Fluorescent Whitening Agents Research Articles

Determination of fluorescent whitening agents in disposable sanitary products by high performance liquid chromatography

A method for the determination of four fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) (FWA 357, FWA 220, FWA 204 and FWA 113) in disposable sanitary products by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed. The sample was extracted with a 20 mL ultrapure water by sonication for 30 min at 80 °C. The HPLC method was performed on an SB Phenyl column (250 mm x 4. 6 mm, 5 µm) by gradient elution using 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as mobile phases, which can separate the target analytes successfully. The target analytes showed good linearity in the range of 0. 025-400 mg/L with the correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0. 999 9. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N =3) were 0.02-0. 1 mg/L, and the method limits of quantification (MLOQs) were 1. 0 - 5. 0 mg/kg for the target analytes. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated by the determination of FWAs in samples with spiked recoveries. The recoveries were in the range between 83. 7% and 101. 0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) (n=6) ranged from 2. 4% to 7. 0%. This method is simple, and has high recoveries for the determination of FWAs in disposable sanitary products.

Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of p-Chlorobenzaldehyde: An Impact of Biofield Energy Treatment

p-Chlorobenzaldehyde (p-CBA) is used as an important chemical intermediate for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, dyestuffs, optical brighteners, and metal finishing products. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-CBA. The study was accomplished in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group was remained as untreated, while the treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Finally, both the samples (control and treated) were evaluated using various analytical techniques. The surface area analysis showed a substantial increase in the surface area by 23.06% after biofield treatment with respect to the control sample. The XRD analysis showed the crystalline nature of both control and treated samples. The X-ray diffractogram showed the significant alteration in the peak intensity in treated sample as compared to the control. The XRD analysis showed the slight increase (2.31%) in the crystallite size of treated sample as compared to the control. The TGA analysis exhibited the decrease (10%) in onset temperature of thermal degradation form 140°C (control) to 126°C in treated sample. The Tmax (maximum thermal degradation temperature) was slightly decreased (2.14%) from 157.09°C (control) to 153.73°C in treated sample of p-CBA. This decrease in Tmax was possibly due to early phase of vaporization in treated sample as compared to the control. The FT-IR spectrum of treated p-CBA showed the increase in wavenumber of C=C stretching as compared to the control. The UV spectroscopic study showed the similar pattern of wavelength in control and treated samples. Altogether, the surface area, XRD, TGA-DTG and FT-IR analysis suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has the impact to alter the physicochemical properties of p-CBA. This treated p-CBA could be utilized as a better chemical intermediate than the control p-CBA for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs and organic chemicals.

Synthesis and Application of Reactive Fluorescent Brightening Agents on UV Irradiated Cotton Fabric

Synthesis and Application of Reactive Fluorescent Brightening Agents on UV Irradiated Cotton Fabric

トラップを用いたネギアザミウマの移動距離の推定

We investigated the dispersal distance of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, using traps. In a greenhouse, fourteen hours after releasing thrips, we found insects at sticky traps up to 54 m from the release point. The estimated mean dispersal distance (±SE) was 7.4±0.25 m at thirty-nine hours after releasing thrips. In a field, forty-eight hours after releasing thrips applied with the fluorescent brightening agent, we found insects at traps up to 119 m from the release point. The estimated mean dispersal distance (±SE) was 66.6±10.7 m.

BBOT for applications in photovoltaic cells devices and organic diodes

In this work photovoltaic devices based on the fluorescent brightener 184 preparing and features was presented. The brightener was a major component of the active layers of devices, in which was used the selected matrix. The study included are the results for the performed light emitting diodes based on architecture ITO/PEDOT: PSS/organic active layer/calcium/aluminum, we set the characteristics of the diodes. The main aim of the study was the use of the BBOTcompound for the construction of photovoltaic cells. We have made a number of devices bulk-heterojunction type cells based on architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/organic active layer/aluminum in various configurations concentrations and with different thicknesses of the active layers. We have analyzed the current–voltage characteristics of photovoltaic cells and determined parameters of photovoltaic cells.

Light Conversion and Scattering in UV Protective Textiles

Abstract The primary cause of skin cancer is believed to be a long exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) crossed with the amount of skin pigmentation in the population. It is believed that in childhood and adolescence 80% of UV-R gets absorbed, whilst in the remaining 20% gets absorbed later in the lifetime. This suggests that proper and early photoprotection may reduce the risk of subsequent occurrence of skin cancer. Textile and clothing are the most suitable interface between environment and human body. It can show UV protection, but in most cases it does not provide full sun screening properties. UV protection ability highly depends on large number of factors such as type of fibre, fabric surface and construction, type and concentration of dyestuff, fluorescent whitening agent (FWA), UV-B protective agents, as well as nanoparticles, if applied. Based on electronically excited state by energy of UV-R (usually 340-370 nm), the molecules of FWAs show the phenomenon of fluorescence giving to white textiles high whiteness of outstanding brightness by reemitting the energy at the blue region (typically 420-470 nm) of the spectrum. By absorbing UV-A radiation, optical brightened fabrics transform this radiation into blue fluorescence, which leads to better UV protection. Natural zeolites are rock-forming, microporous silicate minerals. Applied as nanoparticles to textile surface, it scatters the UV-R resulting in lower UV-A and UV-B transmission. If applied with other UV absorbing agents, e.g. FWAs, synergistic effect occurs. Silicones are inert, synthetic compounds with a variety of forms and uses. It provides a unique soft touch, is very resistant to washing and improves the property of fabric to protect against UV radiation. Therefore, the UV protective properties of cotton fabric achieved by light conversion and scattering was researched in this paper. For that purpose, the stilbene-derived FWAs were applied on cotton fabric in wide concentration range without/with the addition of natural zeolite or silicone- polydimethylsiloxane. UV protection was determined in vitro through ultraviolet protection factor. Additionally, the influence to fabric whiteness and hand was researched

Fluorescent brightener CBS-X doped polypyrrole as smart electrode material for supercapacitors

Abstract Fluorescent polypyrrole nanospheres (PPy/CBS-X) with uniform diameter were synthesized via a chemical oxidation polymerization with fluorescent brightener, 2,2′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyldi-2,1-ethenediyl)bis-benzenesulfonic acid disodium salt (CBS-X), as dopant. The sample S-2 containing 1 mol% CBS-X simultaneously exhibited the highest electrical conductivity of 31.3 S/cm and the largest specific area of 98.33 m2/g. When being used as electrode material for supercapacitors, it also possessed the high electrochemical specific capacitance (245.8 F/g) at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and the better rate capability and improved electrochemical stability than neutral (undoped) PPy, essentially attributed to a synergistic effect on the high doping level, large specific area and good π–π interactions from both PPy chains and CBS-X dopant. Most interestingly, the electrochemical activity of the fluorescent PPy/CBS-X could be easily monitored by photoluminescence. These features make the fluorescent polypyrrole nanospheres potential smart electrode material for high performance supercapacitors.

High-precision color communication for paper making between graphics arts and paper industry

This paper explores some influences on measurement results and means to tighten achievable tolerances. A set of unprinted paper samples including IR3 reference calibration standards was prepared and measured with 5 benchtop instruments (Elrepholike) and 7 hand-held instruments (X-Rite Spectrolino). The samples were selected by surface (uncoated, matte, semimatte, glossy, high glossy) and effect of optical brighteners (OBA, from very low to high fluorescence). The instruments were tested first for their short-term repeatability, then for inter-instrument agreement, which was better for the Elrephos, but could be matched for the Spectrolinos by adjusting for gloss and OBA response. Sample inhomogeneity required multiple Spectrolino measurements to match the Elrepho's XLAV aperture. With these methods and some precautions in calibration, measurements can be translated from one type of instrument to another with tolerances well below 1 ΔE.

Impact of Artificial UV-Light on Optical and Protective Effects of Cotton After Washing with Detergent Containing Fluorescent Compounds

Abstract Bleached cotton and polyester/cotton blend fabrics were laundered at 60°C and 90°C with standard ECE detergent with addition of selected fluorescent compounds through 10 cycles. As fluorescent whitening agents for cellulosic materials are most often used in detergents, two types of these were selected – stilbene and biphenyl. UV absorber, a stilbene derivative, as a separate type of fluorescent compounds, was added on its own and in a combination with both types of fluorescent whitening agents. After each laundering cycle cotton and PES/cotton blend fabrics were exposed to artificial light for 60 and 180 minutes. Obtained optical and protective effects were monitored through whiteness degree, remission and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). Optical effects of cotton fabrics laundered in a detergent containing fluorescent whitening agents of stilbene and biphenyl type exhibit considerable sensitivity to light. It was not found that irradiation reduces the UPF meaning that even decomposition products of fluorescent compounds, created by irradiation, absorb UV radiation as well.

Environmental impact on the light and perspiration stability of triazinylstilbene fluorescent brighteners on cotton fabrics

The fading of the triazinylstilbene fluorescent brighteners (TFBs) on cotton fabric under the conditions of exposure to sunlight and human sweat may reduce the visual quality and added value of the garment and also produce many toxic substances, which could threaten human health due to direct contact with skin. In order to investigate the light-fastness and perspiration stability of TFBs on cotton fabrics, three environmental factors of affecting the photo-fading of TFBs, i.e., ultraviolet irradiation, wet condition, and atmospheric constituents, were discussed according to AATCC standard. The results indicated that the effect of ultraviolet irradiation was more significant than its visible counterpart on the light and perspiration stability of TFBs on cotton fabrics. The light stability of TFBs was susceptible to the wet environment, and the presence of moisture accelerated the rate of photo-fading of TFBs. Furthermore, the study on the contribution of atmospheric constituents disclosed that the oxygen in the air together with the moisture of perspiration would make the synergistic effect on the fading of TFBs.

Spectral Neugebauer-based color halftone prediction model accounting for paper fluorescence.

We present a spectral model for predicting the fluorescent emission and the total reflectance of color halftones printed on optically brightened paper. By relying on extended Neugebauer models, the proposed model accounts for the attenuation by the ink halftones of both the incident exciting light in the UV wavelength range and the emerging fluorescent emission in the visible wavelength range. The total reflectance is predicted by adding the predicted fluorescent emission relative to the incident light and the pure reflectance predicted with an ink-spreading enhanced Yule-Nielsen modified Neugebauer reflectance prediction model. The predicted fluorescent emission spectrum as a function of the amounts of cyan, magenta, and yellow inks is very accurate. It can be useful to paper and ink manufacturers who would like to study in detail the contribution of the fluorescent brighteners and the attenuation of the fluorescent emission by ink halftones.

A Novel Low Temperature Approach for Simultaneous Scouring and Bleaching of Knitted Cotton Fabric at 60 °C

Exceedingly high temperatures (normally ∼98 °C) are used to perform hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching of cotton fabrics in textile industrial practice. Such harsh conditions lead to high energy consumptions and high fabric mass loss. In recent years, the industry and academic communities have conducted extensive research to reduce the temperature for industrial cotton bleaching. In this research, we developed a new H2O2 activator based on amino nitriles. All of the data demonstrated that in the presence of the new H2O2 activator, the combined scouring/bleaching of the knitted cotton fabric could be performed at 60 °C. The cotton knit fabric treated using the low temperature procedure also has lower fabric weight loss; some of the hydrophobic substances were retained on the fiber surface after the process. We found that the residual hydrophobic substances had little effect on the whiteness of the treated fabrics after application of optical brighteners, and had little effect on the shade-depth and colorfa...

Cytomorphological changes and susceptibility of clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. to heterocyclic alkylphosphocholines

The treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba spp. is to date limited and frequently unsuccessful. Alkylphosphocholines (APCs) are promising agents with interesting results of antiparasitic activity in experimental and clinical conditions. In the present study susceptibilities of two clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. to four heterocyclic APCs were investigated. The isolates showed high degrees of susceptibility to studied APCs and all the tested concentrations inhibited the growth with the highest concentrations of 500–1000μM causing 100% eradication of the trophozoites and cysts. The highest susceptibility was noted in IF16-P-4-Pip with EC50 values of 28.62–43.73μM, and EC90 values of 30.70–63.16μM after 48h of incubation. The cytomorphological changes of trophozoites after the exposure to APCs included rounding up of cells, resorption of acanthopodia and subsequent lysis. The remains of cells were typical with oval shape and identifiable nucleus. After the application of IF16-P-4-Pip, IF16-P-2-MetPip, and IF16-P-Azep, at concentrations of 62.5–125μM to trophozoite suspension, a formation of pseudocysts was detected. The single-layered coat covering the surface of pseudocyst stained positively with a fluorescence brightener, Rylux. Destroyed cysts were characteristic with shrinkage of the cytoplasm and separation of the cytoplasmic membrane from the endocyst. IF16-P-2-MetPip at the highest concentration formed large spherical vesicles which frequently enclosed inactivated cysts. Heterocyclic APCs used in the study demonstrated strong amoebicidal activity and the cytotoxic effect of IF16-P-4-Pip similar to that of miltefosine indicates its possible therapeutic potential.

Associations between fecal indicator bacteria prevalence and demographic data in private water supplies in Virginia.

Over 1.7 million Virginians rely on private water sources to provide household water. The heaviest reliance on these systems occurs in rural areas, which are often underserved with respect to available financial resources and access to environmental health education. This study aimed to identify potential associations between concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (coliforms, Escherichia coli) in over 800 samples collected at the point-of-use from homes with private water supply systems and homeowner-provided demographic data (household income and education). Of the 828 samples tested, 349 (42%) of samples tested positive for total coliform and 55 (6.6%) tested positive for E. coli. Source tracking efforts targeting optical brightener concentrations via fluorometry and the presence of a human-specific Bacteroides marker via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) suggest possible contamination from human septage in over 20 samples. Statistical methods implied that household income has an association with the proportion of samples positive for total coliform, though the relationship between education level and FIB is less clear. Further exploration of links between demographic data and private water quality will be helpful in building effective strategies to improve rural drinking water quality.

Novel stilbene-triazine symmetrical optical brighteners: synthesis and applications.

A series of new high light fastness, hot pressing fastness optical brighteners was efficiently synthesized by a three-step approach involving the successive replacement of the three chloro groups of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine under different conditions of temperature and pH. Thus, 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine was treated with different anilines and the resulting dichlorotriazinyl intermediates (3a-I) were further condensed with 4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid to afford bis-monochlorotriazine (5a-I) followed by nucleophilic substitution with ethanolamine to furnish the final hybrid brighteners (7a-I). All of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible absorption, NMR spectroscopy and the elemental analyses. The synthesized optical brighteners were also assessed for their efficacy as fluorescent brightening agents.

2-Methyl-4-oxo-N-(4-oxo-2-phenyl substituted-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-5-carboxamides--a new range of fluorescent whiteners: synthesis and photophysical characterization.

Fluorescent quinazolinones were synthesized form ethyl 2-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline -5-carboxylate intermediate. The photophysical properties of the compounds were evaluated in DMF solvent. The experimental absorption and emission of the compounds were compared with the vertical excitation and emission obtained Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) computation. Application of the fluorescent compounds as a fluorescent brightening agent was tested on polyester fiber. Changes in the electronic transition, energy levels, and orbital diagrams of quinazolin-4(3H)-one analogues were investigated using the DFT computations and were correlated with the experimental spectral data. The experimental absorption and emission wavelengths are in good agreement with those predicted using the DFT and TD-DFT.

Coloring properties of novel 1,4-distyrylbenzene and 4,4′-distyrylbiphenyl fluorescent brighteners and their arrangement in cotton and polyester fiber

Some novel 1,4-distyrylbenzene (DSB) and 4,4′-distyrylbiphenyl (DSBP) fluorescent brighteners (FBs) were used to dye polyester and cotton fabrics. The CIE whiteness, color hue and reflectance spectrum of dyed fabrics were compared. DSBP derivatives could dye the cotton and polyester fabrics with a higher whiteness level and had a lower fluorescent quenching concentration than DSB derivatives. The color hue for the fabric dyed with DSB FBs was yellow-green, whereas that dyed with DSBP was blue–violet. The molecular arrangement in the fiber had a significant influence on their optical properties, resulting in different coloring properties. The increase in molecule planarity and rigidity generated by the interaction between the polymer and FB molecules caused a remarkable bathochromic shift in emission and excitation spectra. The H-aggregate of the DSB molecule in the fiber was easily generated, and the degree of aggregation increased with the molecular polarity. However, the aggregation of DSBP molecules in the polyester and cotton fiber was not found. The surface region of the cotton fiber was filled with FB molecules, whereas FB molecules in the polyester fiber aggregated easily, and incident light could pass through the surface region.

Incorporation of Fluorescent Dyes in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Coatings for In-Line Monitoring of Coating Homogeneity

This paper reports on the incorporation of three commercial fluorescent dyes, i.e., rhodamine 6G, fluorescein, and fluorescent brightener 184, in plasma coatings, by utilizing a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, and the subsequent monitoring of the coatings homogeneity based on the emitted fluorescent light. The plasma coatings are qualitatively characterized with fluorescence microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy and profilometry for the determination of the coating thickness. The emitted fluorescent light of the coating correlates to the amount of dye per area, and deviations of these factors can hence be observed by monitoring the intensity of this light. This allows monitoring the homogeneity of the plasma coatings in a fast and simple way, without making major adjustments to the process.

Whiteness Perception under LED Illumination

ABSTRACTVisual perception of many manufactured white objects is driven by the concentration of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) that they contain. FWAs serve to increase overall whiteness perception by enhancing luminance and providing a chromatic blue shift. White objects with FWAs have been engineered for many decades to interact with conventional illuminants such as daylight and incandescent light in order to provide desirable whiteness perception. Whiteness perception has not previously been investigated under light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, three psychophysical experiments—forced choice, selection, and sorting—were conducted to investigate the whiteness perception of a series of whiteness standards containing predetermined amounts of FWAs, illuminated by five sources: a typical blue-pumped LED (BLED), a filtered halogen lamp, and violet-pumped LEDs with three violet emission levels. Thirty-nine participants with normal color vision completed the experiments. Results from the sorting experiment can be explained by FWA excitation: the BLED induced no fluorescence and standards could not be ordered properly, whereas for other sources the perceived whiteness increased with the amount of FWAs. Results from the other two experiments can be explained by FWA excitation together with shifts in source chromaticity. Overall, all results are compatible with the known trend for blue shifts to induce whiteness perception. Adaptations of the CIE whiteness formula are also shown to agree well with the experimental results. The results indicate that engineering of an LED source’s spectrum is necessary for an accurate rendering of whiteness.

ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013

These European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and European Confederation of Medical Mycology Joint Clinical Guidelines focus on the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis. Only a few of the numerous recommendations can be summarized here. To diagnose mucormycosis, direct microscopy preferably using optical brighteners, histopathology and culture are strongly recommended. Pathogen identification to species level by molecular methods and susceptibility testing are strongly recommended to establish epidemiological knowledge. The recommendation for guiding treatment based on MICs is supported only marginally. Imaging is strongly recommended to determine the extent of disease. To differentiate mucormycosis from aspergillosis in haematological malignancy and stem cell transplantation recipients, identification of the reverse halo sign on computed tomography is advised with moderate strength. For adults and children we strongly recommend surgical debridement in addition to immediate first-line antifungal treatment with liposomal or lipid-complex amphotericin B with a minimum dose of 5 mg/kg/day. Amphotericin B deoxycholate is better avoided because of severe adverse effects. For salvage treatment we strongly recommend posaconazole 4 × 200 mg/day. Reversal of predisposing conditions is strongly recommended, i.e. using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in haematological patients with ongoing neutropenia, controlling hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis in diabetic patients, and limiting glucocorticosteroids to the minimum dose required. We recommend against using deferasirox in haematological patients outside clinical trials, and marginally support a recommendation for deferasirox in diabetic patients. Hyperbaric oxygen is supported with marginal strength only. Finally, we strongly recommend continuing treatment until complete response demonstrated on imaging and permanent reversal of predisposing factors.