Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Research Articles

Experimental study of CuBi2O4 photocathode synthesized by spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition methods for visible light harvesting in photoelectrochemical cells

This research examined methods that are suitable, easy to fabricate, and low-cost for producing CuBi2O4 photocathodes for application in photoelectrochemical cells. Both spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition techniques were used to produce thin films for various types of semiconductor electrodes. The CuBi2O4 thin film was coated on fluorinedoped tin oxide (FTO) using spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition, followed by annealing in an oxygen atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterized the crystal structures, confirming them as Kusachiite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that CuBi2O4 fabricated by electrochemical deposition exhibited smaller particles, while the spray pyrolysis method produced a plate-like structure. The optical properties were investigated using UV-visible reflection, and the energy bandgaps of the products were estimated using Tauc plots, showing slight differences. Chopped light voltammetry (CLV) was used to evaluate the photon conversion efficiency of the synthesized photocathodes. Results indicated that the photocathode made by electrochemical deposition responded better to light compared to the one made by spray pyrolysis. With 0.5 M Na2SO3 as a sacrificial agent, the highest photocurrent density obtained was 0.2 mA/cm², while with 0.5 M NaHCO3, the highest photocurrent was 0.5 µA/cm², indicating poorer performance.

Synergistic modification of Cu3V2O8 nanosheeta photoelectrodes with NiFe and NiOx for efficient and ultra‐stable photoelectrochemical water oxidation

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe design and development of environmentally friendly, efficient, and stable photoelectrodes are crucial for advancing photoelectrochemical (PEC) water‐splitting technology.RESULTSIn this study, we report a novel strategy for the preparation of copper vanadate (Cu3V2O8) nanosheet arrays using a low‐temperature solution method. Notably, this is the first instance of directly growing Cu3V2O8 nanosheet arrays on FTO (fluorine‐doped tin oxide) conductive glass. The morphology of the developed nanosheet arrays offers a larger specific surface area and improved bulk charge separation efficiency, which are desirable characteristics for PEC water‐splitting applications. To further enhance the stability and PEC performance of the Cu3V2O8 nanosheets, a synergistic modification strategy was employed. This approach involved the deposition of an NiOx passivation layer and the incorporation of an NiFe co‐catalyst. The synergistic modification strategy significantly improved the PEC performance and stability of the Cu3V2O8 nanosheet arrays. The modified photoelectrode achieved an impressive photocurrent of 0.67 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode and demonstrated stability for over 80 h of operation.CONCLUSIONThis work provides a new, low‐cost, and effective strategy for the preparation of efficient and stable photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting, which is a crucial step towards the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable energy technologies. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Electrocatalytic performance of modified NiFe2O4/rGO composite deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode using polyvinylidene fluoride binder

Electrocatalytic performance of modified NiFe2O4/rGO composite deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode using polyvinylidene fluoride binder

Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen-Substituted Graphdiyne on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Glass Substrates Using a Cu Sandwich Technique.

Hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) is a two-dimensional material with an sp-sp2 carbon skeleton featuring a band gap and a porous structure that enhances ion diffusion. In previous reports, HsGDY growth was limited to metal substrates such as Cu, which then required transfer. Here, we developed a sandwich method that allows HsGDY to be grown directly on the target substrate. In this sandwich method, a Cu sheet is sandwiched between substrates. By optimizing the Cu sheet structure and growth time, we have succeeded in growing uniform, pinhole-free HsGDY films on FTO substrates. Raman peaks at 2217 cm-1 (-C≡C-) and 883 cm-1 (C-H bond) confirm the formation of HsGDY. Deconvoluted XPS spectra provide clear evidence of sp hybridization at 284.3 eV. Additionally, UV-visible spectra reveal that the band gap of HsGDY is 2.6 eV. This method is promising as an easy way to produce high-quality HsGDY films on arbitrary substrates. Preliminary tests demonstrated the potential application of HsGDY as a cathode material in dye-sensitized solar cells, achieving a maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.19%. These findings pave the way for the scalable, low-temperature synthesis of HsGDY films for advanced applications.

Exploring the Optoelectronic Properties and Solar Cell Performance of Cs2SnI6−xBrx Lead-Free Double Perovskites: Combined DFT and SCAPS Simulation

This paper presents detailed results regarding the physical behavior of Cs2SnI6−xBrx alloys for their potential use in photovoltaic applications. Numerical computations based on density functional theory (DFT) revealed that Br substitution at I sites significantly influenced the electronic structure of Cs2SnI6, resulting in an increase in bandgap values from 1.33 eV to 2.24 eV. Additionally, we analyzed the optical properties, including the absorption coefficient, which exhibited high values in the visible light region, highlighting the material’s excellent light-trapping abilities. Moreover, Cs2SnI6−xBrx compounds were employed as absorber materials in an fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) TiO2/Cs2SnI6/P3HT/Ag perovskite solar cell (PSC) to investigate its performance. The simulation process consisted of two interconnected steps: (i) the DFT calculations to derive the material properties and (ii) the SCAPS–1D (one-dimensional (1D) solar cell capacity simulator) simulation to model device performance. To ensure reliability, the SCAPS–1D simulation was calibrated against experimental data. Following this, Cs2SnI6−xBrx compound with various ratios of Br content, ranging from 0 to 6, was investigated to propose an efficient solar cell design. Furthermore, the cell structure was optimized, resulting in a development in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 0.47% to 3.07%.

Achieving 32.9% efficiency in Pb-Based quantum dot solar cells via SCAPS-1D simulation optimization

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive investigation and in-depth analysis of the optimization of Pb-based quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), concentrating on the influences of doping concentration, absorber layer thickness, defect density, temperature, and resistive elements. We systematically examined three absorber materials: lead sulfide (PbS), tetrabutylammonium iodide-treated PbS (PbS-TBAI), and lead selenide (PbSe) quantum dots (QDs). Optimal doping concentrations of 1 × 10 17 cm−3 for PbS and 1 × 10 22 cm−3 for both PbS-TBAI and PbSe were identified. Our findings reveal that precise control of these parameters can significantly enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE), achieving values of 24.6%, 28%, and 26.2% for PbS, PbS-TBAI, and PbSe, respectively. Additionally, we investigated the impact of absorber layer thickness on device performance. We discovered that a 1 µm thickness for PbS yields a maximum PCE of 32.9% due to balanced photon absorption and reduced Shockley–Read–Hall recombination. Conversely, PbSe’s performance declined with increased thickness because of its layer-dependent bandgap. We found that lower defect densities ( 1 × 10 14 cm−3) critically improve PCE and fill factor across all materials. The temperature-dependent studies demonstrated that PbS-TBAI exhibits remarkable resilience, maintaining efficiency under thermal stress due to effective surface passivation. Analyses of series and shunt resistances highlighted the importance of minimizing internal resistances to optimize device performance. The proposed device structure comprises a fluorine-doped tin oxide front contact layer, a silver sulfide (Ag2S) electron transport layer, the QD absorber layer (PbS, PbS-TBAI, or PbSe), and copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) hole transport layer. Utilizing cascade band alignment, we achieved a record PCE of 32.9%. This research highlights the significant potential of Pb-based QDSCs for achieving high efficiencies through promising material and structural optimization, positioning them as competitive candidates for next-generation solar technologies. The results provide a valuable understanding of designing high-performance QDSCs, paving the way for their integration into sustainable energy solutions.

Epitaxial Cu2O Thin Films Deposited from Solution: the Enabling Role of Cu Diffusion into the GaAs Substrate.

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films were chemically deposited from a solution onto GaAs(100) and (111) substrates using a simple three-component solution at near-ambient temperatures (10-60 °C). Interestingly, a similar deposition onto various other substrates including Si(100), Si(111), glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide, InP, and quartz resulted in no film formation. Films deposited on both GaAs(100) and (111) were found alongside substantial etching of the substrates. The etching of GaAs(100) was uneven, resulting in pyramid-like vacancies, while for GaAs(111), the etching was more even and resulted in a flat interface. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated highly preferential (110) growth of Cu2O regardless of GaAs substrate orientation, while TEM and a selected area of electron diffraction pointed out epitaxial growth on both substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the diffusion of copper ions into the GaAs up to depths of 20 nm and the formation of intermediate phases at the interface. Raman spectroscopy indicated high structural quality of the films and showed good agreement with TEM and XRD results and Raman shifts corresponding to Cu2O, with no frequencies typical of CuO. The GaAs substrate appears to play a critical and unusual role in the deposition of Cu2O thin films on GaAs, which allows for growth of Cu2O in a previously unreported mechanism.

Modification of Electrons Transport Layer and Perovskite Material to Improve the Current Density of Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cell

Utilizing the sol–gel technique, we deposited 5% Mo-doped MAPbI2Br films onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-glass substrates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the cubic structure of all films, with the 5% Mo-doped film exhibiting a notably large grain size of 32.34[Formula: see text]nm. UV–visible spectroscopy further validated these findings, indicating a reduced band-gap energy of 1.94[Formula: see text]eV and a heightened refractive index of 2.64 and an extinction coefficient of 2.21 in the 5% Mo-doped film. The manipulation of the conduction and valence band edges facilitated enhanced charge transport between the layers. In order to increase the current density, a layer of SnO2 has been added near the electron transport layer (ETL). XRD and Raman spectra show the formation of crystalline SnO2. The absorption spectra show the high transmittance in the visible region, which is good for ETL. Solar cells based on these films were constructed with the configuration glass FTO/TiO2/SnO2/Mo-MAPbI2Br/spiro-OMeTAD/Au. The bilayer composed of 5% Mo-MAPbI2Br and a SnO2 layer demonstrated excellent performance, characterized by a current density of 11.88[Formula: see text]mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 1.07[Formula: see text]V, a fill-factor of 0.83, and an efficiency of 10.03%. The improvement in performance may be credited to the increased speed of electron transport and decreased likelihood of recombination at the interface between TiO2, SnO2, and perovskite layers in the bilayer structure.

Enzyme-free detection of creatinine as a kidney dysfunction biomarker using TiO2 flow-through membranes.

TiO2 nanotube flow-through membranes (TNTsM) were fabricated via anodization of Ti foil and explored as a biosensing platform for creatinine detection. The electrodes were prepared in different configurations including TNT membrane with top surface up (TNTsMTU/TNPs/FTO), TNT membrane with bottom surface up (TNTsMBU/TNPs/FTO), TNT membrane with top surface up containing nanograss (TNTsMNG/TNPs/FTO), and TNTs/NPs/FTO and TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) film on fluorine doped tin oxide (TNPs/FTO). Electrochemical studies depict the higher electrochemical activity (sensitivity ∼19.88 μA μM-1 cm-2) of TNTsMTU/TNPs/FTO towards creatinine compared to other configurations. This exceptional performance of the TNTsMTU/TNPs/FTO electrode results from the flow-through nature of TNTsM and the removal of the bottom oxide barrier layer through etching in H2O2. The underlying layer of TiO2 NPs also contributes to the higher current response of the TNTsMTU/TNPs/FTO. The relevance of the biosensor structural design is demonstrated by the increased amperometric response of TNTsMTU/TNPs/FTO and greater redox peak current in cyclic voltammograms. Furthermore, the higher selectivity, stability, and reproducibility of the electrode can be due to the suitable redox potential, chemical stability, and controlled fabrication process of TNT membranes.

In situ oxidized Mo2CTx MXene film via electrochemical activation for smart electrochromic supercapacitors.

Mo2CTx MXenes have great potential for multifunctional energy storage applications because of their outstanding electrical conductivity, superior cycling stability, and high optical transmittance. In this study, we fabricate Mo2CTx film electrodes (referred to as Mo2C) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique. To improve the energy-storage performance of Mo2CTx film electrodes, we develop a convenient electrochemical activation process to prepare in situ oxidized Mo2CTx/MoO3 film electrodes (referred to as EA-Mo2C). The Mo2CTx/MoO3 hybrid film benefits from the addition of MoO3, which introduces extra redox sites and enhances the charge-storage capacity. Furthermore, the unique layered structure of Mo2CTx significantly reduces the diffusion energy barrier for cations. The synergistic interaction between Mo2CTx and MoO3 results in superior electrochemical performance, and the EA-Mo2C displays a remarkable increase in areal specific capacitance, achieving 23.29 mF cm-2 at a current density of 1.5mA cm-2, which is 518% higher than that of Mo2C. The electrochromic supercapacitor, assembled using EA-Mo2C as the ion-storage layer and polyaniline (PANI) as the electrochromic layer, enables power visualization and quantitative display. In summary, this study utilizes in situ electrochemical activation to derive high-performance electrode materials, offering an innovative strategy for advancing MXene-based energy-storage materials.

CeO2/MWCNT/Carbon Black Modified Electrode for Improving the Performance of Electrochemical Nitrite Sensor

Abstract CeO2 was synthesized and combined with different types of carbon nanomaterials such as carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) and carbon black (CB) for electrochemical detection of nitrite. The composite (c-MWCNT/CB/CeO2) showed the best sensing performance. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscpy, Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the c-MWCNT/CB/CeO2 modified fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was studied. The optimized c-MWCNT/CB/CeO2/FTO sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.01-13 mM, a sensitivity of 231.4 μA·mM-1·cm-2, and a detection limit of 0.59 μM, while the c-MWCNT/CB/CeO2/GCE sensor showed a linear range of 0.01-33 mM, a sensitivity of 340.5 μA·mM-1·cm-2, and a detection limit of 0.45 μM. In addition, the sensor had good stability, reproducibility and selectivity. More importantly, it was successfully used for nitrite detection in green tea samples, indicating its feasibility.

MEMS Smart Glass with Larger Angular Tuning Range and 2D Actuation.

Millions of electrostatically actuatable micromirror arrays have been arranged in between windowpanes in inert gas environments, enabling active daylighting in buildings for illumination and climatization. MEMS smart windows can reduce energy consumption significantly. However, to allow personalized light steering for arbitrary user positions with high flexibility, two main limitations must be overcome: first, limited tuning angle spans by MEMS pull-in effects; and second, the lack of a second orthogonal tuning angle, which is highly required. Firstly, design improvements of electrostatically actuatable micromirror arrays are reported by utilizing tailored bottom electrode structures for enlarging the tilt angle (Φ). Considerably larger tuning ranges are presented, significantly improving daylight steering into buildings. Secondly, 2D actuation means free movement of micromirrors via two angles-tilt (Φ) and torsion angle (θ)-while applying two corresponding voltages between the metallic micromirrors and corresponding FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) counters bottom electrode pads. In addition, a solution for a notorious problem in MEMS actuation is presented. Micromirror design modifications are necessary to eliminate possible crack formation on metallic structure due to stress concentration during the free movement of 2D actuatable micromirror arrays. The concept, design of micromirror arrays and bottom electrodes, as well as technological fabrication and experimental results are presented and discussed.

Affordable excellence: unveiling the potential of graphitic carbon-based counter electrodes for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative energy technology due to their minimal material requirements and straightforward production process, enabling efficient performance even under low-light conditions. Traditionally, high-performance DSSCs utilize platinum as the counter electrode. However, the high cost of platinum necessitates the development of more affordable counter electrodes that can match or surpass platinum-based counter electrodes (CEs) in conversion efficiency. This study investigates the synthesis and application of various cost-effective counter electrodes, including candle flame carbon soot, pencil lead graphite, and CS-coated PLG, in highefficiency DSSCs. For comparison, a platinum-based counter electrode is used as a benchmark. The working electrode comprises TiO2 on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide substrates. The DSSCs fabricated with counter electrodes such as PLG, CS, and CS-coated PLG exhibit efficiencies of approximately 6.2%, 3.5%, and 8.5%, respectively, compared to 10.8% for the Pt-based counter electrode. Reduced series resistance contributes to an improved Fill Factor and increased conversion efficiency. Furthermore, impedance spectroscopy reveals higher capacitance at the CE/electrolyte interface, enhancing charge collection efficiency and electron lifetime. Thus, the potential for significant improvement in conversion efficiency makes low-cost PLG and carbon-based electrodes a highly attractive alternative to Pt-based electrodes.

Facile Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Insights into Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Catalysis.

Implementing a hydrogen economy on an industrial scale poses challenges, particularly in developing cost-effective and stable catalysts for water electrolysis. This study explores the catalytic potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) synthesized via a simple chemical bath deposition method for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The successful fabrication of Se-NPs on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes has been confirmed using a wide range of analytical tools like X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Importantly, electrochemical measurements revealed superior electrocatalytic activity of the modified Se-NPs/FTO electrodes, with low overpotential (220 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and Tafel slope (90.13 mV dec-1), indicating faster reaction kinetics and reduced energy inputs for oxygen evolution reaction. Furthermore, the Se-NPs/FTO electrode was employed for PEC water splitting in Na2S electrolyte, showing a notable enhancement in photocurrent density with a difference of 700 μA cm-2 between light and dark conditions at 1.5 V vs RHE, demonstrating efficient light-driven hydrogen production. The overall findings of this work establish that the proposed Se-NPs/FTO electrodes are promising composites for both electrochemical and PEC performance, thereby providing insights into developing cost-effective catalysts for large-scale water splitting.

A "signal-on" photoelectrochemical sensor based on hierarchical titanium dioxide nanowires/microflowers decorated graphite-like carbon nitride quantum dots for glutathione detection.

Glutathione (GSH) is a bioactive tripeptide with important physiological functions in animals, plants, and microorganisms. GSH participates in various biochemical reactions in vivo and is known for its antioxidant, anti-allergy, and detoxification properties. This study introduces an innovative photoelectrochemical (PEC) method for GSH detection, leveraging a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode enhanced by TiO2 nanoflowers and graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-CNQDs). This design formed a type-II heterojunction, which facilitated efficient charge separation and transport. Furthermore, incorporating TiO2 nanoflowers increases the surface area, while adding g-CNQDs led to a narrowing of the semiconductor bandgap. The fabricated electrode exhibits highly attractive photo-electrocatalytic activity towards GSH detection in neutral media at a low potential bias. The developed PEC sensor demonstrates a wide linear range of 1.0×10-13 to 5×10-5molL-1, a low detection limit of 5.0fmolL-1, and high sensitivity. These remarkable analytical characteristics highlight the potential of this PEC platform for sensitive and selective GSH detection in various biomedical and environmental applications.

Influence of Copper and Tin Oxidation States on the Phase Evolution of Solution-Processed Ag-Alloyed CZTS Photovoltaic Absorbers

Kesterite-based semiconductors, particularly copper–zinc–tin–sulfide (CZTS), have garnered considerable attention as potential absorber layers in thin-film solar cells because of their abundance, nontoxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we explored the synthesis of Ag-alloyed CZTS (ACZTS) materials via the sol–gel method and deposited them on a transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) back electrode. A key challenge is the selection and manipulation of metal–salt precursors, with a particular focus on the oxidation states of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) ions. Two distinct protocols, varying the oxidation states of the Cu and Sn ions, were employed to synthesize the ACZTS materials. The transfer from the solution to the precursor film was analyzed, followed by annealing at different temperatures under a sulfur atmosphere to investigate the behavior and growth of these materials during the final stage of annealing. Our results show that the precursor transformation from solution to film is highly sensitive to the oxidation states of these metal ions, significantly influencing the chemical reactions during sol–gel synthesis and subsequent annealing. Furthermore, the formation pathway of the kesterite phase at elevated temperatures differs between the two protocols. Structural, morphological, and optical properties were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our findings highlight the critical role of the Cu and Sn oxidation states in the formation of high-quality kesterite materials. Additionally, we studied a novel approach for controlling the synthesis and phase evolution of kesterite materials via molecular inks, which could provide new opportunities for enhancing the efficiency of thin-film solar cells.

The Influence of Molarity on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Using Spray Pyrolysis Technique

The Influence of Molarity on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Using Spray Pyrolysis Technique

3,6‐Bis(methylthio)‐9H‐carbazole Based Self‐Assembled Monolayer for Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

The photovoltaic performance of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) relies on effectively managing the interface between the hole extraction layer and the light‐absorbing perovskite layer. In this study, we have synthesised (4‐(3,6‐bis(methylthio)‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (MeS‐4PACz), which forms a self‐assembled monolayer on the fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. The molecule's methylthio substituents generate a favourable interfacial dipole moment and interact with the perovskite layer. This interaction results in well‐aligned energy levels among the FTO/SAM/perovskite layers, promoting efficient hole extraction and significantly reducing carrier recombination losses. Additionally, the methylthio groups passivate iodide vacancies and interact with Pb2+ ions of the perovskite, reducing defect‐induced trap states and enhancing the crystalline growth of the perovskite layer. Consequently, inverted PSCs incorporating MeS‐4PACz achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 25.13%, along with outstanding photostability.

3,6-Bis(methylthio)-9H-carbazole Based Self-Assembled Monolayer for Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

The photovoltaic performance of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) relies on effectively managing the interface between the hole extraction layer and the light-absorbing perovskite layer. In this study, we have synthesised (4-(3,6-bis(methylthio)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (MeS-4PACz), which forms a self-assembled monolayer on the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. The molecule's methylthio substituents generate a favourable interfacial dipole moment and interact with the perovskite layer. This interaction results in well-aligned energy levels among the FTO/SAM/perovskite layers, promoting efficient hole extraction and significantly reducing carrier recombination losses. Additionally, the methylthio groups passivate iodide vacancies and interact with Pb2+ ions of the perovskite, reducing defect-induced trap states and enhancing the crystalline growth of the perovskite layer. Consequently, inverted PSCs incorporating MeS-4PACz achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 25.13%, along with outstanding photostability.

Solid-State Fluorescence Sensor Based on SNW1 Nanoparticles for the Quantification of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene.

Determining 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in aqueous solution is of great importance for public security, environment, and public health protection. The covalent organic framework (COF) based fluoresce probes are still of interest in developing the sensor-based detection systems for TNT. So, a novel fluorescence solid-state probe based on a melamine-based COF (SNW1)for TNT detection was established for the first time. A Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was used as a substrate, and COF was electrospray deposited onto its surface (SNW1@FTO). The effective parameters including the coating time, absorption, and desorption were optimized. Upon the addition of TNT, the fluorescence of SNW1 was quenched due to an acceptor-donor interaction. Therefore, the SNW1@FTO could detect TNT as a "Turn-off" sensor. The SNW1 probe showed good selectivity and sensitivity toward TNT in the range of 5 to 700 µmol L- 1. Finally, this sensor was employed to quantify TNT in real samples with satisfactory results.