Fluoride Varnish Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Longevity of Fluoride Release from Three Different Fluoride Varnishes: An Observational Study.

The cycles of demineralization and remineralization result in a dynamic process of caries development. Caries are prevented by the shift in the balance from demineralization to remineralization at the tooth-oral fluid interface with the help of salivary fluoride levels (in parts per million). The advantages of fluoride varnish application over other substitutes like dentifrices, mouthrinses, gels, or foams are that varnishes are well tolerated by infants, young children, or children with special healthcare needs and have prolonged therapeutic effects. This study was formulated to evaluate and compare the longevity of fluoride release from different fluoride varnishes, namely Fluor Protector, Enamelast, and Enamel Pro varnish. To evaluate and compare the longevity of fluoride release from three different fluoride varnishes. The study samples comprised 72 healthy permanent maxillary anterior teeth. The teeth were divided into four groups, with eighteen teeth in each group. The surfaces of all teeth were then covered by different colored nail varnish according to the respective group, except for a 3 × 3 mm window on the facial (labial) surface of the crown, where the test materials were applied according to their respective group. In group I, Fluor Protector varnish; in group II, Enamelast varnish; and in group III, Enamel Pro varnish was applied. Group IV was the control group; hence, no test material was applied. All specimens were then stored in plastic containers with a pH of 7.2 in artificial saliva at room temperature. The specimens were transferred into new plastic containers after 1 day, containing fresh artificial saliva, and solutions from previous plastic containers were taken for fluoride analysis. This process was repeated sequentially to analyze the amount of fluoride released in ppm from the specimens at the end of 1, 3, and 6 months. Analysis was performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Windows version 22.0). Conventionally used 1.5% ammonium fluoride varnish, that is, Fluor Protector varnish, showed the least release of fluoride (0.03 ± 0.0 ppm), while resin carrier-based 5% sodium fluoride varnish, that is, Enamelast varnish showed a good amount of fluoride release for 6 months continuously, that is, (0.16 ± 0.06 ppm) at last follow-up. Enamel Pro varnish, which has 5% sodium fluoride with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formula, was found to be the best varnish as it released the maximum amount of fluoride in ppm in artificial saliva for up to 3 months (0.32 ± 0.08) but less than Enamelast varnish only at 6 months follow-up that is 0.09 ± 0.03 ppm. The present study concludes that based on the amount of fluoride released for 6 months duration, Enamel Pro varnish, followed by Enamelast varnish and Fluor Protector varnish, are advisable to apply for caries prevention. Singh V, Naik S, Vashisth P, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Longevity of Fluoride Release from Three Different Fluoride Varnishes: An Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(3):341-345.

In Vitro Evaluation of Remineralization Potential: Whey Extract, Fluoride Varnish, and Fluoride Mouthwash on Bleached Enamel

Background: Extrinsic discoloration is treated with bleaching which increases enamel porosity and roughness. Remineralizing materials is applied to avoid the bleaching side effects. The current study aimed to evaluate time dependent safety of bleaching materials on enamel surfaces roughness, and to assess the remineralizing potential of whey extract as a natural product and to compare it with the commercially available fluoride varnish and fluoride mouthwash after maximum bleaching time (30 min.). Methods: Extracted human incisor teeth without cracks or any enamel defects were used in this study. Teeth were cleaned and decoronated at the level of the cementoenamel junction. A nail varnish was used to cover the entire surface of the crowns of each tooth, leaving a window measuring 4 mm × 4mm. Bleaching material was applied to the enamel of all teeth specimens. The Application of bleaching material was repeated 2 more times, each time for 10 minutes, which amounted in total to 30 min. The specimens in group 1 were soaked in artificial saliva, the specimens in group 2 were soaked in whey extract, the specimens in group 3 were treated with fluoride varnish and group 4 specimens were soaked in fluoride mouthwash. Results: The mean value of the surface roughness of all the teeth specimens was increased significantly after bleaching for 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes (p=0.000) when compared with baseline mean value. As well, there was significant direct correlation between application time of bleaching material and mean value of surface roughness (r= 0.94). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the specimens of the 4 groups when the mean value of surface roughness compared at baseline and after bleaching. But, after treatment, there was significant difference (p≤0.05) between the 4 groups, with the best result obtained from whey extract and fluoride varnish. Conclusions: The enamel surface roughness is significantly and directly correlated with prolonged application time of bleaching material. Remineralizing materials; whey extract, fluoride varnish and fluoride mouth wash had significantly decreased enamel surface roughness caused by bleaching. Whey extract has statistically the same effect as fluoride varnish on decreasing the surface roughness of bleached enamel surface.

The Effect of Green Tea Varnish in Comparison with Fluoride Varnish on Remineralization of Artificial Caries

Introduction: Green tea is a natural herb, that has catechin, theanine and amino acids with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-mutagenic properties that can improve the salivary parameters and consequently protect the oral cavity from diseases. So, the study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea varnish on remineralization of artificial caries and compare its effect with fluoride varnish. Materials and Methods: 30 extracted sound teeth were kept in demineralizing solution for 4 days, to artificially form caries-like lesions. The teeth were divided equally and randomly into three groups. Group 1 was treated with green tea varnish, group 2 was treated with sodium fluoride varnish, and group 3 left without treatment. After treatment pH cycling was done. Results: The mean Ca weight% of green tea and fluoride varnish groups (36.85 ± 0.59 and 37.51 ± 0.65 respectively) were significantly higher than the control group (26.98 ± 0.24). Also, the mean p weight% was found to be significantly higher in the green tea group (17.50 ± 0.36) and fluoride group (18.31 ± 0.40) versus the control group (13.91 ± 0.15). Conclusions: Green tea varnish had the same remineralizing effect as Fluoride varnish. Recommendations: More studies are required using other concentrations of green tea varnish and may use more than one application, and in vivo studies need to be done.

Comparing Fluoride Varnish, Fissure Sealant and Ozone for Children Caries Prevention

Background: Caries is the most prevalent oral health disease in children globally. Well-known method such as fluoride varnish and fissure sealant has been used to prevent caries overtime. Ozone therapy considered as a new innovation in caries prevention for children which has not been studied much for its effectiveness compared to the other popular method. Objective: This review aimed to compare caries preventive methods with fluoride varnish (FV), fissure sealant (FS) and ozone (O) for children and decide which method is the most effective. Literature Study: PubMed, SpringerLink, EBSCOhost and Science direct were searched from December 2021 to January 2022. The criteria included all randomized controlled trials and clinical trials comparing the caries preventive effect between FV, FS and O on children’s permanent teeth. Discussion: A total of 12 articles were included. Regarding dentin caries prevention, 2 studies found resin FS in favour of no FS and 2 studies found FV in favor of controls. 1 study agreed glass ionomer FS and no FS comparable. 3 studies agreed FV and FS were comparable. 1 study agreed resin FS and glass ionomer FS comparable. 1 study also found FV, FS and O comparable. Regarding dentin remineralization, 2 studies found O were comparable with FS dan calcium hydroxide base. These methods are safe for children. Conclusion: Fluoride varnish, fissure sealant and ozone are effective in preventing children’s caries with their own benefits and drawbacks. None of the methods is superior over another as there were a variety of the data reported.

An in vitro evaluation of the effects of fluoride, CPP-ACP, or resin infiltration on discoloration caused by pediatric supplements.

White spot lesions are more susceptible to staining agents due to their porous structure. This study examines the impact of white spot lesion treatments on discoloration caused by pediatric supplements. Three treatments (fluoride, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP], resin infiltration), a control, and their respective syrup-based subgroups (iron and black elderberry syrups) were established, each with eight teeth. Artificial white spot lesions were induced, and weekly applications of fluoride varnish, daily applications of CPP-ACP paste, or a single resin infiltration procedure were performed on the white spot lesions within the treatment groups over 4 weeks. Simultaneously, samples were exposed daily to iron or black elderberry syrups. Spectrophotometer measurements were taken at baseline, after demineralization (T0), and after 1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 4 weeks (T4). ΔE00 values were calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted using a three-way mixed-design ANOVA, with the significance level set at P = .05. At T4, ΔE00 values from all groups exceeded the clinical acceptability limit of 1.8. At T2 and T4, the ΔE00 values obtained from the black elderberry syrup subgroups were significantly higher (P < .001). At T4, the highest ΔE00 values were seen in the CPP-ACP groups (P < .001). The lowest ΔE00 values at T2 and T4 were observed in the resin infiltration groups (P < .05). Supplements containing ferrous sulfate and black elderberry extract caused color changes in white spot lesions that exceeded the clinical acceptability limit. Resin infiltration of white spot lesions provides advantages over remineralization treatments, particularly in minimizing discoloration induced by pediatric supplements.

Evaluation of the Remineralization Capacity of Water-based Silver Fluoride

Silver diamine fluoride, which can arrest dental caries, is alkaline and may cause mild soft tissue irritation. Water-based silver fluoride has a neutral pH, which is closer to the physiological range, and is biocompatible for use in the oral environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of water-based silver fluoride on remineralizing early enamel lesions by comparing it with other fluoride agents through microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence measurements. An in vitro study with intact bovine incisors was performed. Artificial enamel lesions were induced and subjected to microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence testing. Specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups for treatment. The specimens in group I were treated with water-based silver fluoride and potassium iodide, group II with silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide, group III with sodium fluoride varnish, and group IV with distilled water. After 8 days of pH cycling, the specimens were subjected to microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence testing. Water-based silver fluoride and silver diamine fluoride showed the greatest increases in microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence, with no significant differences between the two. Sodium fluoride varnish also exhibited a significant increase in microhardness and quantitative light-induced fluorescence, but the differences were smaller than those for water-based silver fluoride and silver diamine fluoride. Water-based silver fluoride is considered useful in a clinical setting for remineralizing enamel lesions, with the advantages of no risk of tissue burn and improved taste and smell.

The effect of nano silver fluoride, self-assembling peptide and sodium fluoride varnish on salivary cariogenic bacteria: a randomized controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesTo compare the antibacterial effect of Nanosilver Fluoride varnish (NSF) varnish, P11-4 and Sodium Fluoride (NaF) varnish against salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacilli.Methods66 patients aged 10–24 years old were randomly assigned to receive single application of NSF, P11-4 or NaF varnish. Baseline unstimulated saliva samples were collected before the agents were applied and S.mutans and Lactobacilli colony forming units (CFU) were counted. After one, three and six months, microbiological samples were re-assessed. Groups were compared at each time point and changes across time were assessed. Multivariable linear regression compared the effect of P11-4 and NSF to NaF on salivary S. mutans and Lactobacilli log count at various follow up periods.ResultsThere was a significant difference in salivary S. mutans log count after 1 month between P11-4 (B= -1.29, p = 0.049) and NaF but not at other time points nor between NSF and NaF at any time point. The significant reduction in bacterial counts lasted up to one month in all groups, to three months after using P11-4 and NaF and returned to baseline values after six months.ConclusionIn general, the antimicrobial effect of P11-4 and NSF on salivary S. mutans and Lactobacilli was not significantly different from NaF varnish. P11-4 induced greater reduction more quickly than the two other agents and NSF antibacterial effect was lost after one month.Clinical relevanceNSF varnish and P11-4 have antimicrobial activity that does not significantly differ from NaF by 3 months. P11-4 has the greatest antibacterial effect after one month with sustained effect till 3 months. The antibacterial effect of NSF lasts for one month. NaF remains effective till 3 months.Trial RegistrationThis trial was prospectively registered on the clinicaltrials.gov registry with ID: NCT04929509 on 18/6/2021.

Combined Effect of a Bioinspired Self-Assembling Peptide and Fluoride Varnish on Remineralisation of Artificial Early Enamel Caries Lesion: An in vitro Study

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the remineralisation effect of combined use of a bioinspired self-assembling peptide (P26) and fluoride varnish on artificial early enamel caries lesions. Methods: Bovine enamel blocks with artificial early enamel caries lesions were prepared. The blocks were randomly allocated to four experimental groups to receive the following treatments: A = P26 + fluoride varnish, B = P26, C = fluoride varnish, and D. distilled water (negative control). The treated blocks were subjected to pH cycling. Enamel blocks were collected at time points of 7 days (d7) and 21 days (d21). The mineral gain, elemental analysis and crystal characteristics of the caries lesion were assessed by micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of mineral gain of group A to D were 17.4 ± 4.2%, 10.7 ± 2.2%, 10.1 ± 1.2%, and 6.8 ± 0.5% at d7, respectively, and 15.2 ± 2.6%, 8.7 ± 3.1%, 9.7 ± 1.2%, and 7.8 ± 2.3% at d21, respectively. A significant higher mineral gain was observed in group A when compared to other groups at both d7 and d21 (p < 0.05). The calcium-to-phosphate ratio remained consistent across all groups, ranging between 1.2 and 1.4. XRD analysis indicated that crystal composition on the surfaces was apatite for all groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study provided a first indication of better remineralisation effects of the combined use of the bioinspired self-assembling peptide P26 and fluoride varnish compared to the effects of the respective individual uses of P26 or fluoride varnish.

Efficacy of Three Remineralizing Agents on Erosion of Root Dentin by Cola Drink: An In Vitro Study

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of silver diamine fluoride (38% SDF), sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) on cola-eroded root dentin microhardness and mineral alteration in vitro. Materials and Methods Forty human root dentin slabs were exposed to alternating 10 cycles of cola drink and artificial saliva, repeated 3 times at 6-hour intervals. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups: control (deionized water), 38% SDF, NaF varnish, and CPP-ACPF. All specimens underwent the second erosion process. Microhardness was measured at baseline (KHN0), pretreatment (KHN1), and posttreatment (KHN2). The mean difference of microhardness (ΔKHN2-1) was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests (α = 0.05). The chemical composition and surface morphology were assessed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results All experimental groups exhibited dentinal tubule occlusion. Both 38% SDF and NaF varnish demonstrated a statistically significant increase in microhardness compared to CPP-ACPF. However, CPP-ACPF was comparable to the control group. EDS analysis showed an increase in weight percentage of fluorine in all groups. Furthermore, silver and chlorine were detected in the 38% SDF group. Conclusion All treatments enhanced eroded root dentin microhardness, with 38% SDF and NaF varnish demonstrating superior acid resistance and preventing morphological changes induced by cola re-immersion.

Preventive efficacy of 38% silver diamine fluoride and CPP-ACP fluoride varnish on molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization in children: A randomized controlled trial.

This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride varnish (CPP-ACPFV) in preventing caries development, enamel breakdown, and sensitivity on molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children. A total of 100 children aged 6 to 9 years were enrolled in the study with two contralateral permanent molars mildly affected by MIH. Affected molars were randomly and equally assigned to receive either SDF or CPP-ACPFV treatment. The interventions were applied at four different time points (baseline, 3, 6, 9 months), and the incidence of caries, caries progression, enamel breakdown, and sensitivity were assessed. The findings of this study revealed significant differences in the incidence of caries between the groups treated with SDF and CPP-ACPFV ( P-value < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference in caries progression between the two groups ( P-value < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in enamel breakdown scores between the treatment groups, as the majority of teeth in both groups exhibited a score of 0. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in sensitivity between the treatment groups throughout the study period. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence that molars treated with SDF demonstrated a lower incidence of caries and a higher rate of caries arrest compared to those treated with CPP-ACPFV. Both interventions showed promise in preventing enamel breakdown and improving sensitivity. These findings highlight the potential of SDF and CPP-ACPFV as effective treatments for caries prevention and management, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and appropriate dental care strategies in maintaining oral health. ISRCTN54243749 (13/01/2022).

Shear Bond Strength of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement to Primary Teeth Dentin Pretreated with Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish: An In Vitro Study

Shear Bond Strength of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement to Primary Teeth Dentin Pretreated with Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish: An In Vitro Study

Development of dental varnish based on red propolis for the treatment and prevention of dental caries

Caries is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. To control and prevent the disease, it is important to expand the treatment options. The various types of propolis have been studied as alternatives. Studies have shown that Brazilian red propolis has important activity against S. mutans, as well as good anti-inflammatory activity. For the effective use of this alternative, it is necessary to develop pharmaceutical forms that make it feasible to handle and apply them. This study aims to produce a dental varnish based on red propolis, for later application in in vitro and in vivo studies. It is hoped that the formulation produced will conserve the good antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of propolis and that it will be able to generate an innovative product for depositing patents with the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI).

Pilot clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a professionally delivered high fluoride varnish on erosive tooth wear in an in-situ model

ObjectivesThe aim for this pilot study was to investigate the effect of a sodium fluoride varnish on step height measured by a profilometer from human enamel worn by healthy volunteers with a novel in situ/ex vivo erosion design. MethodHealthy volunteers aged 18–70 years wore a palatal splint containing 8 human enamel samples and underwent two 3-day treatment periods for 6 h a day with a varnish containing sodium fluoride at 22,600 ppm and the control with the same ingredients but without fluoride. Each splint contained 4 polished and 4 unpolished samples. The interventions were applied to the surface of the enamel samples in randomised order, removed after 6 h, then immersed ex-vivo in 1 %, pH 2.7 citric acid for 2 min, repeated 4 times a day, over 2 days. Measurements of enamel were assessed blindly by microhardness on day 2 and by non-contact laser profilometry on day 3 for the two treatments. Results24 volunteers, 2 males and 22 females aged 27–54 years, were screened and recruited. The delta microhardness, from polished samples removed at the end of day 2, for the control and fluoride treatment was 95.7 (22.9) kgf/mm2 and 123.7 (28.9) kgf/mm2, respectively (p < .005). The mean (SD) step height for the control polished enamel surfaces was 3.67 (2.07) µm and for the fluoride varnish was 1.79 (1.01) µm (p < .0005). The control unpolished enamel surfaces had a mean 2.09 (1.53) µm and the fluoride varnish was 2.11 (1.53) µm but no statistical difference was detected. ConclusionsThe results from this pilot study, utilizing an in-situ model where enamel was exposed to acid over the course of 2 days, demonstrated that a high fluoride varnish containing sodium fluoride at 22,600 ppm prevented erosive wear compared to a control on the polished enamel surfaces. Clinical significanceIntra-oral study demonstrated that a high fluoride varnish containing sodium fluoride at 22,600 ppm reduced erosive tooth wear.

Alterations in Surface Gloss and Hardness of Direct Dental Resin Composites and Indirect CAD/CAM Composite Block after Single Application of Bifluorid 10 Varnish: An In Vitro Study

The surface characteristics of the restorative material are essential to its longevity. Since resin composites are polymeric-based materials, they could be degraded when exposed to oral conditions and chemical treatment. Certain chemical solutions, such as fluoride varnish, have the potential to deteriorate the resin composite’s surface properties such as gloss and hardness. The current study aimed to assess and compare the surface gloss and hardness of different types of dental resin composites (nanohybrid, ormocer, bulk-fill flowable direct composites, and indirect CAD/CAM resin composite blocks (BreCAM.HIPC)) after a single application of Bifluorid 10 varnish. A total of 80 disc-shaped resin composite specimens were evenly distributed in four groups of 20 specimens. These were divided into two equal subgroups of specimens with topical fluoride (TF) application (n = 10) and without TF application (n = 10). The specimens were examined for surface gloss and hardness. Independent sample t-test was used to investigate statistically the effect of TF on the gloss as well as the hardness of each material. One-way ANOVA and post hoc tests were used to assess the difference in gloss and hardness among the materials without and with TF application. The significance level was adjusted to p ≤ 0.05. The results of gloss showed that the TF application led to a significant reduction in gloss values of all tested composites. The gloss among the various materials was significantly different. The TF had no significant effect on the hardness of nanohybrid, bulk-fill flowable, and BreCAM.HIPC composites (p = 0.8, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively). On the other hand, the hardness of ormocer was significantly reduced after TF application. Comparing the different resin composite materials, the hardness significantly differed. This study concluded that surface gloss and hardness seem to be impacted by the type and composition of the resin composites and vary depending on fluoride application.

Investigating the efficacy of a varnish containing gallic acid on remineralization of enamel lesions: an in vitro study

This study evaluated the efficacy of a formulated remineralizing gallic acid (GA) varnish in treating artificial enamel caries lesions. Fifty-five intact bovine incisors were collected. Enamel blocks (5 × 9 mm) were prepared. A third of each block’s surface remained intact. Primary carious lesions were induced on the middle and bottom thirds of the blocks by immersing the samples in a demineralization solution for 6 h. The bottom third of the blocks were further remineralized by randomly applying 0.5%, 2%, or 8% GA varnishes and 2.26% fluoride varnish (V varnish, Vericom, Seoul, Korea), or the varnish base without active ingredients (n = 11 each). The specimens were immersed in a remineralizing solution for 4 h and then subjected to a 2-hour immersion in the demineralizing solution. After six days of pH cycling, the surface microhardness was measured at depths of 30, 75, and 120 μm. The percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR%) was compared among the groups using the Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). The SMHR% of all experimental groups was higher than the control group at 30 μm (p < 0.05). The 0.5% GA varnish showed the highest SMHR% at all depths; however, the difference with the other experimental groups was significant at a depth of 30 μm (p < 0.05). The SMHR% of the fluoride and the 2% and 8% GA varnishes was comparable at all depths. All treatments potentially remineralize enamel lesions, with 0.5% GA varnish having the greatest effect, particularly on the top surface layer. As such, this newly developed varnish may emerge as a promising alternative to fluoride varnish.

Therapeutic evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles based herbal dental varnish derived from rosemary and ginger extracts:A comprehensive investigation into anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Titanium nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising applications in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory disorders due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. However, additional research is necessary to attain a thorough comprehension and validate the efficacy of this approach in dental practice. This study scrutinizes the anti-inflammatory properties of a dental varnish infused with ginger and rosemary extracts mediated by titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. A herbal dental varnish was formulated by integrating ginger and rosemary extracts with titanium dioxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50μL. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed through Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, comparing results with a control group. The results reveal concentration-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the test group when compared to the control group. The BSA assay corroborates increased percent inhibition with rising titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentrations. In line with existing literature, titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance dental material properties. The bioactive compounds in ginger and rosemary, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes, contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the varnish. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in addressing inflammatory diseases underscores their significance in this formulation.

Assessment of Antibacterial Effectiveness of SDF and Fluoride Varnish Agents for Application in Pediatric Dentistry

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and fluoride varnish treatment against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effectiveness of SDF (group A) and fluoride varnish (group B) against S. mutans was investigated in an in vitro microbiological investigation, with distilled water (group C) serving as the positive and negative controls. After 24 hours of incubation, the antibacterial efficiency was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique, and the diameter of the zones of inhibition (ZOI) was quantified. Sumba mare’s milk from MRS broth was extracted and then placed into a test tube. L. acidophilus was grown on Sumba mare’s milk from MRS broth. On this media, each testing agent was poured and tested for the inhibitory zone. The obtained data was statistically analyzed. Results: SDF group had a higher mean zone of inhibition against S. mutans and Lactobacillus followed by fluoride varnish, and there was no ZOI in the case of distilled water. Intergroup comparison was significant Conclusion: When compared to fluoride varnish, the SDF teeth remineralizing agent had greater antibacterial activity against S. mutans.

Fluoride and its Implications on Oral Health: A Review.

This article aims to review the literature about the history of fluoride, its toxicity, prevalence, prevention, diagnosis, and management in oral healthcare practice. Fluoride is the cornerstone of oral health, playing a pivotal role in oral health. Fluoride can be administered topically or systemically. Topically, it is found in toothpaste, mouth rinses, and professional treatments such as fluoride varnish. These directly shield teeth from decay and strengthen the existing enamel. Systemically, fluoride is ingested through water, foods, or supplements, benefiting tooth development, especially in children. Nevertheless, responsible fluoride use is essential. Overexposure can lead to dental fluorosis, affecting tooth aesthetics. Consulting a dentist for personalized guidance on fluoride usage can help strike the right balance between oral protection and potential side effects, ensuring a radiant and healthy smile for life.

Treatment choice for first permanent molars affected with molar-incisor hypomineralization, in patients 7–8 years of age: a questionnaire study among Swedish general dentists, orthodontists, and pediatric dentists

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate attitudes and preferred therapy choice for first permanent molars (FPM) with Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH).MethodsAn online questionnaire was sent out to general dentists (n = 559) working in the Public Dental Service in Region Västra Götaland, orthodontists (n = 293), and pediatric dentists (n = 156) (members from each interest association), in Sweden. The questionnaire contained three parts: general questions regarding the respondents, patient cases, and general questions regarding extraction of FPMs with MIH. Statistics were carried out using Chi-squared tests, with a significance level of 5%.ResultsA response rate of 36% was obtained. Orthodontists and pediatric dentists were more prone to extract FPMs with both moderate and severe MIH, compared to general dentists. When restoring FPMs with moderate MIH, resin composite was preferred. Compared to the general dentists, the pediatric dentists were more prone to choose glass-ionomer cement in the FPMs with severe MIH. The most common treatment choice for FPMs with mild MIH was fluoride varnish. “When root furcation is under development of the second permanent molar on radiographs” was chosen as the optimal time for extracting FPMs with severe MIH, and the general dentists based their treatment decisions on recommendations from a pediatric dentist.ConclusionExtraction of FPMs with moderate and severe MIH is considered a therapy of choice among general dentists and specialists, and the preferred time of extraction is before the eruption of the second permanent molar.

Effects of Propolis-Based Herbal Toothpaste on Dentine Hypersensitivity

IntroductionThe objective of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of a propolis-based herbal toothpaste with 5% sodium fluoride varnishin obstructing human dentinal tubules; Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to obtain quantitative and qulitative data on tubular obstruction. MethodsThirty-nine extracted human premolar teeth were collected. The cementum layer was removed using a water-cooled diamond bur and the smear layer using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 17%. Then, the samples were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 13 each), as follows: group 1: dentin discs exposed to the propolis-based herbal toothpaste (Herbex); group 2: dentin discs exposed to 5% sodium fluoride varnish; and group 3: control. Then, all discs were observed and imaged in 4 non-overlapping fields by an electron microscope at 2000× magnification. The topography and number of open, closed, and semi-closed tubules were counted in all images. The data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Friedman test. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistic 22.0 software, with a significance level of α = 0.05. ResultsIn pairwise comparisons of the groups considering the percentage of open, closed, and semi-closed tubules, the difference was not statistically significant between the 5% sodium fluoride varnish and propolis groups in the closed and semi-closed tubules, but it was statistically significant with the control group. Additionally, the percentage of open tubules in the propolis-based herbal toothpaste group was significantly lower than in the 5% sodium fluoride varnish and control group. ConclusionsBoth propolis-based herbal toothpaste and 5% sodium fluoride varnish is effective in blocking human dentin tubules to various extents.