Fluoride Gel Application Research Articles

Incidence and Recurrence of Dental Caries after Repeated Application of Topical Fluoride Gel on Permanent Dentition of School Children of a School-based Dental Program in Nerul: A Retrospective Study

Incidence and Recurrence of Dental Caries after Repeated Application of Topical Fluoride Gel on Permanent Dentition of School Children of a School-based Dental Program in Nerul: A Retrospective Study

Prevention of dental caries by regular overnight application of a low-concentration fluoride gel loaded in a custom tray in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A preliminary study.

Some studies have reported topical application of 1.0%-2.0% fluoride gel in a custom tray for 4-5 minutes every day for the prevention of radiation-related dental caries. However, in Japan, the concentration of fluoride used by patients is limited to less than 0.15%. The efficacy of a low-concentration fluoride gel in a custom tray for the prevention of radiation-related dental caries has not been investigated. Methods and Material: In this preliminary study, we enrolled 13 patients with head and neck cancer who underwent radiotherapy. They wore a custom tray containing 0.145% sodium fluoride gel during sleep every night and were examined for newly developed dental caries 1 year later. Results: No new dental caries were found in the 13 patients 1 year after radiotherapy, and no adverse events were observed. We conclude that low-concentration fluoride gel in a custom tray during sleep could prevent radiation-related dental caries, and we plan to conduct a multi-center phase III randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of this method for the prevention of radiation-related dental caries.

Parental Knowledge and Acceptance of Different Treatment Options for Primary Teeth Provided by Dental Practitioners.

Background: Parents have an influence on dental treatment options for young children regarding type of care provided. The aim of this study was to assess parents' knowledge and acceptance of different treatment options for primary teeth provided by dental practitioners for their children.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, caregiver/child dyads (n = 476) were recruited from patients at Pediatric Dental Clinics, Jordan University of Science and Technology. The data collection questionnaire to parents included: 1-demographic data 2-parental knowledge and practices regarding child's oral hygiene, caries and caries prevention 3-parental knowledge and acceptance of different treatment options for primary teeth including two given clinical scenarios (ICDAS-5 molar requiring intra-coronal restoration, ICDAS-6 molar requiring pulp therapy and stainless steel crown) with pictures before and after treatment. Afterwards, the child underwent a dental examination to record dmft/DMFT, gingival and plaque indices. Data was analyzed using SPSS, significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.Results: Children's ages were 2–12 years (mean/SD 6.97 ± 2.5); with 255/53.6% males, 221/46.4% females. There were (166) children 2–5 years in primary dentition; (108/166) 65% had ECC, and (n = 62/166) 37.4% had S-ECC, and (310) 6–12 years in mixed dentition; (278/310) 89.7% had caries. Scaling and extraction were the highest known and accepted treatments for primary teeth by parents (35.5 and 30.1%, respectively), while nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation was the least (3.6%). Parental educational level was significant for composite restorations, fluoride gel application and pulp therapy (P = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively) and age above 40 for amalgam restorations (P = 0.04). In both scenarios, most parents preferred to leave any care decision in hands of the dentists with no effect of educational level (P > 0.05). There were 81.5% parents who reported that their children's dental status was good, however, 78.4%/42.8% children had an average dmft/DMFT score 5.34/2.32 and mean PI/GI scores 0.88 ± 0.20/0.17 ± 0.23.Conclusion: Parental knowledge and acceptance about dental treatment options for primary dentition was generally low. Parental education and age had an impact on parental knowledge and practices regarding child's oral hygiene, caries and caries prevention, and some treatment options. There was an overrated parental opinion of their child's teeth status despite the high dmft/DMFT and PI.

308P - Dental prophylaxis and 5-fluorouracil related oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: A population-based cohort study

BackgroundIt is hard to prevent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) related oral mucositis (OM). The aim of this study was to determine the association between dental prophylactic modalities and the risk of OM in HNC patients with 5-FU-related treatment. MethodsDuring 2000 to 2008, 20,715 HNC (ICD-9-CM 140-149) patients with newly 5-FU-related chemotherapy were selected from the registry of LHID-CIP, and the date of 5-FU therapy initiation was defined as the index date. These HNC patients were stratified into three groups according to their cancer locations: oral cancers (ICD-9-CM 140-145), nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC, ICD-9-CM 147) and other cancers (ICD-9-CM 146, 148 and 149).The end date was defined as the date of OM diagnosis, withdrawal from the NHI program, or the 21thday after the day of 5-FU therapy initiation, whichever came first. Patients with OM diagnosis (ICD-9 CM 528.00, 528.01, 528.2, and 528.9). The records of dental treatment was determined for each patient within 180 days prior to the index date, which included fluoride gel application, chlorhexidine mouth rinse, scaling, and major oral surgery. Based on the different dental prophylactic modalities, all HNC subjects were stratified into different groups. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined by multiple logistic regression model. Results13,969 HNC participants, including 482 5-FU-related OM subjects and 13,487 controls were enrolled. Fluoride gel application and scaling were significantly related to OM development (p < 0.001). 2.25-fold increased risk of OM while scaling was performed within three weeks before 5-FU-related chemotherapy (95% CI = 1.81–2.81), and a 3.22-fold increased risk of OM while fluoride gel was applied during 5-FU-related treatment (95% CI = 1.46–7.13). ConclusionsThis study highlighted a remarkable association between dental prophylactic modalitiesand the risk of 5-FU-related OM in HNC population.Clinical practitioners have to be vigilant about the joint effect of scaling and fluoride gel application in the increased risk of OM. Optimal timing of scaling and appropriate fluoride gel application strategy are necessary in reducing the risk of 5-FU-related OM. Editorial acknowledgementThis study is supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW105-TDU-B-212-133019), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10501010037), NRPB Stroke Clinical Trial Consortium (MOST 105-2325-B-039-003), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG3I0151), Far Eastern Memorial Hospital (FEMH-2019-C-039), Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Preventive Effects of Fluoride Gel Application on Dental Caries in the Permanent Tooth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Preventive Effects of Fluoride Gel Application on Dental Caries in the Permanent Tooth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Estimation and correlation of the amount of fluoride output in urine after the application of fluoride gel and fluoride varnish in children with early childhood caries

Introduction: As all the topical fluorides contain a high concentration of fluorides and it is started at an early age when the swallowing reflexes are not well established, there is every chance the child may ingest a high amount of fluoride. As there are inconsistencies related to the usage of fluoride varnish in children, there is a need to study the toxicological aspects of fluoride varnish. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to estimate the amount of fluoride output through urine after the application of fluoride varnish and gel and to assess the safety levels of the same in early childhood caries (ECC) patients. Methodology: This study was conducted on twenty ECC-rehabilitated children of age group 4–6 years who were divided into two phases. In Phase I, the children were subjected to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, and in Phase II, they were subjected to Fluor Protector varnish. In Phase I, the urine samples of each child were collected for the estimation of fluoride level which was considered as the baseline sample. After the application of APF gel, two urine samples were collected at 24 and 48 h for the estimation of fluoride levels. The same children were included in Phase II and were given placebo dentifrice for 7 days before commencing the procedure. The same experiment was repeated after the application of Fluor Protector varnish, and the collected urine samples were subjected for the estimation of fluoride level in laboratory with the use of fluoride ion-specific electrode and a miniature calomel reference electrode coupled to potentiometer. Values were recorded and the urinary fluoride concentration at different time intervals in each group was compared using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The mean urinary fluoride concentration in Group 1 at 24 h was 1.09 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.52) and at 48 h 0.74 (SD = 0.44). The mean urinary fluoride concentration in Group 2 at 24 h was 1.18 (SD = 0.65) and at 48 h 0.94 (SD = 0.59). There was a gradual increase in the 24th-h sample of both the groups, which also showed a decline of fluoride concentration at the 48th h. When both the groups were compared, Group 2 showed a marginal increase in fluoride concentration at different intervals of time, which was statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: Fluor Protector varnish had an increased sustained release of fluoride ions when compared to APF gel, and there was a gradual decrease in the fluoride concentration which suggested that the fluoride concentration was approximating the baseline level (the safety level). The present study has provided a sound basis of recommendation for the safe and effective use of professionally applied fluoride products.

Effectiveness of Fluoridation Depending on Periodicity in 6-10-year-old Children.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe cost-effectiveness of this study was achieved in the group that was treated every three months with periodic intervals, which had a reduction of caries with 62%. The relative effectiveness of our study is the application of fluoride treatment every 3 months compared with treatments done every 4 and 6 months, respectively.ObjectiveTo evaluate the reduction of caries disease depending on the time period of fluoride gel application. The sample was chosen randomly.Main hypothesisThe frequency of fluoride gel application every 3 months has positive impacts on reducing dental caries.Basic designThis is a cross-sectional study with a controlled sample for a period of 24 months. Durashield fluoride fluid (5% sodium fluoride) was used for the treatment of permanent dentition of the 6–10-year-old children.Clinical settingThis study proves that fuoride application every 3 months significantly reduces caries morbidity.ParticipantsOur study included 400 children, who were divided into 4 groups, 100 children in each group.InterventionThe first group did not undergo any treatment and it is called the control group. The second group was under fluoride treatment every 4 months. The third group was treated with fluoride every 3 months, and the fourth group was treated every 6 months.ResultsThe data collected from the control group showed that there is an increase in 24% of the caries incidence. In the group treated with fluoride every 4 months, caries incidence decreased to 30%. The group treated every 3 months with periodic intervals had a reduction of caries with 62%, while the group treated every 6 months had a reduction of 40%. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, the fluoridation application every 3 months is significant for p = 0.000.ConclusionThe best results were achieved in the treatment with fluoride in a 3-month periodic interval.How to cite this articleCanga M, Malagnino VA et al. Effectiveness of Fluoridation Depending on Periodicity in 6–10-year-old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(4):280–282.

Effect of Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel Application on the Surface Roughness of Resin Sealant

When resin sealant for teeth is exposed to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, a commonly used fluoride application agent, its surface roughness can increase, potentially resulting in bacterial adhesion and secondary caries. Therefore, this study analyzed the effect of the application of APF gel on the surface roughness of resin sealants. Thirty-six resin sealant specimens were randomly divided into six groups, which received 1, 2 or 3 applications of APF gel or were soaked in distilled water (aquadest) 1, 2, or 3 times for 30 min. A Mitutoyo SJ201 surface roughness tester was used to measure the mean roughness. Surface roughness was significantly increased after a single gel application, but decreased significantly after two gel applications (p < 0.05). Thus, APF gel reduced resin sealant surface roughness after two or more applications.

Effects of Application of Sealant and Fluoride Gel Application Program for Elementary School Children in Laos for 3 Years

Effects of Application of Sealant and Fluoride Gel Application Program for Elementary School Children in Laos for 3 Years

Dental caries prevention strategies among children and adolescents with immigrant\xa0- or low socioeconomic backgrounds- do they work? A systematic review

BackgroundThis systematic review was designed to uncover the most reliable evidence about the effects of caries preventive strategies in children and adolescents of immigrant or low socioeconomic backgrounds.MethodsAccording to pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, relevant articles focusing on underprivileged groups were electronically selected between January1995 and October 2015. The literature search was conducted in five databases; PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SweMed+ and Cochrane Library. Accepted languages for included articles were English, German and Scandinavian languages. s and selected articles in full text were read and assessed independently by two review authors. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were not included. Also articles with topics of water fluoridation and fluoride toothpaste were excluded, this due to all existing evidence of anti-caries effect for disadvantaged groups. The key data about the main characteristics of the study were compiled in tables and a quality grading was performed.ResultsThirty-seven articles were selected for further evaluation. Supervised toothbrushing for 5-year-old school children was found to be an effective prevention technique for use in underprivileged groups. Also a child/mother approach, targeting nutrition and broad oral health education of mothers showed effectiveness. For older children, a slow-release fluoride device and application of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel showed to be effective.ConclusionOn the basis of this review, we maintain that in addition to studies of water fluoridation and fluoride toothpaste, there are other preventive intervention studies providing scientific evidence for caries reduction among children and adolescents with immigrant or low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Can Coloured Fluoride Gel Stain Demineralised Enamel?

This study evaluated the colour changes of demineralized enamel after treatment with coloured fluoride gel. Enamel blocks obtained from bovine incisors were submitted to artificial caries induction by pH cycling followed by fluoride gel applications (2% sodium fluoride, pH 6.8) using a colourless gel (control group), pink or blue gels. The enamel optical properties were evaluated by spectrophotometry, using the CIE L*a*b* system at baseline (sound enamel), after artificial caries induction (demineralised enamel) and after each of the five fluoride gel applications (weekly intervals). Changes in enamel optical properties (ΔE) were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). No significant differences were found among fluoride gels (p = 0.476) regardless of the presence of pigments in the gel. ΔE values were significantly different (p < 0.001) between baseline evaluation and treated enamel (after fluoride gel application). This in vitro study demonstrated that colour changes in enamel do not occur during fluoride gel treatment, regardless of the presence or absence of coloured pigments in the gel.

Effect of the carbon dioxide 10,600-nm laser and topical fluoride gel application on enamel microstructure and microhardness after acid challenge: an in vitro study.

The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate positive effects of the carbon dioxide laser (CO2, 10,600nm) with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on enamel acid resistance. Twenty extracted human third molars (40 surfaces) were randomly assigned into four groups: group C, untreated control; group L, CO2 laser alone group; group F, APF 1.23% fluoride gel; and group FL, APF 1.23% gel and laser. Samples from group L were irradiated with a CO2 laser for 30s. The parameter settings used were average power, 0.73W; time on, 100μs; time off, 40ms; tip-to-tissue distance, 20mm; tip diameter 700μm; and energy density with movements, 5J/cm2. Samples from group F were treated with the APF gel for 4min, and the gel was washed off with distilled water. The enamel samples from group FL were treated with APF gel for 4min and then irradiated with the CO2 laser for 30s without removing the gel. Each enamel sample was placed in 50ml soft drink (pH = 2.75) for 10min then rinsed with deionized water and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 1h. Samples were assessed for Vickers hardness number (VHN) before and after treatments and subjected to SEM analysis. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (α < 0.05). After the acid challenge, the untreated C group was demineralized to a great extent and the enamel surface was with the lowest mean score of microhardness. The observed VHN in the control (C group) had a mean value of 176.13, the scores in the CO2 laser group (L group) were with mean value of 238.40, the F group with a mean value of 218.45, and the fluoride-treated and laser-irradiated FL group-with a mean of 268.28 VHN. Paired t test performed to compare groups C, L, F, and FL has shown that group FL has greater resistance to decrease in microhardness of dental enamel (P ≤ 0.05) on exposure to acidic protocol. After the acid challenge, the fluoride-treated and laser-irradiated samples (group FL) showed the least diminution in enamel surface microhardness. The sub-ablative carbon dioxide laser irradiation in combination with fluoride treatment is more effective in protecting enamel surface and resisting demineralization than CO2 laser irradiation or fluoride alone.

Evaluation of diode laser and stannous fluoride in the treatment of root sensitivity after access flap surgery: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background:Postsurgical root sensitivity has always been an enigma to the periodontists. There is a plethora of evidence suggesting the presence of root sensitivity following periodontal flap surgical procedures. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate the effect of low-power diode lasers with and without topical application of stannous fluoride (SnF2) gel in the treatment of root sensitivity and also evaluate whether laser creates any placebo effect in the control group or not.Materials and Methods:Thirty patients participated in this study and 99 teeth were included. Root sensitivity was assessed for all groups with a Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). For each patient, the teeth were randomized into three groups. In the test Group I, sensitive teeth were treated with SnF2 and diode laser. In the test Group II, sensitive teeth were irradiated with laser only. In the control group, no treatment was performed.Results:The mean ± standard deviation (SD) score for VRS and Visual Analog Scale at baseline was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) between the three groups. After 15 min, statistical significant difference was seen in test Group I and test Group II, although no difference was found in the control group. At 15th day and 30th day, the mean ± SD scores were statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that diode lasers alone and in combination with 0.4% SnF2 was effective in the treatment of root sensitivity after access flap surgery.

Long-term effect of intensive prevention on dental health of primary school children by socioeconomic status.

Children in a German region took part in regular toothbrushing with fluoride gel during their time in primary school after having received a preventive program in kindergarten. The study aimed at determining the dental health of the students as a function of prevention in kindergarten and at school while taking into account their socioeconomic status and other confounders. The subjects were in six groups: groups 1 and 2, intensive prevention in kindergarten with and without fluoride gel at school; groups 3 and 4, basic prevention in kindergarten with and without fluoride gel at school; groups 5 and 6, no organized prevention in kindergarten with and without fluoride gel at school. Two dental examinations were performed for assessing caries experience and calculating caries increment from second grade (7-year-olds) to fourth grade (9-year-olds). A standardized questionnaire was used to record independent variables. To compare caries scores and preventive measures of various subgroups, non-parametric tests and a binary logistic regression analysis were performed. A significant difference was found in the mean decayed, missing, and filled tooth/teeth (DMFT) depending on socioeconomic status (no prevention in kindergarten, fluoride gel at school in children with low SES: DMFT = 0.47 vs. DMFT = 0.18 in children with high SES; p = 0.023). Class-specific differences were no longer visible among children who had taken part in an intensive preventive program combining daily supervised toothbrushing in kindergarten and application of fluoride gel in school. Early prevention, focusing on professionally supported training of toothbrushing in kindergarten and at school, has a positive effect on dental health and is able to reduce class-specific differences in caries distribution. Early training of toothbrushing and fissure sealing of first permanent molars are the most important factors for the dental health of primary school children.

Effectiveness of different preventive agents on initial occlusal and proximal caries lesions: A follow-up study

Background/purposeMonitoring the effects of different caries-preventive agents on initial caries lesions in orthodontic patients is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of different preventive methods in preventing occlusal and proximal incipient lesions (ILs) during fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and methodsForty-eight subjects at the beginning of fixed orthodontic treatment were included. All subjects were well educated and motivated to use the fluoride toothpaste (Colgate Total, 1450 ppm F) three times a day during the study period. Four different groups were created with a split-mouth design: placebo, fluoride gel, fluoride varnish, and chlorhexidine varnish. The occlusal surfaces of the second molar teeth were assessed with DIAGNOdent pen (DD) during the first 12 months (6th and 12th), and the proximal surfaces of each quadrant were monitored using bitewing radiographs until the 24th month (baseline and 24th month). ResultsThe mean DD values increased in each group during the first 6 months compared to the baseline, but a significant increment was only obtained in the control and fluoride gel groups (p < 0.05). Fluoride and chlorhexidine varnish had significantly more preventive effects than the control and the fluoride gel for occlusal surfaces at the 6th and 12th month and for intact proximal surfaces at the 24th month, but no significant differences were found between the two varnish groups (p > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the four methods in terms of caries progression for proximal ILs after 24 months. ConclusionEffective toothbrushing with 1450 ppm fluoridated toothpaste and topical fluoride gel application seems to be inadequate for prevention of new proximal ILs during fixed orthodontic treatment. Fluoride and chlorhexidine varnish showed more protection in relation to occlusal surfaces.

In Vitro Comparison Of Fluoride Gel Alone and in Combination With Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on Reducing White Spot Lesions in Primary Teeth.

Introduction: Laser therapy has been suggested as a method for caries-prevention, and ErCr:YSGG laser is increasingly used in dentistry. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of fluoride gel alone and in conjunction with Er,Cr:YSGG laser for remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) in primary teeth. Methods: This study was conducted on 20 primary teeth with WSLs extracted for orthodontic reasons. Three sections were made of each tooth at the site of WSLs. The surface area of WSLs was measured under a stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. Samples were assigned to 3 groups of control (group 1), exposure to 1.23% APF gel for 4 minutes (group 2) and Er,Cr:YSGG laser (0.5 W power, 20 Hz frequency, 60% water, 40% air, pulse duration of 5±1 seconds) plus fluoride (group 3). All samples were stored in artificial saliva for 10 days and then the surface area of the WSLs was measured again under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, MannWhitney and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results: The reduction in surface area of the WSLs was significantly different between the control and fluoride (P<0.001) and also the control and laser plus fluoride groups (P<0.001); the difference between fluoride and laser plus fluoride groups was not significant (P=0.265). Comparison of the surface area of WSLs before and after the intervention showed no significant difference in group one (P=0.737) while this difference in groups 2 (P<0.001) and 3 (P<0.001) was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results showed that Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation plus 1.23% APF gel was not significantly different from the application of fluoride gel alone in enhancing the remineralization of WSLs.

Introducing mini clinical evaluation exercise for assessing preventive procedure - 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel application by final year dental students

Introducing mini clinical evaluation exercise for assessing preventive procedure - 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel application by final year dental students

Dental Prophylaxis and Osteoradionecrosis: A Population-Based Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of different dental prophylactic modalities and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and determine the risk of ORN under different timing periods of scaling, with the use chlorhexidine mouth rinse after surgery and with different strategies of fluoride gel application in head and neck cancer (HNC) participants. A cohort of 18,231 HNC participants, including 941 ORN patients and 17,290 matched control cases, were enrolled from a Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for Catastrophic Illness Patients (LHID-CIP) in Taiwan. Based on different dental prophylactic modalities before radiotherapy, including chlorhexidine mouth rinse, scaling, and fluoride gel, all HNC subjects were stratified into different groups. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to compare ORN incidences under different dental prophylactic modalities. The results revealed that scaling and chlorhexidine mouth rinse were significantly related to ORN risk (P = 0.004 and P < 0.0001). Chlorhexidine mouth rinse was highly correlated to ORN occurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.83–2.66), as exposure increased the risk by 2.43-fold among oral cancer patients, regardless of whether they had received major oral surgery or not. Oral cancer patients receiving scaling within 2 wk before radiotherapy increased their incidence of ORN by 1.28-fold compared with patients who had not undergone scaling within 6 mo. There is no significance of fluoride application for dental prophylaxis in increasing ORN occurrence. In conclusion, dental prophylaxis before radiotherapy is strongly correlated to ORN in HNC patients. Chlorhexidine exposure and dental scaling within 2 wk before radiotherapy is significantly related to ORN risk, especially in oral cancer patients. The use of 1.1% NaF topical application did not significantly increase the risk of ORN in HNC patients. An optimal dental prophylaxis protocol to reduce ORN should concern cancer location, cautious prescription of chlorhexidine mouth rinse, and proper timing of scaling.

Effect of Different Topical Fluoride on the Surface Roughness of Glass Ionomer Cement

&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractContent"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;: To evaluate the effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and sodium fluoride (NaF) gel on the surface roughness of glass ionomer cements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractContent"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Twenty disc-shaped samples were fabricated from glass ionomer cement (Fuji II, GC Gold Label, Japan) and divided into two test groups that is group I for acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel application and group II for sodium fluoride (NaF) gel application. After 24 hours, the surface roughness (Ra) was determined using a profilometer (MarSurf M300, Germany). Samples surface were applied by topical fluoride gel according test group for 4 minutes. After the treatment, the surface roughness (Ra) was determined using a profilometer. T test was used to evaluate surface roughness measurement and the differences in surface roughness values between test groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractContent"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: Acidulated phosphate fluoride gel group showed the highest surface roughness than sodium fluoride group. There were significant differences between test groups (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.00).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractContent"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Acidulated phosphate fluoride gel can cause surface roughness on the glass ionomer cement more than sodium fluoride gel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="Keywords" align="left"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: acidulated phosphate fluoride, glass ionomer cements, sodium fluoride&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, surface roughness&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;

Effect of stannous fluoride gel application on caries risk factors in orthodontic patients

Effect of stannous fluoride gel application on caries risk factors in orthodontic patients