Fluoride Concentration In Water Research Articles

THE INCREASE OF RIVER FLUOR CONTENT USING WHITE AND GREEN FLUORIDE STONE

Fluoride content in water consumed by the people of Mekar Sari Village, Tatah Makmur District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province is still below the WHO recommendation and the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. This study aims to determine the differences in the ability of fluoride stones from the peat area - Liang Anggang, Banjar Regency and fluoride stones from Tanah Laut area of South Kalimantan in increasing fluoride content in river water. This type of work is analytical research. The experiments were carried out in river water by means of preliminary treatment until the turbidity is less than 5 NTU. Furthermore, the processed water was re-circulated into a “flour increase portable” device to manipulate the processed water with stones containing fluoride. Variations in research include 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours recirculation; fluoride stones types were from Liang Anggang area and from Tanah Laut. The results show that green stones from Tanah Laut area can increase fluoride content in processed river water to 0.63 mg / l. This means that the ability of this green stone is lower than that of white stone in increasing fluoride content in processed river water.

Critical windows of fluoride neurotoxicity in Canadian children

BackgroundFluoride has been associated with IQ deficits during early brain development, but the period in which children are most sensitive is unknown. ObjectiveWe assessed effects of fluoride on IQ scores across prenatal and postnatal exposure windows. MethodsWe used repeated exposures from 596 mother-child pairs in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals pregnancy and birth cohort. Fluoride was measured in urine (mg/L) collected from women during pregnancy and in their children between 1.9 and 4.4 years; urinary fluoride was adjusted for specific gravity. We estimated infant fluoride exposure (mg/day) using water fluoride concentration and duration of formula-feeding over the first year of life. Intelligence was assessed at 3–4 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the associations between fluoride exposures and IQ, adjusting for covariates. We report results based on standardized exposures given their varying units of measurement. ResultsThe association between fluoride and performance IQ (PIQ) significantly differed across prenatal, infancy, and childhood exposure windows collapsing across child sex (p = .001). The strongest association between fluoride and PIQ was during the prenatal window, B = −2.36, 95% CI: −3.63, −1.08; the association was also significant during infancy, B = −2.11, 95% CI: −3.45, −0.76, but weaker in childhood, B = −1.51, 95% CI: −2.90, −0.12. Within sex, the association between fluoride and PIQ significantly differed across the three exposure windows (boys: p = .01; girls: p = .01); among boys, the strongest association was during the prenatal window, B = −3.01, 95% CI: −4.60, −1.42, whereas among girls, the strongest association was during infancy, B = −2.71, 95% CI: −4.59, −0.83. Full-scale IQ estimates were weaker than PIQ estimates for every window. Fluoride was not significantly associated with Verbal IQ across any exposure window. ConclusionAssociations between fluoride exposure and PIQ differed based on timing of exposure. The prenatal window may be critical for boys, whereas infancy may be a critical window for girls.

CsPbBr3 Perovskite–Coated Paper Substrate for the Cost‐Effective Detection of Fluoride, Chloride, and Iodide Ions in Water

Developing a simple and cost‐effective substrate for the detection of the halide ions present in water is extremely important due to their adverse effects at higher concentrations. A good substrate should behave differently in the presence of different halide ions. Herein, a CsPbBr3‐coated paper substrate is used for the detection of fluoride, chloride, and iodide ions. As a result of the fast anion exchange reactions, in the presence of each halide ion, the CsPbBr3‐coated paper shows different emission behaviors. The presence of chloride and iodide ions results in blueshifted and redshifted absorption and emission, respectively. In the presence of fluoride ions, anion exchange followed by decomposition of the perovskite nanocrystal is observed. The anion exchange reactions of CsPbBr3 perovskites are faster than the moisture‐induced decomposition, which enables the detection of micromolar concentrations of fluoride, chloride, and iodide ions in water.

Low-moderate fluoride exposure and intelligence among Chinese school-aged children: Role of circulating mtDNA content

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content alterations are potential mediators of neuronal disorders. However, what effects of mtDNA content are on fluoride-induced neurotoxicity remain elusive. Here, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate roles of circulating mtDNA content on associations between fluoride and intelligence quotient (IQ) in 605 children aged 7–13 years from Tianjin, China. We assessed IQ and circulating mtDNA content in peripheral blood through the second edition of Combined Raven's Test-The Rural in China (CRT-RC2) and qRT-PCR methods. National standardized ion selective electrode method was used for fluoride concentrations in drinking water samples from each village and urine samples. Our results showed that the median (interquartile range) of water and urinary fluoride concentrations were 1.00 (0.70–2.20) mg/L and 0.41 (0.15–2.29) mg/L respectively. Water/urinary fluoride concentrations were negatively associated with not only IQ scores but mtDNA content, which in turn was positively linked with odds of children having excellent intelligence (P for trend <0.05). In gender-stratified analysis, fluoride levels were correlated with decreased odds [odds ratio (OR) = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90–0.99 for water fluoride; OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–0.99 for urinary fluoride], while mtDNA content was related to increased odds of having excellent intelligence (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.30) in girls. Mediation analyses indicated that mtDNA content mediated 38.2% (95% CI: 9.6–78.4%) and 29.2% (95% CI: 0.77–67.0%) of associations of fluoride in water and urine with reduced odds of having excellent intelligence in girls. Collectively, our findings suggest that circulating mtDNA content was negatively associated with low-moderate fluoride concentrations, whereas positively linked to odds of possessing excellent intelligence in school-aged children. Especially, circulating mtDNA content may mediate the association between fluoride and reduced odds of having excellent intelligence in girls. Further, our findings need to be verified in a larger and general population.

Sensitive assessment of groundwater-associated, multi-exposure health hazards in a fluoride-enriched region of West Bengal, India

Ninety groundwater samples were collected from Khayrasole and Rajnagar blocks of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India, during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon in 2016 to assess the hazards of fluoride in groundwater. Fluoride concentration fluctuated from 0.3 to 17.6mg/L, with 70% of samples reported beyond the modified regional optimal fluoride level (0.7mg/L) with a statistically significant level of p < 1.7E-24. The average cation and anion concentrations exhibited a descending order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > F-, respectively. Notably, groundwater quality in 50% of the places ranged from poor to unfit for drinking purposes in terms of water quality index. The mean total hazard index (THI) was 1.1 for adults and 1.9 for children, signifying a greater chance of non-carcinogenic threats to both age groups. In calculating the THI, ingestion and dermal pathways accounted for approximately 96% and 3% health hazards, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis identified that the diurnal water ingestion rate, exposure duration, and fluoride concentration were the significant sensitive variables that triggered most groundwater-associated non-carcinogenic health issues, signifying more risks among children. Further, dental health surveys (N = 746), following Dean's norms for classification based on regional optimal fluoride level, designated the borderline grade of the community dental hazard. The subsequent hydrogeochemical characterization directed that dissolution from fluoride-bearing minerals and water-rock interaction, such as halite dissolution and calcite-dolomite precipitation, were the governing factors for F- enrichment in groundwater. This study will serve as baseline data for delineating fluoride-induced dental and other health hazards through sensitivity and spatial analysis in the GIS platform for hazard zonation and effective groundwater quality management.

Simulation study on the migration of F− in soil around Chagan Lake, China

Chagan Lake is located in the high-fluorine area of western Jilin, with high fluoride content in surface water, soil, and groundwater around it. Due to its unique topography and hydrogeological conditions, Chagan Lake collects surrounding water and is closely connected with groundwater. The complex surrounding water not only affects the groundwater quality through Chagan Lake, but also affects groundwater through the infiltration of vadose zone. In order to further study the characteristics of the migration of F- in the soil around Chagan Lake along with water flow in the vadose zone and its impact on groundwater, soil column experiments were carried out using soil collected in the field, combined with HYDRUS-1D to simulate the migration characteristics of F-. The model was verified by measured data, the sensitivity of each parameter was analyzed by the single-factor disturbance method, and the effect of F- on groundwater was simulated and predicted. The results showed that (1) the soil column experiment was carried out using transport solutions of different pH value. The time required for F- to penetrate the soil column under alkaline conditions was shorter, and the HYDRUS model used has a high degree of fitting. (2) The single-factor disturbance method is used to analyze the sensitivity of the parameters. The parameters that have a greater impact on the migration of fluoride ions in the soil are saturated hydraulic conductivity, adsorption coefficient, and soil bulk density. (3) In the prediction scenario, due to the adsorption and interception of the vadose zone, as the depth increases, the time it takes for F- to accumulate is also longer. The groundwater around Chagan Lake is relatively shallow, and surface F- in alkaline environment reaches the underground aquifer within 2 days. The F- concentration in the groundwater reaches its maximum before the end of the irrigation period. In neutral environment, the F- concentration in groundwater did not reach the maximum before the end of the irrigation period.

Evaluation and DFT analysis of 3D porous rhombohedral Fe-modified MgO for removing fluoride efficiently

Three-dimensional porous rhombohedral Fe-modified MgO mixed metal oxide (CMF) adsorbent was successfully prepared via a one-step hydrothermal method without the use of a template and surfactant. This material can be used to remove excess fluoride from water. Because of the integration of Fe, it efficiently responds to low concentrations of fluoride in water, and the resulting adsorbent exhibits lamellar peeling and reorganization; it also captures a large amount of fluoride. The adsorption behavior of fluoride on the surface of CMF conforms to the Freundlich isothermal model and to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The maximum adsorption capacity of CMF for fluoride was as high as 126.79 mg/g. Electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and bonding of fluoride and metal were the adsorption mechanism of CMF. DFT analysis showed that Fe-modified MgO with a low doping rate is more beneficial for the adsorption of fluoride, and the adsorption energy is −1.139 eV. F bonds to metal via orbital hybridization. Moreover, cycling experiments indicated that the material has good reusability and can be used for long-term absorption of fluoride. This task may contribute to the task of developing sustainable water resources, which is beneficial to human life and natural environment.

Electrocoagulation as a Promising Defluoridation Technology from Water: A Review of State of the Art of Removal Mechanisms and Performance Trends

Fluoride ions present in drinking water are beneficial to human health when at proper concentration levels (0.5–1.5 mg L−1), but an excess intake of fluoride (&gt;1.5 mg L−1) may pose several health problems. In this context, reducing high fluoride concentrations in water is a major worldwide challenge. The World Health Organization has recommended setting a permissible limit of 1.5 mg L−1. The application of electrocoagulation (EC) processes has received widespread and increasing attention as a promising treatment technology and a competitive treatment for fluoride control. EC technology has been favourably applied due to its economic effectiveness, environmental versatility, amenability of automation, and low sludge production. This review provides more detailed information on fluoride removal from water by the EC process, including operating parameters, removal mechanisms, energy consumption, and operating costs. Additionally, it also focuses attention on future trends related to improve defluoridation efficiency.

Factors associated with dental fluorosis among Malaysian children exposed to different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply.

To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis, and factors associated with its occurrence in two cohorts of children exposed to different fluoride concentrations in the Malaysian water supply. A cross-sectional study was conducted among lifelong residents (n=1,155) aged 9 and 12 years old living in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas. Malaysian children aged 12 years were born when the level of fluoride in the public water supply was 0.7ppm while those aged 9 years were born after the level was reduced to 0.5ppm. Fluorosis was blind scored using standardized photographs of maxillary central incisors using Dean's criteria. Fluoride exposures and other factors were assessed by parental questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared analyses, and logistic regression. Fluorosis prevalence was lower (31.9percent) among the younger children born after the reduction of fluoride concentration in the water, compared to a prevalence of 38.4percent in the older cohort. Early tooth brushing practices and fluoridated toothpaste were not statistically associated with fluorosis status. However, the prevalence of fluorosis was significantly associated with parents' education level, parents' income, fluoridated water, type of infant feeding method, age breast feeding ceased, use of formula milk, duration of formula milk intake, and type of water used to reconstitute formula milk via simple logistic regression. Fluoridated water remained a significant risk factor for fluorosis in multiple logistic regression. Fluorosis was lower among children born after the adjustment of fluoride concentration in the water. Fluoridated water remained as a strong risk factor for fluorosis after downward adjustment of its fluoride concentration.

Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample

BackgroundFluoride from dietary and environmental sources may concentrate in calcium-containing regions of the body such as the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. We examined associations between fluoride exposure and sleep outcomes among older adolescents and adults in Canada.MethodsWe used population-based data from Cycle 3 (2012–2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Participants were aged 16 to 79 years and 32% lived in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in spot samples and adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG; n = 1303) and water fluoride concentrations were measured in tap water samples among those who reported drinking tap water (n = 1016). We used multinomial and ordered logistic regression analyses (using both unweighted and survey-weighted data) to examine associations of fluoride exposure with self-reported sleep outcomes, including sleep duration, frequency of sleep problems, and daytime sleepiness. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, chronic health conditions, and household income.ResultsMedian (IQR) UFSG concentration was 0.67 (0.63) mg/L. Median (IQR) water fluoride concentration was 0.58 (0.27) mg/L among participants living in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water and 0.01 (0.06) mg/L among those living in non-fluoridated communities. A 0.5 mg/L higher water fluoride level was associated with 34% higher relative risk of reporting sleeping less than the recommended duration for age [unweighted: RRR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73; p = .026]; the relative risk was higher, though less precise, using survey-weighted data [RRR = 1.96, 95% CI: 0.99, 3.87; p = .05]. UFSG was not significantly associated with sleep duration. Water fluoride and UFSG concentration were not significantly associated with frequency of sleep problems or daytime sleepiness.ConclusionsFluoride exposure may contribute to sleeping less than the recommended duration among older adolescents and adults in Canada.

Association of COVID-19-imposed lockdown and online searches for toothache in Iran

BackgroundNovel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has impacted populations in many ways worldwide, including access to oral health services. This study aims to assess the association between lockdown due to COVID-19 and online searches for toothache in Iran using Google Trends (GT).MethodsWe investigated GT online searches for toothache within the past five years. The time frame for data gathering was considered as the initiation and end dates of the national lockdown in Iran. We performed one-way ANOVA statistical test to compare relative search volumes (RSVs) between the year 2020 and 2016–2019 for the whole country. Then we investigated the possible association of RSVs in provinces with dentists’ density, prevalence of current daily smokers, Human Development Index (HDI), Internet access, and fluoride concentration in water using linear regression.ResultsWhen comparing 2020 with the previous four years, there was a rise of 2020 RSVs versus all previous years combined and each year (P < 0.001 for all of them). In the linear model for the year 2020, HDI (B = − 3.29, 95% CI: (− 5.80, − 0.78), P = 0.012) had a strong negative relationship with provincial RSVs. HDI mostly had strong positive relationship with provincial RSVs in prior years. Fluoride concentration (B = − 0.13, 95% CI: (− 0.24, − 0.03), P = 0.017) and dentists’ density (B = − 0.04, 95% CI: (− 0.25, 0.17), P = 0.669) were also negatively associated with RSVs in 2020. These associations were mostly negative in the previous years as well. Internet access (B = 0.36, 95% CI: (− 0.38, 1.09), P = 0.325) and prevalence of daily smokers (B = 0.33, 95% CI: (0.13, 0.53), P = 0.002) were positively associated with RSVs.ConclusionThe RSVs for toothache in 2020 have increased due to COVID-19-imposed lockdown compared with the same period in the past four years. This increase was related to socioeconomic factors.

Fluoride exposure and factors affecting dental caries in preschool children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides

BackgroundSuccessful oral health interventions must be based on the specific needs of the population that they serve. Evaluation of habits related to dental caries development and estimation of fluoride exposure in a target group of young patients helps to plan effective and safe caries prevention strategies. ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate factors affecting dental caries experience and sources of fluoride exposure in preschool children living in two areas: with optimal and low natural content of fluoride in drinking water. Materials and methodsThe study included a group of 73 children of both sexes aged 4–7 years attending two kindergartens in Środa Wielkopolska and Turek (Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Poland), where the content of fluoride in drinking water according to data obtained in the sanitary station ranged from 0.68 to 0.74 mg/L (optimal concentration of fluoride) and from 0.19 to 0.30 mg/L (low concentration of fluoride), respectively. Parents of patients completed a survey about diet, hygiene, and dental care, taking into account the child's fluoride exposure. The calibrated dentist assessed the oral health condition using a mirror, a CPI probe, and a headlamp. Oral hygiene was recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index, caries experience by calculating the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled primary, and permanent teeth (dmf and DMF, respectively) while caries frequency by calculating the percentage of children with caries experience above 0. In order to assess the fluoride concentrations in urine and drinking water, parents were asked to provide a urine sample collected on fasting and a tap water sample. Fluoride concentrations were assessed using a 09–37 (MARAT) fluoride ion-selective electrode and a RAE 111 silver-chloride reference electrode. Statistical analysis was conducted using the data analysis software system Statistica (version 12, StatSoft, Inc. 2014), assuming a statistical significance level p < 0.05. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between caries indices of the examined children in each kindergarten (p > 0.05). Urinary fluoride levels were higher in children who tended to swallow toothpaste or used fluoride rinses and positively correlated with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Dental caries experience in the examined children depended on the effectiveness and frequency of oral hygiene procedures and dietary habits. ConclusionsThe strategy aimed at improving the oral health of the examined group of children should include accomplishing oral hygiene, promoting a non-cariogenic diet, and, finally, controlling fluoride exposure from at-home fluoride products. Caries prevention program ought to be adjusted to individual characteristics of each child, taking into consideration oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and total fluoride intake.

Urinary fluoride and micronutrients intake in children from San Luis Potosi, Mexico

ABSTRACT To assess the relationship between urinary fluoride and micronutrients intake we recruited 121 schoolchildren from San Luis Potosí. We evaluated fluoride concentrations in drinking water and urine with the ion-selective electrode method and estimated calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intakes with a validated consumption frequency questionnaire. About 72% of the population used tap water for drinking and cooking. Fluoride concentrations were 2.36 ± 0.02 mg/L in tap water, 0.14 ± 0.04 mg/L in bottled water and 2.05 ± 0.62 mg/L in urine. Urinary fluoride was higher in children with a consumption <50% of the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) of calcium (2.20 v/s 1.96 mg/L; p < 0.05), <50% RDI of magnesium (2.58 v/s 1.96 and 1.90 mg/L; p < 0.05) and >150% RDI of phosphorus (2.43 v/s 1.82 mg/L; p < 0.05). These data indicated that fluoride concentration in tap water is higher than bottled water and estimated micronutrients intake is related to urinary fluoride.

How effective and cost-effective is water fluoridation for adults? Protocol for a 10-year retrospective cohort study

BackgroundTooth decay can cause pain, sleepless nights and loss of productive workdays. Fluoridation of drinking water was identified in the 1940s as a cost-effective method of prevention. In the mid-1970s, fluoride toothpastes became widely available. Since then, in high-income countries the prevalence of tooth decay in children has reduced whilst natural tooth retention in older age groups has increased. Most water fluoridation research was carried out before these dramatic changes in fluoride availability and oral health. Furthermore, there is a paucity of evidence in adults. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of water fluoridation in preventing invasive dental treatment in adults and adolescents aged over 12.Methods/designRetrospective cohort study using 10 years of routinely available dental treatment data. Individuals exposed to water fluoridation will be identified by sampled water fluoride concentration linked to place of residence. Outcomes will be based on the number of invasive dental treatments received per participant (fillings, extractions, root canal treatments). A generalised linear model with clustering by local authority area will be used for analysis. The model will include area level propensity scores and individual-level covariates. The economic evaluation will focus on (1) cost-effectiveness as assessed by the water fluoridation mean cost per invasive treatment avoided and (2) a return on investment from the public sector perspective, capturing the change in cost of dental service utilisation resulting from investment in water fluoridation.DiscussionsThere is a well-recognised need for contemporary evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of water fluoridation, particularly for adults. The absence of such evidence for all age groups may lead to an underestimation of the potential benefits of a population-wide, rather than targeted, fluoride delivery programme. This study will utilise a pragmatic design to address the information needs of policy makers in a timely manner.

Determination of the Fluoride Content in Water of Aqueducts of Cauca (Colombia) by Ion Exchange Chromatography.

Water for human consumption is the main source of fluoride exposure. The concentration in water should not exceed 1mg/L of fluoride since, at higher levels; it increases the risk of dental fluorosis, among other adverse effects. The fluoride content of 149 water samples from different aqueducts in Cauca (Colombia) has been determined by ion exchange chromatography with the aim of fluoride risk assessment. The rural area of the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao registered fluoride concentrations between 0.012 and 0.150mg/L. The urban area of Santander de Quilichao recorded lower fluoride levels than the rural area (0.027-0.068mg/L). The urban area of the Municipality of Cajibío registered fluoride levels of 0.082-0.186mg/L. The highest levels of fluoride were found in Timbío (0.121-0.210mg/L). The fluoride levels recorded in this study are not considered sufficient to trigger dental fluorosis. Likewise, optimal levels are not considered to protect the child population against dental caries. However, a monitoring plan of fluoride concentrations in water should be implemented to assure the quality and safe of the water.

Dental fluorosis of children aged 8-12 in diseased areas in Xi’an City from 2014 to 2018

Objective To evaluate the dynamic prevalence of dental fluorosis of children and levels of fluoride in drinking water after improvement of water in Xi’an City, to provide scientific basis for water fluoridation improvement. Methods A total of 35 fluorosis endemic villages were selected as fixed monitor sites in 2014-2018, the ways of water improvement were surveyed, water fluorine content were detected and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 to 12 years were examined. Results Rates of excess fluoride in drinking water from 2014 to 2018 were 22.86%, 14.29%, 11.43%, 11.43% and 8.57%, the difference were significant ( χ 2 = 16.44, P <0.01).The dental fluorosis detection rates of children aged 8 to 12 years were 20.89%, 18.22%, 17.46%, 18.13% and 16.76% in 2014-2018 which showed a obvious descending trend by year ( χ 2 = 10.02, P <0.01). The detection rate of dental fluorosis in children aged 8 and 9 years showed a decreasing trend by year ( χ 2 = 6.53, 4.54, P <0.05). The difference of total rate of dental fluorisis, rate of mild cases rate of moderate-to-severe cases were statistically between the villages without qualified water and the villages with normal fluorine water ( χ 2 = 179.22, 167.93, 10.35, P <0.01). The rate of detection in the villages with the water fluorine exceed standard in 2014-2018 showed a declining trend year by year ( χ 2 = 28.50, P <0.01). The detection rate were significant different across water improvement methods ( χ 2 = 197.76, P <0.01). Detection rate of dental fluorosis decreased from 2014 to 2018 in the areas with municipal water supply showed a decreasing after year ( χ 2 = 12.16, P <0.01). Conclusion The improvement of municipal water supply shows significant effects on water fluorosis control, the detection rate of water fluoride and children’s dental fluorosis in some villages with the other ways of water improvement are still higher than expected, the continuously monitor of fluoride content in water and dental fluorosis in children should be strengthened. 【摘要】 目的 动态监测西安市饮水型氟中毒病区改水后水氟和儿童氟斑牙病情变化趋势,为改水降氟提供科学依据。 方法 2014—2018年在西安市选择 10 个区县的 35 个病区村作为固定监测点,调査改水方式、水氟含量和 8~ 12岁儿童氟 斑牙病情。 结果 2014—2018 年病区村水氟含量超标率分别为 22.86%, 14.29%,11.43%, 11.43%和 8.57%,差异有统计学 意义( χ 2 = 16.44, P <0.01)。各年度间 8~12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率依次为 20.89%, 18.22%, 17.46%, 18.13%, 16.76%,且呈 逐年下降趋势( χ 2 趋势 = 10.02, P <0.01)。 8,9岁组儿童氟斑牙检出率各年度间比较,呈逐年下降的趋势( χ 2 趋势 值分别为 6.53, 4.54, P 值均<0.05)。水氟含量超标村儿童氟斑牙总检出率、轻度及以下、中度及以上检出率与水氟含量合格村比较,差异 有统计学意义( χ 2 值分别为 179.22,167.93,10.35, P 值均<0.01)。水氟含量超标病区村各年度间的氟斑牙检出率呈逐年 下降趋势( χ 2 趋势 =28.50, P <0.01)。市政供水、低氟井与除氟处理 3 种改水方式儿童氟斑牙检出率差异有统计学意义( χ 2 = 197.76, P <0.01)。市政供水各年度间儿童氟斑牙检出率呈逐年下降趋势( χ 2 趋势 = 12.16, P <0.01)。 结论 市政供水改水降 氟效果显著,其他改水方式仍有部分病区村水氟及儿童氟斑牙检出率未达标,应继续加强改水后水氟含量和儿童氟斑牙病 情监测。

Defluorination of groundwater by low-cost adsorbents

India is among nation higher in percentage suffer s from fluorosis through consumption of groundwater. Fluoride content in natural water has become a major issue in major parts of the world and should be in 0.6 to 1.5 mg/l. Investigations in the removal of fluoride content have been carried in various techniques. This paper speaks on treating fluoride content and to utilize it as drinking water at low-cost techniques by natural adsorbents for a sustainable environment. In this process adsorption time effects, concentration of fluoride at varied adsorbent dosage with maintained temperature are studied. Adsorbents such as dry ginger powder, spinach, turmeric powder, orange peel powder were used.

Estimation of Flouride Concentration in Drinking Water Sources of Bhilai, Chattisgarh

Background: Fluoride has always been considered as a “double edged sword”. The optimum and judicious use of fluoride has resulted in caries protection whereas injudicious use has resulted in chronic fluoride toxicity, which manifests as dental and skeletal fluoride. Dental fluorosis occurring due to drinking water with high concentration of fluoride is a common public health problem in India. Hence the present study was designed with an aim to estimate fluoride concentration in drinking water source of the people from Bhilai, Chattisgarh. Aim: To estimate fluoride concentration in drinking water source of the people from Bhilai, Chattisgarh. Material and Methods: Eight different samples of ground water was collected from bhiali, Chattisgarh, which is divided into four different areas: kurud (north), Maroda (south), Charoda (east), Nehrunagar (west); all these samples were tested by HI-96759-11 portable photometre and the fluoride concentration was determined. All the data obtained was then further subjected to statistical analysis and a conclusion was inferred regarding the fluoride concentration of drinking water source of the people of Bhilai, Chattisgarh which is essential for an effective fluoride regimen for prevention of dental caries in children. Result: Highest fluoride concentration in Bhilai is found to be 0.52 ± .056 ppm and the lowest being 0.31 ± .148 ppm. So, the fluoride concentration of the ground water in Bhilai is found to be in the range of 0.3-o.6 ppm. Thus, it does not possess any chance to cause dental fluorosis in the people of Bhilai. However, a fluoride supplementation of 0.25mg/day for 3-6yrs children and 0.50mg/day for 6-16yrs children can be done to enhance the prevention of dental caries in the children residing in Bhilai, Chattisgarh.

Subtle Toxic Manifestation of Fluoride on Haematological Parameters of Freshwater Carp Catla catla (Hemilton)

Fluoride has already been identified as a potential toxic contaminant in the environment causing ailments affecting different systems of body [1]. Toxic manifestation of this element in human beings and other experimental animals is widely documented but very few studies have been conducted on its toxicosis on fish fauna. In this study toxic manifestation of the environmental stress owing to the sub-acute to sub-chronic exposure of fluoride on haematological parameters were evaluated on the chosen fish species Catla catla. The exposure duration was 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. The exposure of excess fluoride concentration in water for long-term duration caused adverse alteration on various parameters of haematopoietic system of the fish. Decrease in haemoglobin, RBC count, MCV, MCH, MCHC and WBC was recorded, and its magnitude was time dependent. These toxic effects are the matter of concern for aquaculture and indicative of the physiological abnormality caused by this environmental contaminant.

Impact of Reducing Water Fluoride on Dental Caries and Fluorosis

Guidance intended to reduce fluoride toothpaste ingestion in early childhood was introduced in Ireland in 2002. In 2007, water fluoride concentration was adjusted from 0.8–1.0 to 0.6–0.8 ppm. The objective of this study was to determine the difference in caries and fluorosis levels following introduction of these 2 policy measures. A before-and-after study compared caries and fluorosis in random samples of 8-y-olds in Dublin (n = 707) and Cork-Kerry (n = 1148) in 2017 with 8-y-olds in Dublin (n = 679) and Cork-Kerry (n = 565) in 2002. Dentinal caries experience (primary teeth, d3vcmft(cde)) and fluorosis (permanent teeth, Dean’s index of very mild or higher) were clinically measured. Lifetime exposure to community water fluoridation (CWF) was classified as “full CWF”/“no CWF.” Effect of examination year on caries prevalence and severity and fluorosis prevalence was assessed using multivariate regression adjusting for other explanatory variables. There was little change in commencement of fluoride toothpaste use at ≤24 mo following introduction of toothbrushing guidance. Among children with full CWF, there was no statistically significant difference in caries prevalence or severity between 2017 and 2002. In 2017, caries prevalence was 55% in Dublin (full CWF) and 56% in Cork-Kerry (full CWF), and mean d3vcmft(cde) among children with caries was 3.4 and 3.7, respectively. Caries severity was less in 2017 (mean 4.2) than 2002 (mean 4.9) among children with no CWF (P = 0.039). The difference in caries severity between children with full CWF and no CWF was less in 2017 than in 2002 (interaction P = 0.013), suggesting a reduced benefit for CWF in 2017. In 2017, fluorosis prevalence was 18% in Dublin (full CWF) and 12% in Cork-Kerry (full CWF). Fluorosis was predominantly “very mild” with no statistically significant difference between 2017 and 2002. CWF at 0.6 to 0.8 ppm is an effective caries-preventive measure. Results suggested low uptake of toothbrushing guidance, a reduced caries-preventive effect for CWF in primary teeth, and no reduction in fluorosis following introduction of the policy measures.