (n=4 per group). EB was administered s.c. 48 h, P and DHT s.c. 4 h, and flutamide i.m. 48 and 24h prior to video-recorded sexual behavioral testing sessions. These took place in bisected unilevel pacing chambers, with sexually experienced males. Five testing sessions were conducted every 8 days. The main outcome measures were appetitive behaviors: the number of hops/darts (partial solicitation), full solicitations and olfactory investigations. Results A significant difference emerged among the 4 groups for all the outcome measures. Regarding solicitations, animals treated with EB+DHT displayed a higher number of hops/darts and full solicitations than the negative control group (O+O), although significantly lower than the positive control group (EB+P) for hops/darts (p=0.025). As a novel finding, we observed that the stimulating effect of EB+DHT was blunted in rats treated with EB+DHT+FLU, which showed a lower number of behaviors than EB+DHT rats (p=0.014 for hops/darts, and p=0.083, approaching statistical significance, for full solicitations). Interestingly, a significant difference was detected in the frequency of olfactory investigations, with the EB+DHT group displaying a higher frequency not only when compared with O+O rats (p=0.047), but also with EB+DHT rats (p=0.047 for both comparisons). Once again, the co-administration of FLU significantly reduced the stimulating effect (p=0.005 for olfactory investigations for EB+DHT+FLU vs. EB+DHT). Conclusions These data, to be confirmed in larger samples, indicate that the positive modulation exerted by androgens on appetitive behaviors, homologous to sexual interest in women, are independent of aromatization. In addition, a specific stimulating effect was detected for olfactory investigations. Disclosure No

Conniving for the first time of BiVO4 – rGO/CE-BN and its potential as enhanced electrochemical sensing of non-steroidal anti-androgen drug

This work focuses on the electrochemical sensing of Flutamide (FLA) drug using a ternary composite material namely reduced graphene oxide (rGO) wrapped with bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) loaded on chemically exfoliated boron nitride (CE-BN). To synthesize this material, BiVO4 was prepared using the solvothermal method; secondly, graphene oxide was prepared using the modified Hummer’s method, and CE-BN was prepared using the chemical exfoliation method. After the preparation of the individual materials, reduced graphene oxide was bound over bismuth vanadate using the wrapping technique and then loaded onto the CE-BN surface using the wet impregnation technique. After the preparation of each compound, characterization studies such as XRD, FT-IR, and FE-SEM analysis were carried out in order to confirm the structural details, formation of the compound, and other functional properties and to check the purity of the material. Finally, the confirmed compounds were used for electrochemical sensing studies in a three-electrode setup; the electrochemical performance of the BiVO4-rGO/CE-BN composite was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and digital pulse voltammetry (DPV). With lower cathodic peak potential, greater cathodic current, a better linear range (0.04–102.2 µM), a lower limit of detection (0.011 µM), and better sensitivity (3.8028 µA µM−1 cm−2) on the modified BiVO4-rGO/CE-BN, it demonstrates superior electrochemical activity towards the reduction of FLA. Furthermore, interference studies were conducted in presence of other drugs to test the selectivity of the proposed sensor, which revealed that BiVO4-rGO/CE-BN/GCE possesses a greater selectivity. In addition, the practical feasibility of the prepared sensor was tested with lake water samples, which showed a satisfactory recovery in real samples. Based on the findings, the suggested sensor (BiVO4-rGO/CE-BN/GCE) appears to be a better choice for FLA detection.

Experimental and theoretical insight into the transformation behaviors and risk assessment of Flutamide in UV/O3/PMS system

Nowadays, the widespread existence and potential adverse effects of emerging micropollutants in waters have prompted the search for effective treatment methods. In this study, the feasibility of UV/O3/PMS (peroxymonosulfate, HSO5−) method for the elimination of Flutamide (FLU) was comprehensively investigated, with focus on transformation behaviors and risk assessment. The results showed that the UV/O3/PMS method has excellent oxidation capability to FLU with the elimination efficiency of 83.7% within 40 min. In addition, the radical (·OH and SO4−·) oxidation occupies greater advantages in the initiation reaction pathways of FLU compared to non-radical (O3 and 1O2) oxidation. With the participation of H2O2, H2O, O2, and ·OH, eleven transformation products (TPs) are generated through hydroxylation, demethylation, and decomposition reactions. According to the risk assessment results, the toxicity of most TPs gradually decreased, but the residual developmental toxicity could not be ignored. Further, the environmental persistence of FLU was evaluated with respect to natural water and advanced oxidation processes. These findings could help to advance the fundamental understanding of emerging micropollutants in the aquatic environments, and provide a basis for their practical application in water treatment.

The Effect of Various Poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) Polymers on the Crystallization of Flutamide.

In this study, several experimental techniques were applied to probe thermal properties, molecular dynamics, crystallization kinetics and intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures (BMs) composed of flutamide (FL) and various poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) polymers, including a commercial product and, importantly, samples obtained from high-pressure syntheses, which differ in microstructure (defined by the tacticity of the macromolecule) from the commercial PVP. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed a particularly large difference between the glass transition temperature (Tg) of FL+PVPsynth. mixtures with 10 and 30 wt% of the excipient. In the case of the FL+PVPcomm. system, this effect was significantly lower. Such unexpected findings for the former mixtures were strictly connected to the variation of the microstructure of the polymer. Moreover, combined DSC and dielectric measurements showed that the onset of FL crystallization is significantly suppressed in the BM composed of the synthesized polymers. Further non-isothermal DSC investigations carried out on various FL+10 wt% PVP mixtures revealed a slowing down of FL crystallization in all FL-based systems (the best inhibitor of this process was PVP Mn = 190 kg/mol). Our research indicated a significant contribution of the microstructure of the polymer on the physical stability of the pharmaceutical—an issue completely overlooked in the literature.

Surfactant-assisted (CTAB, PVA, PVP) thermal decomposition synthesis of strontium spinel ferrite nanocrystals for electrochemical sensing of cytostatic drug flutamide

Nanostructured metal oxide (NMO)-based nanocatalysts are highly preferred in electrochemical sensing and other scientific disciplines due to their excellent catalytic or electrocatalytic activities. However, designing a simple and cost-effective NMO facilitator for improved catalytic activity remains a great challenge. As a result, added progress in surface engineering especially in the synthesis and optimization of catalysts is highly preferred. The main objective of the present investigation is to develop a facile, cost-effective, and dynamic catalyst for electrochemical sensing. Strontium ferrite nanocrystals (SF) were prepared using various surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (SF-CTAB), polyvinyl alcohol (SF-PVA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (SF-PVP) via the thermal decomposition method (TDM) and their effects on structure, morphology, and electro-reduction of flutamide (FLT) were thoroughly investigated. The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (SF-CTAB) aggravated catalyst exhibited a higher surface area (8.51 m2/g), further demonstrating the higher electrochemical performance toward FLT detection when compared to surfactant-free and other surfactant stabilized catalysts. Importantly, the SF-CTAB catalyst established virtuous parameters such as a broader linear range from 0.016 to 658.51 μM, lowest detection limit (0.007 μM) with the remarkable anti-interference ability. Furthermore, it is notable that the proposed electrode modifier was effectively applied for the determination of FLT in both organic and environmental samples suggesting as an favorable candidate for sensing applications.

Self assembled three dimensional β-Cu2V2O7 hierarchical flower decorated porous carbon: An efficient electrocatalyst for flutamide detection in biological and environmental samples

The serious situation mandates the use of anticancer drugs, which protect people all over the world from the growth of prostate cancer. In particular, excessive dosage and erroneous discharge of flutamide concentration cause make environmental pollution on the surface of the wastewater. In this study, the highly sensitive and selective electrochemical approach based on copper vanadium oxide decorated porous carbon (denoted as β-Cu2V2O7/PC) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been developed and it was applied for sensitive detection of anticancer drug flutamide (FTM). Moreover, using the co-precipitation method, the flower-like β-Cu2V2O7 hierarchical microstructure was synthesized, and through the wet chemical process, the β-Cu2V2O7/PC composite was obtained. The resultant product was characterized by XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, XPS and structural morphology established by FESEM analysis. Besides that, the electrochemical characterization and properties were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric (i-t) techniques. The β-Cu2V2O7/PC/RDGCE had two linear ranges at 0.01–2.11 μM and 2.31–30.81 μM. The lower limits of detection and sensitivity were found at 0.62 nM (S/N = 3), and 24.33 μA μM−1 cm−2 respectively. The practicability test was applied for the determination of FTM in urine, blood serum and environmental aquatic fluid with satisfactory recovery obtained.