Fluidized Bed Incinerator Research Articles

The different properties of lightweight aggregates with the fly ashes of fluidized-bed and mechanical incinerators

The properties of lightweight aggregates (LWAs) manufactured from the fly ashes of municipal solid waste (MSW) fluidized-bed (FB) incinerators and mechanical-bed (MB) incinerators were compared and investigated. The fly ashes from FB and MB incinerators were mixed with the reservoir sediment and sintered at 1000–1200°C to produce LWAs. Experimental results show that each LWA product complied with the TCLP standards. Adding MB fly ash to LWA obtained relatively higher crushing strength than adding FB fly ash. However, the LWAs with FB fly ash were less hazardous, lighter in weight, lower in water absorption, and higher in stability than those with MB fly ash. The reuse of FB fly ash in LWA has great recycling potential from the perspective of environmental sustainability.

Main drivers for integrating zinc recovery from fly ashes into the Viennese waste incineration cluster

In Vienna approximately 1milliontons of waste is incinerated annually. Therefore 13 lines of waste incineration, including fluidized bed incinerators, rotary kilns and grate furnaces, are in operation. Beside municipal solid waste, hazardous waste as well as communal sewage sludge are utilized. All incinerator lines use a wet flue gas cleaning system. Based on the zinc, lead and copper concentrations in its solid residues and knowledge on the mass flow of the residues, a detailed material flow analysis is carried out, that determines the total throughput of these metals. It turns out that 800t of zinc, 300t of lead and 550t of copper pass through Vienna's waste incineration cluster annually. Approximately half of the zinc can be found in the fly ashes of the waste incinerators investigated. In Switzerland a process that recovers pure zinc (>99.99%) as well as a mixed fraction of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium out of waste incineration fly ash, has been realized at full scale. A comparison between the expected operational costs, on the one hand, and the anticipated revenues from recovered metals and reduced disposal costs resulting from the application of this technology to the investigated waste incinerators, on the other, is discussed within this work. Main drivers responsible for the economical non-applicability to Vienna, are examined.

Thermal treatment of soil co-contaminated with lube oil and heavy metals in a low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incinerator

This study presents the application of a low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incinerator to remediate contaminants in the soil. The system was designed to control emissions of both gaseous pollutants and heavy metals during combustion. Soil co-contaminated with lube oil and heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead was examined. Experiments were conducted by estimating various parameters such as operating temperature in the first-stage reactor (500–700 °C), ratio of sand bed height/diameter in the second-stage reactor (H/D: 3, 4, 6), and gas velocity (0.21–0.29 m/s). Heavy metal and gaseous pollutant emissions were also investigated during contaminated soil co-firing with polyethylene. The experimental results indicated that the destruction and removal efficiency of lube oil in treated soil products ranged from 98.27 to 99.93%. On the other hand, leaching tests of bottom ashes illustrated that heavy metals such as chromium, copper, and lead in leachates were complied with the regulations. For gaseous emissions, carbon monoxide concentrations decreased apparently with increasing ratio of sand bed height/diameter in the second-stage reactor. The increase of gas velocity had significant potential to generate the lowest carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions. Nevertheless, during co-firing with polyethylene, emissions of organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decrease by using the low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incineration system.

Emission and control of N2O and composition of ash derived from cattle manure combustion using a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator

This study investigates the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) and discusses the reduction of N2O emissions during the 24-h combustion of cattle manure using a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator under various experimental conditions. The results of these experiments were then validated against previously reported data. In addition, the characteristics of cattle manure incineration ash and their changes under different combustion conditions were estimated. In incineration experiments with composted cattle manure, N2O concentrations using multi-stage combustion were 75% lower than the concentrations resulting from normal combustion without additional auxiliary fuel, since N2O could be decomposed in the high-temperature zone formed by the inlet of the secondary combustion air. The N2O emission factor under normal combustion conditions (800°C) was 6.0% g-N2O-N/g-N. This result is similar to the values found in previous studies at the same temperature. The N2O emission factor was decreased to 1.6% g-N2O-N/g-N using a multi-stage combustion procedure. The current Japanese N2O emission factor of 0.1% g-N2O-N/g-N is an underestimate for some conditions and should be uniquely specified for each condition. Finally, cattle manure ash contains ample fertilizer elements, little Fe, Al and Zn, but abundant Cl. Therefore if Cl could be removed by some kind of pretreatment, cattle manure ash could be used as a favourable fertilizer.

Diseño de un incinerador de lecho fluidizado para procesar desechos sólidos orgánicos

El trabajo contempla el diseño teórico de un incinerador de lecho fluidizado para la eliminación de desechos orgánicos, según los parámetros más avanzados publicados en los trabajos sobre el tema, tomando en consideración las normativas previstas para este tipo de equipo y relacionadas con el ambiente. Los diseños actuales de los incineradores y gasificadores de lecho fluidizado demostraron ser principalmente de forma cilíndrica. Los elementos de diseño a los cuales se les atribuye mayor importancia son la temperatura de operación del incinerador y el tiempo de residencia del desecho dentro del mismo. La temperatura de operación del incinerador debe estar entre 850 y 1.100°C para asegurar la destrucción casi completa de los compuestos orgánicos en el desecho y evitar la emisión de contaminantes, principalmente dioxinas y furanos, el tiempo de residencia es de tres (3) minutos, y se plantea el uso de arena de sílice como material de soporte para cumplir con las normativas ambientales, técnicas y de salubridad. Las dimensiones del incinerador para una capacidad de tratamiento de 1 t hr-1 se determinaron en función del tiempo de residencia, volumen y densidad del desecho a incinerar, y fueron 514 mm de diámetro y 6.650 mm de alto.

Removal of toxic and alkali/alkaline earth metals during co-thermal treatment of two types of MSWI fly ashes in China

This study aims to vaporize heavy metals and alkali/alkaline earth metals from two different types of fly ashes by thermal treatment method. Fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator (HK fly ash) was mixed with one from a grate incinerator (HS fly ash) in various proportions and thermally treated under different temperatures. The melting of HS fly ash was avoided when treated with HK fly ash. Alkali/alkaline earth metals in HS fly ash served as Cl-donors to promote the vaporization of heavy metals during thermal treatment. With temperature increasing from 800 to 900°C, significant amounts of Cl, Na and K were vaporized. Up to 1000°C in air, less than 3% of Cl and Na and less than 5% of K were retained in ash. Under all conditions, Cd can be vaporized effectively. The vaporization of Pb was mildly improved when treated with HS fly ash, while the effect became less pronounced above 900°C. Alkali/alkaline earth metals can promote Cu vaporization by forming copper chlorides. Comparatively, Zn vaporization was low and only slightly improved by HS fly ash. The low vaporization of Zn could be caused by the formation of Zn2SiO4, ZnFe2O4 and ZnAl2O4. Under all conditions, less than 20% of Cr was vaporized. In a reductive atmosphere, the vaporization of Cd and Pb were as high as that in oxidative atmosphere. However, the vaporization of Zn was accelerated and that of Cu was hindered because the formation of Zn2SiO4, ZnFe2O4 and ZnAl2O4 and copper chloride was depressed in reductive atmosphere.

Effect of municipal solid waste incinerator types on characteristics of ashes from different air pollution control devices

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of fly and bottom ashes sampled from both fluidized bed (FB) and mass-burning (MB) municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), respectively. Fly ashes from different locations at FB and MB MSWIs equipped with a cyclone, a semi-dry scrubber, and a bag filter as air pollution control devices were examined to provide the baseline information between physicochemical properties and leaching ability. Experimental results of leachability indicated that the bag filter fly ash (FB-FA(B)) from the FB incinerator meets Taiwan regulatory standards set through the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. X-ray diffraction results revealed the presence of Cr5O12 and Pb2O3 in the cyclone fly ash (MB-FA(C)) and bag filter fly ash (MB-FA(B)), respectively, from the MB incinerator. To observe lead incorporation mechanism, mixture of simulate lead-laden waste with bed material were fired between 600 °C and 900 °C in a laboratory scale FB reactor. The results clearly demonstrate a substantial decrease in lead leaching ratio for products with an appropriate temperature. The concentration of Pb in the MB-FA(B) was 250 times that in the FB-FA(B), suggesting that incineration of MSW in FB is a good strategy for stabilizing hazardous metals.

Evaluation of a flue gas cleaning system of a circulating fluidized bed incineration power plant by the analysis of pollutant emissions

Air pollution caused by flue gas from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is becoming increasingly serious. There are many harmful products in flue gas, such as acid gases (SO2, NOx, and HCl, etc.), particulate matter (PM), heavy metals, and organic compounds. For controlling emission of toxic substances, the choice of the flue gas cleaning system plays an important role in the operation of an incinerator plant. In this study, a flue gas cleaning system of a power plant with circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerators of MSW located in Shandong Province (eastern China) was evaluated. The investigation included the removal of organic pollutants, PM, acid gases, and heavy metals. According to data of pollutants in the flue gas, the emission level of these items was under control and met the required domestic regulations. In order to comply with relevant international standards and the zero-release project, the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), calcium magnesium acetate (ACM), catalytic filtration (CF), and secondary bag filter systems were suggested to optimize the existing flue gas cleaning system. The application of CFB incinerators with a semi-dry scrubber, activated carbon injection, and a bag filter to small and mid-sized cities in China serves as an example for developing countries in MSW management.

Pre-treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash for utilisation in cement mortar

The removal of elemental aluminium, sulphate and harmful organics from two types of MSWI ash samples, the sand sized (0.1–2mm) fraction of MSWI bottom ash from a grate furnace (SF), and boiler and fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator (BFA), were done to use as fine aggregates in preparation of cement mortar. Results indicate that the chemical treatment by 0.25M Na2CO3 solution can dissolve the Al and the sulphate bearing minerals from the BFA and therefore enhance its quality to use as a fine aggregate in cement mortar preparation. On the other hand, heat treatment at about 675°C before Na2CO3 treatment is necessary to improve the quality of SF for using as a fine aggregate. The compressive strengths of mortars improve significantly due to the partial replacement of sand by heat and Na2CO3 treated ash samples. The proposed treatment methods slightly change the toxic element leaching behaviours of the ash samples. The concentrations of toxic elements in the leachates generated from the treated ash samples as well as the leachates generated from the mortars containing these ash samples are well within the regulatory limits.

Coupling scales for modelling heavy metal vaporization from municipal solid waste incineration in a fluid bed by CFD

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) in fluidized bed is a very interesting technology mainly due to high combustion efficiency, great flexibility for treating several types of waste fuels and reduction in pollutants emitted with the flue gas. However, there is a great concern with respect to the fate of heavy metals (HM) contained in MSW and their environmental impact. In this study, a coupled two-scale CFD model was developed for MSWI in a bubbling fluidized bed. It presents an original scheme that combines a single particle model and a global fluidized bed model in order to represent the HM vaporization during MSW combustion. Two of the most representative HM (Cd and Pb) with bed temperatures ranging between 923 and 1073K have been considered. This new approach uses ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 as the modelling platform for the simulations along with a complete set of self-developed user-defined functions (UDFs). The simulation results are compared to the experimental data obtained previously by the research group in a lab-scale fluid bed incinerator. The comparison indicates that the proposed CFD model predicts well the evolution of the HM release for the bed temperatures analyzed. It shows that both bed temperature and bed dynamics have influence on the HM vaporization rate. It can be concluded that CFD is a rigorous tool that provides valuable information about HM vaporization and that the original two-scale simulation scheme adopted allows to better represent the actual particle behavior in a fluid bed incinerator.

Full-Scale Plant Study of the Innovative Spray-Drying-Based Sludge Incineration (SDSI) Process: Behavior of Heavy Metals

Large-scale applications of sludge incineration, particularly with fluidized-bed incinerators, are extremely restricted in China at present by their high investment and operating costs. An innovative spray-drying-based sludge incineration (SDSI) process was proposed in our recent study, which has been applied in a full-scale sludge incineration plant with a capacity of 1200 tonnes/day (80% moisture). In the present research, behavior of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cr, and Ni) in this plant was investigated, aiming to provide further evidence about the SDSI performance. The results showed that concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Ni in the slag were higher than those in the fly ash after combustion. Nevertheless, concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in the fly ash, particularly in the fine ash particles, were significantly higher than those in the slag. Unlike other heavy metals, the concentration of Cr in the slag was higher than that in coarse ash particles but roughly equal to that in fine a...

Detoxification of ashes from a fluidized bed waste incinerator

This paper was to test and control the toxicity of bottom and fly ashes from a circulated fluidized bed (CFB) incinerator. Bottom and fly ashes were firstly subject to TCLP test. Even though leachates of most particle size of bottom ash were below regulatory limit, the leachates of finer bottom ash may exceed the regulatory limit. Therefore, finer bottom ash should be separated and treated before landfilled directly or used as cement replacement. Due to high amounts of leached heavy metals, thermal treatment of fly ash was carried out to remove heavy metals. The influence of temperature, residence time, metal chloride and gas velocity were studied. In all conditions, Cd can be well removed. Pb can be almost completely removed with MgCl2 addition at 1000°C in 1h. The removal of Zn and Cu was accelerated significantly by MgCl2 and higher temperature separately. At optimum conditions, more than 90% of Cu and 95% of Zn could be removed, while a maximum 20% of Cr was removed due to the existence or formation of CaCr2O4, MgCr2O4 and K2Cr2O4 in raw or treated fly ashes.

Simultaneous catalytic reduction of N2O and NOx produced in a fluidized bed incineration of sewage sludge

AbstractFluidized bed incineration of sewage sludge could produce large amounts of N2O due to the relatively high nitrogen content of the sewage sludge and low incineration temperatures. In this study, N2O and NOx emissions released during the fluidized bed incineration of dried sewage sludge powder were investigated. Sewage sludge feeding rate was about 8∼10 kg/h, and bed aspect ratio was fixed to ca. 1.2. Superficial velocity was adjusted to ca. 1.9 m/s. The concentrations of N2O and NOx in the exhaust gas were greatly influenced by bed temperature in a range between 850 °C and 950 °C. In the simultaneous catalytic reduction of N2O and NOx on an Fe/BEA pellet catalyst with NH3, most of the N2O and NOx were removed when heated above the inlet reaction temperature 410 °C. Thus, simultaneous catalytic reduction was shown to be a promising N2O abatement technology for the fluidized bed incineration of sewage sludge. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4: the now deciphered main constituent of a municipal sewage sludge ash from a full-scale incineration facility

For the first time evidence is provided that a nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered, chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 occurs in a sewage sludge ash (SSA). This proof is based on a combined X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence investigation of an SSA produced at a large-scale fluidized bed incineration facility serving a catching area with a population of 2 million. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on ‘as received’ SSA samples as well as on solid residues remaining after leaching this SSA in sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it was ascertained that the observed nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered cristobalite-like component belongs to the aluminum phosphate component of this SSA, rather than to its silicon dioxide component. In addition, a direct proof is presented that the chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850°C), typical for fluidized bed incinerators.

生活垃圾焚烧残灰中有毒成分的排放特性

In this study, eight fly ash samples and three bottom ash samples from different areas are collected for analysis of their physicochemical properties and emission content of dioxin precursors and metals. Their surface characteristics, their effects on dioxin precursors, and important aspects of the compositions of residual ash (fly ash and bottom ash) are investigated. Poly-chlorobenzenes (PCBzs) in the fly ash of a fluidized bed incinerator (FBI) are 7.35 to 357.94 µg/kg, and in that of a fire grate incinerator (FGI) are 6.74 to 96.52 µg/kg. The concentrations in bottom ash are the same (i.e., 2.23 to 2.99 µg/kg) regardless of the furnace type. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in FGI fly ash samples (0.293 to 1.783 mg/kg) are less than these in samples from FBIs (1.820 to 38.012 mg/kg). Low boiling point PAHs (mainly 2- and 3-ringed PAHs) and high boiling point PCBzs (mainly H x CB and P e CBz) are the major constituents of residual ash. Different distributions of PCBzs and PAHs are mainly dictated by the incineration characteristics of FBI and FGI. Al and Fe, as non-toxic “light metals” are the major constituents of the residual ash, and Ni and Zn as non-toxic heavy metals play important roles in the total heavy metal. Cu, Pb, and Cr are the three major toxic heavy metals. The correlation of the metals and the dioxin precursors is discussed and distinguished.

Determination of the Pb, Cr, and Cd distribution patterns with various chlorine additives in the bottom ashes of a low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incinerator by chemical sequential extraction

A novel low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed (LTTSFB) incinerator has been successfully developed to control heavy-metal emissions during municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment. However, the characteristics of the residual metal patterns during this process are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the metal patterns in the different partitions of the LTTSFB bottom ash by chemical sequential extraction. Artificial waste was used to simulate the MSW. Different parameters including the first-stage temperature, chloride additives, and operating gas velocity were also considered. Results indicated that during the low-temperature treatment process, a high metal mobility phase exists in the first-stage sand bed. The main patterns of Cd, Pb, and Cr observed were the water-soluble, exchangeable, and residual forms, respectively. With the different Cl additives, the results showed that polyvinyl chloride addition increased metal mobility in the LTTSFB bottom ash, while, sodium chloride addition may have reduced metal mobility due to the formation of eutectic material. The second-stage sand bed was found to have a lower risk of metal leaching. The results also suggested that, the residual ashes produced by the LTTSFB system must be taken into consideration given their high metal mobility.

Characterization of zinc vapor condensation in fly ash particles using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Heavy metals released from municipal solid waste incinerators have become a major environmental concern. A comprehensive knowledge of metal vapor condensation in fly ash particles during incineration is essential for alleviating heavy metal toxicity, and for optimizing incineration process parameters and flue-gas cleaning systems. In this paper, the condensation of zinc vapor during flue-gas cooling in a 200 t/d fluidized bed incinerator and a 150 t/d moving grate incinerator was characterized and comparatively studied using high resolution synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Principal component analysis, target transformation, and linear combination fitting were employed to identify zinc species directly from size fractionated fly ash particles. The chemical reaction behaviors of different zinc species were described by thermodynamic equilibrium simulations. Consistent with previous theoretical analysis and laboratory scale tests, the condensation behavior of zinc in an industrial incineration system is mainly affected by the sulfur/chlorine ratio and the inorganic particulates. It is found that zinc chloride is the major zinc species in a moving grate incinerator but willemite dominates in the fluidized bed incinerator. The high sulfur and silica/alumina particle concentration in the fluidized bed system changes the condensation propensity of vapors of Zn compounds. Adjusting the concentrations of SO2 in flue-gas can inhibit the formation of zinc chlorides. Silica, alumina, aluminosilicates, and calcium-based compounds are potential sorbents for transforming zinc to less harmful species. To prevent toxic zinc species contained in fine particles from escaping into the atmosphere, wet scrubbers are more suitable for cleaning flue-gases in moving grate incineration systems, while improving the efficiency of dust removal is more important for fluidized bed incineration systems.

Fluid Bed Incinerators, Air Preheaters and Boilers: Understanding Their Performance to Maximize System Operational Flexibility

Fluid Bed Incinerators, Air Preheaters and Boilers: Understanding Their Performance to Maximize System Operational Flexibility

하수슬러지 유동층 소각에서 유동매체가 N2O 발생에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

하수슬러지를 유동층 소각으로 처리할 때 유동매체가 <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> 발생에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 유동매체로 zeolite 분말을 혼합하여 2 mm의 구형으로 제조하였다. 유동사의 평균크기 0.4 mm인 것을 유동매체로 사용할시 최소유동화속도(<TEX>$U_{mf}$</TEX>)는 0.44 m/s로 나타났으나, 2 mm zeolite 유동매체를 사용하였을 경우, 최소유동화속도는 0.5 m/s로 다소 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 유동층 소각로 내경에 대한 유동층 높이의 비(bed aspect ratio)를 1.4에서 3.1로 증가시켰을 때, 최소유동화속도는 0.5 m/s 에서 0.7 m/s로 다소 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 과잉공기비가 1.79이고, 유동층 온도는 <TEX>$909^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 공탑속도는 약 1.65 m/s의 운전 조건에서, 유동매체 양의 증가에 따라 배가스 <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> 농도는 다소 감소하였으며, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>의 농도는 다소 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 유동매체의 양이 6 kg (bed aspect ratio 1.98) 이상일 때 <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX>의 농도가 크게 감소하였는데, 이러한 감소는 <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX>의 NOx로 전환이라기보다는 zeolite 유동매체에 의한 <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> 분해 반응에 의한 것으로 사료되었다. 한편, zeolite 유동매체를 유동사와 혼합하여, 유동층 높이를 일정하게 유지하고, zeolite 유동매체의 혼합 비율과 유동층 온도를 변화시켰을 때, <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX>의 발생농도는 혼합비율 보다 유동층 온도에 의해 크게 의존하였으며, 고온으로 갈수록 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 소각 운전 온도를 고려하였을 때, zeolite 유동매체의 소성 온도는 <TEX>$900^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 수행하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다. This study was performed to investigate the effects of fluidizing media on <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> production in fluidized bed incineration of sewage sludge. The fluidized media were prepared in a form of 2 mm bead by mixing zeolite powders in our lab. Sand having 0.4 mm of the mean size showed 0.44 m/s of minimum fluidization velocity (<TEX>$U_{mf}$</TEX>), while the prepared zeolite media 0.5 m/s. When the ratio of fluidizing media height to the inside diameter of the incinerator (bed aspect ratio) increased from 1.4 to 3.1, it was found that <TEX>$U_{mf}$</TEX> of the zeolite media was varied from 0.5 m/s to 0.7 m/s. Under the operation conditions in 1.79 of excess air ratio, <TEX>$909^{\circ}C$</TEX> of bed temperature and ca. 1.65 m/s of superficial velocity, as the weight of fluidizing meadia was increased, <TEX>$O_2$</TEX> concentration in the flue gas was slightly decreased, and <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> increased. Above 6 kg of fluidizing media weight (1.98 of bed aspect ratio), it was observed that <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> concentration was significantly reduced, which might result from the decomposition of <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> on the zeolite media rather than transformation of <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> to NOx. On the other hand, in a variation of the zeolite media mixing ratio to sand and bed temperature at a constant total bed height, significant difference was exhibited in <TEX>$N_2O$</TEX> emission concentration according to the temperature. Considering the operation temperature in the incineration, the effective calcination temperature of the zeolite media was suggested to be around <TEX>$900^{\circ}C$</TEX>.

Study of the low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed incineration: Influence of the second-stage sand bed operating conditions on pollutant emission

To better understand the mechanism of the second-stage sand bed in controlling the pollutant emissions from a low-temperature two-stage fluidized bed (LTTSFB) incinerator, different parameters of the second-stage sand bed, including the particle size, bed height, and particle size distribution (PSD), were determined in this study. Artificial waste that contained heavy-metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) was used to simulate municipal solid waste (MSW). Particle, heavy-metal, and organic—polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)—pollutant emissions were the main concerns. During the initial test, the removal efficiency of the BTEX and PAH pollutants were between 70% and 76% after the second-stage treatment. The results also showed that the particle emission was correlated with the organic and heavy-metal emissions. Compared with the different particle sizes in the second-stage, the bubble-phase ratio and the sizes of voids in the sand bed were observed to be the major factors that controlled the pollutant emissions. Greater secondary sand-bed height also resulted in a greater likelihood of trapping the particles and heavy metals. But, it had a limitation. With respect to the PSD in second-stage, the results revealed that a flat-type distribution exhibited better efficiency in controlling the particle and metal emissions.