Fluorescence Transitions Research Articles

(Invited) Determining Surfactant Concentrations for Separation of (n,m) Chirality Swcnts in ATPE via Fluorescence Detection

In this talk I will present a methodology for rapid and quantitative determination of surfactant concentrations that result in top or bottom-phase partitioning of individual (n,m) SWCNTs species in an aqueous two-polymer phase extraction using near-infrared fluorescence measurements. This methodology enables quantitative evaluation of parameters affecting ATPE such as temperature, polymer molecular weight and composition, and surfactant choice without conducting an actual separation. Additional advantages of the technique include a very low sample concentration for measurement, rapid measurement, and no mass transfer derived limitations in interpreting results. Using the technique, we have investigated different combinations of surfactants to explore the effects of surfactant chemistry. In most cases, two transitions in the NIR fluorescence are observed with co-surfactant concentration for each (n,m) species, which we identify as differential separation of left and right-handed SWCNT enantiomers. Specific trends with (n,m) diameter and with variation of surfactant chemistry will be discussed.

Synthesis and Acid-Responsive Properties of a Highly Porous Vinylene-Linked Covalent Organic Framework.

The recently emerging vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks (VCOFs) stand out from other COFs with exceptional chemical stability and favorable light-emitting properties, promising sensing applications for acids/bases or in strong acidic/basic conditions. Here we systematically investigated the reversible color and fluorescent response of a VCOF functionalized with pyridyl groups to acids/pH. The COF was synthesized with a record surface area for VCOFs and shows reversible hydrochromic and acidochromic behaviors and concomitant fluorescence quenching. The mechanisms were probed with systematical experimental comparison with relevant COFs and model molecules in combination with orbital analysis. The response is related to significant electronic changes in the ground and photoexcited states as a result of protonation or hydrogen bonding at pyridyl sites. The COF in aqueous dispersion displays a reversible fluorescence transition with pH change, which follows the Hill equation for multisite protonation. The COF-modified test paper shows immediate and remarkable color change and fluorescence turn-off/on when alternately exposed to HCl and NH3 gases. The work illustrates the great potential of developing highly robust sensory COFs through the vinylene approach.

C-MET Receptor-Targeted Fluorescence on the Road to Image-Guided Surgery in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients.

In penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC), primary surgery aims to obtain oncologically safe margins while minimizing mutilation. Surgical guidance provided by receptor-specific tracers could potentially improve margin detection and reduce unnecessary excision of healthy tissue. Here, we present the first results of a prospective feasibility study for real-time intraoperative visualization of pSCC using a fluorescent mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) receptor targeting tracer (EMI-137). Methods: EMI-137 tracer performance was initially assessed ex vivo (n = 10) via incubation of freshly excised pSCC in a solution containing EMI-137 (500 nM). The invivo potential of c-MET targeting and intraoperative tumor visualization was assessed after intravenous administration of EMI-137 to 5 pSCC patients scheduled for surgical resection using a cyanine-5 fluorescence camera. Fluorescence imaging results were related to standard pathologic tumor evaluation and c-MET immunohistochemistry. Three of the 5 invivo patients also underwent a sentinel node resection after local administration of the hybrid tracer indocyanine green- 99mTc-nanocolloid, which could be imaged using a near-infrared fluorescence camera. Results: No tracer-related adverse events were encountered. Both ex vivo and invivo, EMI-137 enabled c-MET-based tumor visualization in all patients. Histopathologic analyses showed that all pSCCs expressed c-MET, with expression levels of at least 70% in 14 of 15 patients. Moreover, the highest c-MET expression levels were seen on the outside rim of the tumors, and a visual correlation was found between c-MET expression and fluorescence signal intensity. No complications were encountered when combining primary tumor targeting with lymphatic mapping. As such, simultaneous use of cyanine-5 and indocyanine green in the same patient proved to be feasible. Conclusion: Fluorescence imaging of c-MET receptor- expressing pSCC tumors after intravenous injection of EMI-137 was shown to be feasible and can be combined with fluorescence-based lymphatic mapping. This combination is unique and paves the way toward further development of this surgical guidance approach.

Properties and Applications of Stimuli-Responsive Diacetylenes

The topochemical reactivity of diacetylene monomers has long been established and involves the 1,4-addition polymerization reaction. This reaction is governed by well-defined parameters that allow the synthesis of diacetylene polymers. Polydiacetylenes are conjugated polymers that display unique colorimetric and fluorescent transitions when they are exposed to a range of stimuli, allowing them to be easily exploited in biosensors, chemosensors, and radiochromic dosimeters. In this review, we summarize recent work on polydiacetylene systems, focusing on examples involving 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) that can be structured as polymerized vesicles, films, gels, and powders. Synthetic derivatives of PCDA are also reviewed, along with the effect of incorporating guest molecules to a diacetylene system and establishing the important relationship between reversible thermochromism and noncovalent interactions.

A strong acid-resistant flavanthrone with excellent photophysical properties

Based on a vat dye of anthraquinone type, simple modification of the structure of flavanthrone (Benzo[h]Benz[5,6]Acridino[2,1,9,8-Klmna]Acridine-8,16-Dione). By introducing the electrochemically inert group 1-bromo-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzene after the reduction of the carbonyl group, increasing the probability of fluorescence transition. And discussed the new simple compound that under different strongly acidic conditions, the optical properties are obviously distinction. Sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid were added, the maximum ultraviolet absorption wavelength of the original product is redshifted from 510 nm to about 590 nm, and the fluorescence emission wavelength is around 523 nm to 526 nm and the fluorescence intensity decreased significantly. Especially, the addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, the maximum ultraviolet absorption wavelength is redshifted to 602 nm, and the fluorescence quenching. Nevertheless, the addition of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid had no obvious effect on the optical properties of the flavanthrone compound. Also, even in different strong acid conditions the flavanthrone compound has excellent fluorescence stability and high fluorescence quantum yield of about 50%. To better comprehend the electronic properties, the values of the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs, EHOMO = -5.2937 eV) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs, ELUMO = −2.7021 eV) of the flavanthrone as well as energy band gaps determined electrochemically (△E = 2.5916 eV) were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of the density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

DFT and TD-DFT study on quadratic NLO response and optoelectronic activity in novel Y-shaped imidazole-based push-pull chromophores.

A theoretical analysis of a series of imidazole-based Y-shaped chromophores, D1-D8, is performed in order to investigate their non(linear) optical, fluorescence, and charge-transport properties. The calculations have been carried out employing DFT and TD-DFT methods at CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X levels of theory. FMO analysis reveals that in ground state, the highest occupied molecular orbital is localized on the 4,5-dimethylanilino donor moiety and imidazole core while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital spreads on π-linker and nitro acceptor moieties. Vertical absorption and fluorescence transitions are characterized as intramolecular charge transfer and maximum absorption and fluorescence wavelengths show that by changing the π-bridge to the imidazole C2, we can tune fluorescence color from cyan to orange. Calculated (hyper)polarizabilities show that elongation of π-linker by polarizable subunits, such as double bonds or heteroaromatic rings, increases significantly the nonlinear response and shifts the charge-transfer band bathochromically. Calculated reorganization energies indicate that the studied compounds are hole-transporting materials rather than electron-transporters. Interestingly, D7 and D8, with higher hyperpolarizabilities, are predicted to be potent candidates for NLO-devices while D5 and D8 molecules are expected to be promising candidates for luminescent materials and good hole-transport materials for organic light-emitting diodes.

Preparation of magnesium, nitrogen-codoped carbon quantum dots from lignin with bright green fluorescence and sensitive pH response

Eco-friendly, renewable and green biomass materials are considered as the superior carbon precursors for producing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in large scale. A major challenge is the limited contents of fluorophores in biomass, which then results in low quantum yields (QYs) and inferior fluorescence emission ability of the obtained CQDs. Herein, lignin with amounts of unsaturated aromatic and carbonyl fluorophores was employed as the carbon precursors to prepare CQDs through a green, facile approach. The magnesium and nitrogen elements were successfully introduced into CQDs with the aim of enhancing their QYs and extending their emission wavelengths. The prepared magnesium, nitrogen-doped CQDs (Mg, N-CQDs) could emit green fluorescence with a quantum yield (QYs) up to 46.38 %. The mechanism of their fluorescence ability was discussed extensively. More interestingly, the Mg, N-CQDs displayed a fluorescence transition between green and yellow color at pH value of 5.4, indicating their potential application as a probe to detect pH values of complicated environments. The findings in this paper would provide a viable strategy to converse lignin biomass waste into high-quality fluorescence nanomaterials.

The influence of sodium phosphate buffer on the stability of various proteins: Insights into protein-buffer interactions

Present study delineates the effects of sodium phosphate buffer (PBS) solutions on the stability of various proteins including lysozyme (Lys), bromelain (BM), hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA). Different spectroscopic methods such as UV–visible, steady state fluorescence, temperature dependent fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) show that PBS buffer protects protein structures. Efficacy of PBS stabilization from external additive factors follows order as lysozyme > BM > Hb. The thermal stability of HSA in PBS buffer solution was not detected, since no distinct and clear fluorescence transition was observed. However, results from other biophysical techniques reveal the native structure of HSA stabilized in presence of PBS. Moreover, increasing concentration of PBS also provides structural stabilization of HSA. This confirms the potentiality of PBS buffer as protecting agents for the proteins/enzymes. However, in case of Hb structure perturbed with the addition of higher concentrations of PBS. Our study confirms that efficacy of protein stabilization depends on type and concentration of buffer used. The present study is very useful for providing the alternative media to replace traditional volatile organic compounds or expensive modern solvents for biochemical applications.

Fluorescence-Encoded Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy with Single-Molecule Sensitivity.

Single-molecule methods have revolutionized molecular science, but techniques possessing the structural sensitivity required for chemical problems-e.g. vibrational spectroscopy-remain difficult to apply in solution. Here, we describe how coupling infrared-vibrational absorption to a fluorescent electronic transition (fluorescence-encoded infrared (FEIR) spectroscopy) can achieve single-molecule sensitivity in solution with conventional far-field optics. Using the fluorophore Coumarin 6, we illustrate the principles by which FEIR spectroscopy measures vibrational spectra and relaxation and introduce FEIR correlation spectroscopy, a vibrational analogue of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, to demonstrate single-molecule sensitivity. With further improvements, FEIR spectroscopy could become a powerful tool for single-molecule vibrational investigations in the solution or condensed phase.

Photon-excitation photon-emission maps (PhexPhem maps) with rovibronic resolution as a data base for theory and astrophysics part I: method and first results for H2

Dispersed fluorescence of wavelengths between 75 and 180 nm has been recorded after excitation of room temperature by narrow bandwidth monochromatized synchrotron radiation. Spectra have been taken in the exciting-photon energy range between 11 and 18 eV for discrete energy steps of 2.5 meV at a bandwidth of about 10 meV. The exciting-photon energy bandwidth has been narrow enough to induce transitions between individual rovibronic states. The resolution in the dispersed fluorescence detection was partly sufficient to resolve fluorescent transitions between individual rovibronic states. The recorded intensities are presented as two-dimensional photon-excitation photon-emission (PhexPhem) maps. They give a complete overview of experimental dispersed VUV/ FUV fluorescence spectra of H2 for these excitation energies, covering excitation from to all known singly excited states. The presented proof of principle experiments show a way to generate spectroscopic reference data for theory benchmarking and the interpretation of astrophysical observations.

Synthesis and characterization of AIE-active and photo-active α-cyanostilbene-containing carbazole-based hexacatenars

This study describes the synthesis, liquid crystal and photophysical properties of fluorescent biscyanovinyl diphenylcarbazole-based hexacatenars. The mesomorphic and thermodynamic properties were investigated by using polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), revealing that these compounds self-assemble into different columnar phase with extremely wide mesophase range. Upon terminal chain elongation and temperature increment, a mesophase transition from Colrec/p2mm to Colhex/p6mm could be observed. The UV–vis absorption, fluorescence emission, fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes were studied in various organic solvents with different polarities, solid state, LC state as well as in THF-water mixtures, indicating that these compounds display significant solvatochromism, large Stokes shifts and extremely bright fluorescence in both solution and aggregated states (AIEE). The density function theory calculations indicate that ICT effect and the twisted geometries are responsible for the large solvent effect and AIEE characteristic, respectively. Additionally, these hexacatenars also showed reversible photoinduced mesophase and fluorescence transition behaviours. The design strategies here provide a new avenue for fabricating functionalized AIE-active luminescent LCs with complex self-assembly structures and photo-responsive behaviours.

Volumetric live cell imaging with three-dimensional parallelized RESOLFT microscopy.

Elucidating the volumetric architecture of organelles and molecules inside cells requires microscopy methods with a sufficiently high spatial resolution in all three dimensions. Current methods are limited by insufficient resolving power along the optical axis, long recording times and photobleaching when applied to live cell imaging. Here, we present a 3D, parallelized, reversible, saturable/switchable optical fluorescence transition (3D pRESOLFT) microscope capable of delivering sub-80-nm 3D resolution in whole living cells. We achieved rapid (1-2 Hz) acquisition of large fields of view (~40 × 40 µm2) by highly parallelized image acquisition with an interference pattern that creates an array of 3D-confined and equally spaced intensity minima. This allowed us to reversibly turn switchable fluorescent proteins to dark states, leading to a targeted 3D confinement of fluorescence. We visualized the 3D organization and dynamics of organelles in living cells and volumetric structural alterations of synapses during plasticity in cultured hippocampal neurons.

The effective synthesis of large volumes of the ultrafine BaZrO3 nanoparticles

BaZrO3 perovskite nanoparticles constitute a material desired for various advanced applications e.g. as artificial pinning centers in high-temperature superconductors or for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In this contribution, a novel method of synthetic for ultra-fine, pristine, non-stabilized free-surface nanoparticles of BaZrO3 is described. The method is based on the wet chemical approach and can yield large quantities of the desired product. The synthesized BaZrO3 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and high-resolution transition electron microscopy. The analyses confirmed particle size in the range of 10–12 nm. Among its possible applications, the usage of such synthesized BZO in YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductors is particularly interesting, because of the sizes of nano BZO, which is ideal for artificial pinning centers in single-domain YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting ceramics composites. The effect of YBa2Cu3O7-δ doping by BaZrO3 was studied by various measurements including morphology probed by scanning electron microscopy, measuring of trapped field, levitation force, and susceptibility of the prepared YBa2Cu3O7-δ single grain bulks. The synthesis method of ultra-fine BaZrO3 nanoparticles can be useful not only for applications in high-temperature rare-earth-based superconductors but also for a multitude of other applications also because of relative affordability and the possibility of synthesis of larger volumes of this material.

A pH-Sensing Fluorescent Metal-Organic Framework: pH-Triggered Fluorescence Transition and Detection of Mycotoxin.

Due to its great relevance to environmental, biological, and chemical processes, the precise detection of pH or acidic/basic species is an ongoing and imperative need. In this context, pH-sensitive luminescent systems are highly desired. We reported a three-dimensional Zn(II) MOF synthesized from a bipyridyl-tetracarboxylic ligand and composed of 4-fold interpenetrated diamond frameworks. Because the steric hindrance in the ligand prevents metal coordination with the pyridyl group, the MOF features free basic N sites accessible to the small H+ ions, which renders pH responsivity. The aqueous dispersion exhibits an abrupt, high-contrast, and reversible on-off fluorescence transition in the narrow pH range of 5.4-6.2. The sensitive bistable system can be used for the precise monitoring of pH within the range and for use as a pH-triggered optical switch. The responsive mechanism through pyridyl protonation is collaboratively supported by data fitting, absorption spectra, and molecular orbital calculations. In particular, spectral and theoretical analyses reveal the destruction of n → π* transitions and the appearance of intramolecular charge-transfer transitions upon pyridyl protonation. Moreover, by virtue of the pH-responsive fluorescence, the MOF shows appealing sensing performance for the detection of 3-nitropropionic acid, a major mycotoxin in moldy sugar cane.

Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of New Gallium(III) and Indium(III) 15-Crown-5-Substituted Porphyrinates

New indium(III) and gallium(III) meso-tetra(benzo-15-crown-5) porphyrinates are synthesized. The structure of complexes is determined from spectroscopy data. A comparative analysis of the luminescent properties of new compounds at temperatures of 298 and 77 K is performed. The indium(III) and gallium(III) crown-porphyrinates are established to exhibit fluorescent behavior at a temperature of 298 K, while phosphorescence radiation is totally absent at this temperature for both complexes. At the nitrogen boiling point (77 K), the two complexes give off both fluorescent and phosphorescent radiation. The prepared compounds can be interesting as luminescent temperature sensors operating on the basis on the intensity ratio between fluorescence and phosphorescence transitions in the temperature range of 77–203 K. The energies of triplet levels in indium(III) and gallium(III) crown-porphyrinate molecules suggest that the new compounds are capable of producing singlet molecular oxygen. Evidently, the new compounds can also be of interest as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of tumors.

Molecular design of fluorescent pH sensors based on reduced rhodol by structure-pKa relationship for imaging of lysosome

pH-homeostasis is crucial for maintaining a living system of cells. Lysosome, a digestive system of cells, contains a number of hydrolytic enzymes which can normally function in a narrow range of acidic pH (4.5–5.5). Abnormal pH in lysosomes leads to lysosomal dysfunction, which results in various diseases such as lysosomal storage disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. We previously reported a series of reduced xanthene fluorophores including fluorescein, rhodol and rhodamine, and discovered a reduced rhodol, Rh–OMe, with a methoxy and a free amino group in a xanthene ring. In this work, a series of novel pH-sensitive fluorescent sensors for monitoring acidic lysosomes was developed by structure-pKa relationship study of Rh–OMe. Rh–OMe derivatives with various substituents in an alkoxy group on xanthene ring were designed and evaluated by the analysis of pH-titration curves and photochemical properties. Reduced rhodol probes with a para-substituted benzyloxy group showed excellent fluorescence transition triggered by acidic pH, and they were successfully applied to in vitro imaging of lysosomes in HepG2 cells.

Judd-Ofelt analysis and spectroscopic study of Tb:CaF2 and Tb/Pr:CaF2 co-doped single crystals

Abstract High quality of Tb3+-single doped and Tb3+/Pr3+ co-doped CaF2 crystals were grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT). Pr3+ ions were used as sensitizing ions of Tb3+. Optical properties including absorption spectrum, emission spectrum, and fluorescence decay curve were recorded. Through co-doping sensitizing ions of Pr3+, the absorption cross section around 480 nm increased from 0.007 × 10−20 cm2 to 0.3 × 10−20 cm2, the large value is beneficial for the absorption of LD pump source. Judd-Ofelt theory was used to analyze the spectroscopic parameters. Fluorescence branch ratio, transition probability, radiative and fluorescence lifetimes, and quantum efficiency were determined as well. The emission cross section of Tb,Pr:CaF2 for the green emission at 544 nm and yellow emission at 587 nm corresponding to the transition of 5D4→7F5 and 5D4→7F4 were calculated to be 5.56 × 10−22 cm2 and 8.78 × 10−23 cm2, respectively, which is comparable to the Tb3+ doped CaF2 crystal.

Coherent-to-Incoherent Transition of Molecular Fluorescence Controlled by Surface Plasmon Polaritons.

We investigate the coherent-to-incoherent transition of molecular fluorescence of a chromophore above a silver surface (including bulk and thin-film systems) and explore the distance dependence of fluorescence rate enhancement. In the framework of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics, we generalize our previous theory to include multiple vibrational modes. The present theory can accurately describe quantum dynamics from the coherent limit to the incoherent limit. Moreover, we introduce a new concept Incoherent Index to quantify the degree of quantum coherence and demonstrate that the coherent-to-incoherent transition can be controlled by the dielectric environment and the molecule-silver distance. In addition, our theory indicates that strong molecule-photon (polariton) coupling can be achieved by virtue of small Huang-Rhys factors, large transition dipole moments, and appropriate dielectric material design. The present study provides a new direction for engineering light-matter interactions in polaritonic chemistry.

Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanohybrid for Noninvasive and Visual Monitoring of Sweat Glucose.

Noninvasive and visual monitoring of glucose is highly desirable for diabetes diagnostics and long-term home-based health management. Owing to the correlation of the glucose level between blood and sweat, on-body sweat glucose detection provides potential for noninvasive healthcare but is highly challenging. Herein, we for the first time demonstrate a wearable skin pad based on the ratiometric fluorescent nanohybrid, which can realize noninvasive and visual monitoring of sweat glucose. Luminescent porous silicon (PSi) particles, which have a porous structure and oxidation-responsive photoluminescence decay, are chosen to load (adsorb or entrap) carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for the construction of the dual fluorescence nanohybrid. Bimetallic (Au and Ag) nanoparticles (BiM) are also co-decorated on the PSi particle to improve detection sensitivity by enhancing PSi's initial fluorescence and oxidation kinetics. Owing to the efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer effect, BiM-CQDs@PSi initially exhibits PSi's red fluorescence with complete quenching of CQDs's blue fluorescence. The oxidation of PSi triggered by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) weakens the FRET effect and decays PSi's fluorescence, causing ratiometric fluorescence to change from red (PSi) to blue (CQDs). A wearable skin pad is easily fabricated by co-immobilization of BiM-CQDs@PSi and glucose oxidase (GOX) in a transparent and biocompatible chitosan film supported by an adhesive polyurethane membrane. When the skin pad is attached on the body, the same ratiometric fluorescence transition (red → blue) is observed upon the stimulation of H2O2 generated in GOX-catalyzed oxidation of sweat glucose. Based on the strong correlation between the ratio of the fluorescence change and sweat glucose level, clinical tests toward diabetics and healthy volunteers can clearly indicate hyperglycemia.

Role of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in static magnetic field pre-treatment induced tolerance to ambient UV-B stress in soybean.

The experiments were conducted for the estimation of the mitigating effect of the static magnetic field (SMFof 200 mT for 1 h) treatment on soybean under ambient UV-B stress. The SMF treated (MT) and untreated (UT) seedswere grown inside iron cages covered with polyester filters for the purpose to filter UV-A + B (< 400nm) and UV-B (< 300nm) radiations, polythene filter control (FC) transparent for UV (280-400nm), and open controls (OC) were without any filters. Our results indicated that specific leaf weight, efficiency of PS II, activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrogenase (NRA), nucleic acid and protein content, nitric oxide (NO) and yield were significantly decreased in plants of untreated seeds under UV-B stress. SMF treatment to the soybean seeds was observed to mitigate the adverse effect of ambient UV-B with a significant enhancement in above-measured parameters in plants when compared with plants of untreated seeds grown underOC/FC conditions. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transition curve (OJIP-curve) from SMF treated and UV excluded plants has shown a higher fluorescence yield especially for I-P phase as compared to the plants grown in ambient UV-B stress. Reduction in the level of superoxide anion radicle ( ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content with a remarkable increase in DNA, RNA, protein and NO content, increased photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen fixation in the leaves of soybean suggested the ameliorating effect of SMF pre-treatment against ambient UV-B induced damage. Consequently, SMF-pretreatment increased the tolerance of soybean seedlings to ambient UV-B stress as compared to the untreated seeds. The increase in carbon and nitrogen fixation ability due to SMF pre-treatment and the omission of solar UV radiation impact can be a direction for the purpose to improve the crop yield. Evaluation of the consequences of SMF treated seeds under ambient UV-B stress, and the plants from untreated seeds under solar UV exclusion indicated parallelism among the two effects.