Fluid Filtration Research Articles

Neuronal dynamics direct cerebrospinal fluid perfusion and brain clearance.

The accumulation of metabolic waste is a leading cause of numerous neurological disorders, yet we still have only limited knowledge of how the brain performs self-cleansing. Here we demonstrate that neural networks synchronize individual action potentials to create large-amplitude, rhythmic and self-perpetuating ionic waves in the interstitial fluid of the brain. These waves are a plausible mechanism to explain the correlated potentiation of the glymphatic flow1,2 through the brain parenchyma. Chemogenetic flattening of these high-energy ionic waves largely impeded cerebrospinal fluid infiltration into and clearance of molecules from the brain parenchyma. Notably, synthesized waves generated through transcranial optogenetic stimulation substantially potentiated cerebrospinal fluid-to-interstitial fluid perfusion. Our study demonstrates that neurons serve as master organizers for brain clearance. This fundamental principle introduces a new theoretical framework for the functioning of macroscopic brain waves.

Reservoir properties of effusive rocks of the Muradkhanli field (Azerbaijan)

The presence of oil accumulations in igneous rocks has been known for quite a long time. Geologists estimate that oil reserves in eruptive and weathered metamorphic rocks reach 1 % of the world’s proven oil reserves. At the Shaimskoye field (Western Siberia), oil is found in the weathered granites of the basement. Oil has been found in eruptive rocks in Texas (USA) fields, the most famous of which is the Litton Springs field. Oil is found in metamorphosed shales in the western part of the Los Angeles basin, the porosity of which is caused by the development of cracks in the roof of crystalline shales. Petroleum is extracted from serpentinites in Cuba. Basic igneous rocks contain petroleum at the Ferbro field in Mexico.At the Khukhrinsky gas field, which islocated at the north-western end of the Dnieper-Donets depression, the crystalline basement rocks are oil and gas bearing, from which commercial hydrocarbon inflows have been obtained. In the White Tiger field (Bach Ho), located on the southern shelf of Vietnam, commercial oil accumulations are also found in crystalline basement rocks.
 At the Muradkhanli field in Azerbaijan, the industrial accumulation of petroleum belongs to the igneous rocks of the Upper Cretaceous age. The natural oil and gas reservoir of the Muradkhanli field is confined to the erosion zone of the upper part of the section of these rocks.
 This work aims to determine the reservoir properties of the rocks of the Muradkhanli deposit, which belong to igneous rocks, in different ways.
 The method of estimation of final oil recovery of complex structure reservoirs was proposed for useful capacity and oil recovery of homogeneous media; different variants of the volumetric method were used for reservoirs with complex structures of pore space filling a complex and heterogeneous natural reservoir; values of hydrocarbon reserves of increased and secondary capacity were calculated for the study interval; distributions of oil reserves with right-sided asymmetry, where Mo<Me<X, were presented; it was determined that in effusive cores oil saturation and fluid filtration are caused by tectonic fracturing and cavernousness.
 Permeability varies in a wide range: 0.73·10–15—1.31·10–15 m2; the largest specific fraction of crack density is in the range 0—0.1 cm/cm2, the average value is 0.29 cm/cm2, with crack depth they decrease from 0.9 to 0.1 cm/cm2.
 The studies have shown that the natural reservoir of oil and gas in the Muradhanli field is associated with the erosion zone of the upper part of the igneous rock section.

Sodium, Interstitium, Lymphatics and Hypertension-A Tale of Hydraulics.

Blood pressure is regulated by vascular resistance and intravascular volume. However, exchanges of electrolytes and water between intra and extracellular spaces and filtration of fluid and solutes in the capillary beds blur the separation between intravascular, interstitial and intracellular compartments. Contemporary paradigms of microvascular exchange posit filtration of fluids and solutes along the whole capillary bed and a prominent role of lymphatic vessels, rather than its venous end, for their reabsorption. In the last decade, these concepts have stimulated greater interest in and better understanding of the lymphatic system as one of the master regulators of interstitial volume homeostasis. Here, we describe the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system and focus on its plasticity in relation to the accumulation of interstitial sodium in hypertension. The pathophysiological relevance of the lymphatic system is exemplified in the kidneys, which are crucially involved in the control of blood pressure, but also hypertension-mediated cardiac damage. Preclinical modulation of the lymphatic reserve for tissue drainage has demonstrated promise, but has also generated conflicting results. A better understanding of the hydraulic element of hypertension and the role of lymphatics in maintaining fluid balance can open new approaches to prevent and treat hypertension and its consequences, such as heart failure.

Construction and Evaluation of a Degradable Drilling Fluid for Underground Coalbed Methane Extraction Boreholes.

Gas drainage with bedding boreholes is an efficient method for preventing gas and achieving coal and gas comining in underground mining engineering. An underground pressurized drilling method is proposed to maintain the borehole stability. However, the presence of natural fractures in coal seams poses challenges during pressurized drilling. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a low-leadage degradable drilling fluid system that minimizes coal seam damage. In this study, a degradable drilling fluid system was developed based on the characteristics of coal seams. The performance and influencing factors of the drilling fluid and the degrading capability of cellulase were examined. Moreover, the damage of the drilling fluid on fractured coal seams was investigated using core flow test methods. The results showed that additives significantly improved the rheology, filtration, and inhibition of the drilling fluid. The drilling fluid system exhibited excellent stability, rheological properties, low filtration, and sealing performance in coal seam environments. However, drilling fluid invasion and mud cake blockage negatively affected gas flow in fractured coal seams, and a higher content of filtrate reducer hindered the recovery of the gas flow rate. Cellulase was used to degrade polymers and alleviate the challenge of mud cake removal after drilling. Research on the influencing factors of cellulase indicates that the degradation efficiency of cellulase enzymes is influenced by the temperature, pH, salinity, and solid-phase content. For polluted coal samples, the gas flow rate significantly recovered after treatment with a cellulase solution. This study provides insights into a degradable drilling fluid system that can enhance underground pressurized drilling methods and minimize reservoir damage.

Function of KvLQT1 potassium channels in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced acute lung injury.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory response, severe damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier and a secondary infiltration of protein-rich fluid into the airspaces, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. Resolution of ARDS depends on the ability of the alveolar epithelium to reabsorb lung fluid through active transepithelial ion transport, to control the inflammatory response, and to restore a cohesive and functional epithelium through effective repair processes. Interestingly, several lines of evidence have demonstrated the important role of potassium (K+) channels in the regulation of epithelial repair processes. Furthermore, these channels have previously been shown to be involved in sodium/fluid absorption across alveolar epithelial cells, and we have recently demonstrated the contribution of KvLQT1 channels to the resolution of thiourea-induced pulmonary edema in vivo. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of the KCNQ1 pore-forming subunit of KvLQT1 channels in the outcome of ARDS parameters in a model of acute lung injury (ALI). We used a molecular approach with KvLQT1-KO mice challenged with bleomycin, a well-established ALI model that mimics the key features of the exudative phase of ARDS on day 7. Our data showed that KvLQT1 deletion exacerbated the negative outcome of bleomycin on lung function (resistance, elastance and compliance). An alteration in the profile of infiltrating immune cells was also observed in KvLQT1-KO mice while histological analysis showed less interstitial and/or alveolar inflammatory response induced by bleomycin in KvLQT1-KO mice. Finally, a reduced repair rate of KvLQT1-KO alveolar cells after injury was observed. This work highlights the complex contribution of KvLQT1 in the development and resolution of ARDS parameters in a model of ALI.

2021 Tajogaite eruption records infiltration of crustal fluids within the upper mantle beneath La Palma, Canary Islands

The 2021 Tajogaite eruption at La Palma has represented a unique opportunity to investigate the characteristics of the mantle source feeding modern volcanism in the Canary Islands. With the aim of track the fingerprint of carbon in the local oceanic lithosphere-asthenosphere system, we report the isotopic composition of CO2 (δ13C values versus Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) in olivine- and clinopyroxene-hosted fluid inclusions (FI) from the 2021 Tajogaite lavas and from lavas/ultramafic xenoliths (olivine-clinopyroxenites, clinopyroxenites, dunites and harzburgites) from the nearby 1677 San Antonio eruption cone/lavas, in an attempt to characterize the origin and evolution of carbon within the local mantle source. Our results indicate that the 2021 and 1677 lavas exhibit δ13C values ranging from −4.94‰ to −2.71‰ and CO2/3He ratios from 3.37 to 6.14 × 109. Ultramafic xenoliths fall in a comparable range of values despite showing higher CO2 concentrations. Our δ13C values fall within the range of carbon isotope results previously reported for the Dos Aguas cold spring located in the Taburiente Caldera (northern La Palma), suggesting an apparent carbon isotope homogeneity at the scale of the entire island. The (relatively narrow) δ13C vs. CO2/3He ratio range of La Palma samples is interpreted to reflect either i) variable extents of open-system degassing of a common mantle endmember having δ13C of ∼1.7‰, or ii) mixing between depleted mantle-like carbon (−6‰ < δ13C < −4‰) and crustal carbon (δ13C = 0‰) endmembers. Both models testify a crustal carbon component recycled in the local mantle. This component, also detected in mantle xenoliths from the neighboring island of El Hierro and the easternmost Lanzarote, indicates a regional characteristic of the mantle beneath the Canary Islands, interpreted as a result of infiltration of carbon-rich melts during past metasomatic events in the local mantle.

Fluid-Induced Metamorphism and Deformation at the Eastern Boundary of the Sveconorwegian Province

Abstract The Sveconorwegian orogen in Scandinavia and the Grenville orogen in Canada are both remnants of large and hot orogens that formed part of the supercontinent Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. Formerly deeply buried portions of crust in these orogens are exposed and offer insights into the tectonic dynamics of the basement within large orogens. The Eastern Segment of the Sveconorwegian Province hosts a ~ 30 000 km2 crustal portion that was buried to c. 40 km depth at a late stage of the orogeny, 980–960 Ma ago, and is bound towards the foreland in the east by a ~ 25 km wide zone of step anastomosing deformation, the Frontal wedge. This zone represents the outermost ductile deformation that developed within the crystalline basement in the orogen. We investigated a heterogeneously deformed and recrystallised syenodiorite with the aim to understand the character of the deformation-related metamorphism within the Frontal wedge. Field relations, microtextures, and mineral reactions show that the metamorphic recrystallisation was governed by hydrous fluid infiltration along the ductile deformation zones. Equilibrium was attained on a millimetre scale only and metamorphic recrystallisation was dependent on the introduction of hydrous fluid. The metamorphism reached high-pressure epidote-amphibolite-facies; geothermobarometric estimates suggest 540°C to 600°C and 9 to 12 kbar. Metamorphic zircon formed during the breakdown of Zr-bearing igneous phases, primarily baddeleyite. SIMS U–Pb analyses of igneous zircon and baddeleyite date the igneous crystallisation of the syenodiorite at 1230 ± 6 Ma. Metamorphic zircon grains are <20 μm and too small for precise dating, but yielded ages around 1 Ga. Collectively, the metamorphic data indicate that subvertical movements along steep planes within the Frontal wedge allowed for the regional-scale tectonic burial to ~40 km depth of the Eastern Segment to the west. Some of the same steep deformation structures were re-utilised as discrete movement planes during later exhumation.

A multiparameter mathematical model for the problem of nonlinear filtration of fluids in two-layer media

In the realm of fluid dynamics and porous media, the nonlinear filtration of fluids in two-layer media presents a complex and intriguing challenge that demands a comprehensive mathematical framework for accurate representation and analysis. This paper introduces a multiparameter mathematical model designed to elucidate the intricacies of fluid filtration in heterogeneous environments, specifically focusing on two-layer media. The authors research the construction of a multiparameter mathematical model and numerical solution of nonlinear problems of the theory of filtration of unstructured and structured fluids in hydrodynamically connected multilayer formations with different characteristics. The developed models and solution algorithms were tested on hypothetical data.

Monazite and zircon U[sbnd]Pb and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar geochronology constraints on the timing of magmatism and mineralization in the Huxingshan tungsten deposit, South China

The Huxingshan W deposit (0.21 Mt. WO3 @ 0.3 %) in northeastern Hunan province is located at the western margin of the Jiangnan tungsten belt (JNB), South China. It consists of a series of magma-derived scheelite-quartz-muscovite (SQM) veins in the F1 fault (which contains over 60 % of the W resource), beneath Niutitang Formation (Fm.) carbonate rocks, and above Yijiaqiao Fm. slate (sub-economic), distal from the concealed two-mica granite, which is thought to be responsible for the tungsten mineralization. In this study, we employ LA-ICP-MS zircon and monazite UPb, and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating to constrain the timing of magmatism and W mineralization at the Huxingshan deposit. Monazite and zircon dating yield coeval ages of 137.6 ± 0.5 Ma and 138.0 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively. Our muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating yielded well plateau ages of 132.9 ± 0.6 Ma, 132.2 ± 0.6 Ma, 130.7 ± 0.5 Ma, and 129.7 ± 0.6 Ma for four representative SQM vein ore samples occurring in the Niutitang Fm. carbonate, F1 fault, and Yijiaqiao Fm. slate, indicating multiple pulses of ore-forming fluid infiltration at Huxingshan. Our age data demonstrate that the two-mica granite emplaced at ∼137.6 Ma, significantly earlier than the pulsed W mineralization at ca. 132.9–129.7 Ma. The lack of spatial and temporal association precludes any genetic link between them. Thus, we infer that the ore-forming fluids likely originated from undiscovered deep plutons and ascended through the F1 fault. Besides, our reliable ages coincide with the two periods of large-scale Mesozoic magmatism and W mineralization phases in the JNB, with the 137.6 Ma magmatism falling within the first phase (150–135 Ma), while the W mineralization (ca.132.9–129.7 Ma) falls within the second phase (130–125 Ma). Of which, the second phase, including the Huxingshan, Xianglushang, Dongping, and Jianfengpo deposits, are situated in the western JNB and show further potential in this region.

Distribution and genesis of the Maokou Formation dolomite in Fengdu-Shizhu area, eastern Sichuan Basin

To investigate the development laws and genesis of the Maokou Formation dolomite in the Fengdu-Shizhu area, we analyzed core, thin section, logging, and geochemical data, and obtained the following understandings: 1. The Maokou Formation dolomite includes layered granular dolomite and leopard-spotted limy dolomite which are fine to medium, and moderately euhedral, and have intergranular pores and intergranular dissolved pores; 2. Vertically, the dolomite is the superimposition of multiple stages, 3–12 m a layer and cumulatively up to 30 m. The distribution of the dolomite is controlled by sedimentary cycles and is commonly found in the middle and upper parts of the cycle; 3. The analysis of rare earth distribution and carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes indicates that the dolomitizing fluid is the penecontemporaneous saline seawater, and some pore edges were affected by later hydrothermal dolomitization, resulting in recrystallization of dolomite and cementation of saddle-like dolomite; 4. The relationship between the plane distribution of the dolomite and the paleogeographic pattern during the sedimentary period indicates that the dolomite is concentrated in the granular shoals near geomorphic highlands and slope break zones. In summary, it is proposed that the overlap and migration of granular shoals and isolated seawater promoted the occurrence of reflux infiltration of dolomitizing fluid and dolomitization. Multistage granular shoals on the platform margin provide a good material foundation for the development of dolomite. Karstification is conducive to the occurrence of early dolomitization within the shoals and the preservation of pores. It is found that the early dolomite of the Maokou Formation is best developed in the highlands of faults 15 and 16. The basement faults controlled the sedimentary paleogeomorphology, thereby restricting the distribution of dolomite. This understanding provides a new idea for the exploration of dolomite in the Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin.

Experimental Investigation of Fracture Propagation in Clayey Silt Hydrate-Bearing Sediments

More than 90% of the natural gas hydrate resources are reserved as marine clayey silt sediments. It is of great significance to efficiently develop a clayey silt hydrate. At present, there are problems of low single well production and small depressurization range in its production test, which is still a long way from commercial exploitation. The combination of hydraulic fracturing technology and other methods such as depressurization method is regarded as one of the potential technical means to achieve the commercial exploitation of the hydrate. However, compared with shale gas reservoirs and coalbed methane reservoirs, clayey silt hydrate reservoirs have special mechanical properties, resulting in unique hydraulic fracturing processes. Therefore, it is necessary to study the fracture initiation and propagation laws of clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. To this end, we carried out large-scale (30 × 30 × 30 cm) true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments using a simulated material with similar mechanics, porosity, and permeability to clayey silt hydrate-bearing sediments. The effects of completion method, fracturing method, and fracturing fluid displacement on hydraulic fracture propagation of clayey silt hydrate-bearing sediments were studied. The results showed that a perforated completion can significantly increase the fracture reconstruction area and decrease the fracture initiation pressure compared to an open hole completion. Due to the small horizontal stress difference, it is feasible to carry out temporary plugging fracturing in clayey silt hydrate reservoirs. Temporary plugging fracturing can form steering fractures and significantly improve fracture complexity and fracture area. Increasing the fracturing fluid displacement can significantly increase the fracture area as well. When conducting fracturing in clayey silt hydrate-bearing sediments, the fracturing fluid filtration area is obviously larger than the fracture propagation area. Therefore, it is recommended to use a high-viscosity fracturing fluid to reduce the filtration of the fracturing fluid and improve the fracturing fluid efficiency. This study preliminarily explores the feasibility of temporary plugging fracturing in clayey silt hydrate reservoirs and analyzes the effect of completion methods on the propagation of fracturing fractures, which can provide a reference for the research conducted on the fracturing stimulation of clayey silt hydrate reservoirs.

Effects of Heated Infiltration Solutions and Forced-Air Heating Blankets on Intraoperative Hypothermia During Liposuction: A Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of heat preservation by two recommended methods, heated infiltration solutions and forced-air heating blankets, in patients undergoing liposuction under general anesthesia. Forty patients were divided into four groups based on whether heated infiltration solutions or forced-air heating blankets were used. Group A received general anesthesia liposuction plastic surgery routine temperature care. Based on the care measures of group A, heated infiltration solutions were used in group B; forced-air heating blanket was used in group C; and heated infiltration solutions and forced-air heating blankets were both used in group D. The primary end point was intraoperative and perioperative temperature measured with an infrared tympanic membrane thermometer. Secondary end points included surgical outcomes, subjective experience, and adverse events. Compared with group A, the intraoperative body temperatures of groups B, C, and D were significantly higher, indicating that the two intervention methods were helpful on increasing the core body temperature. Pairwise comparisons of these three groups showed that there was no significant difference between group C and group D. However, using forced-air heating blankets had a marked effect compared with using heated infiltration solutions alone at three time points. The same trend could be seen in other surgical outcomes. Heated infiltration solutions and forced-air heating blankets could reduce the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia and improve patients' prognosis after liposuction under general anesthesia. Compared with the heated infiltration fluid, the forced-air heating blanket may have a better thermal insulation effect. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Strontium concentration spikes as evidence for fluid-driven carbonate dissolution during subduction

Carbonate dissolution, the process by which carbonate minerals are stoichiometrically dissolved by an aqueous fluid, likely plays an important role in liberating carbon from subducting slabs and may thus make significant contributions to global carbon fluxes. It is therefore necessary to understand the fluid infiltration and flow geometries associated with this process. Despite its widespread use as a powerful tracer of fluid-rock interaction, strontium (Sr) has yet to be widely applied to carbonate dissolution scenarios. Previous work has identified a partially altered metacarbonate layer from Syros, Greece, that has undergone significant carbonate dissolution leading to ∼90% CO2 loss (Ague and Nicolescu, 2014). A bulk-rock compositional profile along this layer has a distinctive spike-shaped Sr profile. Sr concentrations are uniform in the altered region behind the reaction front, increase to form a spike just ahead of the front, and taper off to a baseline value moving farther into the unaltered metacarbonate rock. The origin of this type of spike shape and its potential utility for better understanding carbonate dissolution processes remain unaddressed. Here, we present a numerical diffusion-reaction model which demonstrates that both carbonate dissolution and multidimensional transport of Sr, in which the primary advective flow direction is perpendicular to the propagation of the diffusion front, are required to produce this shape. This model, as well as newly acquired Sr concentration data for calcite (former aragonite) and epidote, also indicate that the infiltration of a fluid with an elevated Sr concentration is necessary. We suggest that such spike-shaped features may aid in identifying carbonate dissolution in other settings, such as vein-selvage systems in metacarbonate rocks or reaction rinds on carbonate-bearing mélange blocks.

Analysis of frictionless contact between a spherical indenter and a poroviscoelastic medium with a constant contact radius

The research aims to understand the force relaxation that occurs when a spherical indenter is pressed into poroviscoelastic materials, which exhibit viscoelastic properties of solid network and drainage behavior of infiltrated fluid. To achieve this, an analytical approach is proposed to model spherical indentation on a poroviscoelastic medium under the condition of a constant contact radius. This analysis is conducted in the Laplace-transformed domain, and provides closed-form expressions in the transformed domain for both the normal approach and the contact force of the indenter while maintaining a fixed contact radius. These expressions are then numerically inverse-transformed to the time domain for practical analysis. To account for different scenarios, we consider various combinations of drainage conditions at the top and smoothness conditions at the bottom of the medium. We examine three categories of viscoelastic solid behavior, as understanding how they respond under indentation is crucial for characterizing their mechanical behavior. Additionally, we conduct finite element simulations of spherical indentation on poroviscoelastic media, serving as a comparison to the semi-analytic results obtained. Notably, the thickness of the medium relative to the contact radius and the Poisson's ratio play significant roles in the evolution of both the normal approach and contact force of the spherical indenter over time.

Multiple growth of zirconolite in marble (Mogok metamorphic belt, Myanmar): evidence for episodes of fluid metasomatism and Zr–Ti–U mineralization in metacarbonate systems

Abstract. Fluid infiltration into (meta-)carbonate rocks is an important petrologic process that induces metamorphic decarbonation and potential mineralization of metals or nonmetals. The determination of the infiltration time and the compositional features of reactive fluids is essential to understand the mechanism and process of fluid–rock interactions. Zirconolite (ideal formula: CaZrTi2O7) is an important U-bearing accessory mineral that can develop in metasomatized metacarbonate rocks. In this study, we investigate the occurrence, texture, composition, and chronology of various types of zirconolite from fluid-infiltrated reaction zones in dolomite marbles from the Mogok metamorphic belt, Myanmar. Three types of zirconolite are recognized: (1) the first type (Zrl-I) coexists with metasomatic silicate and oxide minerals (forsterite, spinel, phlogopite) and has a homogeneous composition with high contents of UO2 (21.37 wt %–22.82 wt %) and ThO2 (0.84 wt %–1.99 wt %). (2) The second type (Zrl-II) has textural characteristics similar to those of Zrl-I. However, Zrl-II shows a core–rim zonation with a slightly higher UO2 content in the rims (average of 23.5 ± 0.4 wt % (n=8)) than the cores (average of 22.1 ± 0.3 wt % (n=8)). (3) The third type (Zrl-III) typically occurs as coronas around baddeleyite and coexists with polycrystalline quartz. Zrl-III has obviously lower contents of UO2 (0.88 wt %–5.3 wt %) than those of Zrl-I and Zrl-II. All types of zirconolite have relatively low rare earth element (REE) contents (< 480 µg g−1 for ΣREE). Microtextures and compositions of the three zirconolite types, in combination with in situ zirconolite U–Pb dating using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), reveal episodic fluid infiltration and element mobilization in the dolomite marbles. The first-stage infiltration occurred at ∼ 35 Ma, leading to the formation of Mg-rich silicates and oxides and accessory minerals (Zrl-I, baddeleyite, and geikielite). The reactive fluid was characterized by high contents of Zr, Ti, U, and Th. After that, some Zrl-I grains underwent a local fluid-assisted dissolution–precipitation process, which produced a core–rim zonation (i.e., the Zrl-II type). The final stage of fluid infiltration, recorded by the growth of Zrl-III after baddeleyite, took place at ∼ 19 Ma. The infiltrating fluid of this stage had relatively lower U contents and higher SiO2 activities than the first-stage infiltrating fluid. This study illustrates that zirconolite is a powerful mineral that can record repeated episodes (ranging from 35 to 19 Ma) of fluid influx, metasomatic reactions, and Zr–Ti–U mineralization in (meta-)carbonates. This mineral not only provides key information about the timing of fluid flow but also documents the chemical variation in reactive fluids. Thus, zirconolite is expected to play a more important role in characterizing the fluid–carbonate interaction, orogenic CO2 release, and the transfer and deposition of rare metals.

15-Lipoxygenase promotes resolution of inflammation in lymphedema by controlling Treg cell function through IFN-β

Lymphedema (LD) is characterized by the accumulation of interstitial fluid, lipids and inflammatory cell infiltrate in the limb. Here, we find that LD tissues from women who developed LD after breast cancer exhibit an inflamed gene expression profile. Lipidomic analysis reveals decrease in specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) generated by the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) in LD. In mice, the loss of SPM is associated with an increase in apoptotic regulatory T (Treg) cell number. In addition, the selective depletion of 15-LO in the lymphatic endothelium induces an aggravation of LD that can be rescued by Treg cell adoptive transfer or ALOX15-expressing lentivector injections. Mechanistically, exogenous injections of the pro-resolving cytokine IFN−β restores both 15-LO expression and Treg cell number in a mouse model of LD. These results provide evidence that lymphatic 15-LO may represent a therapeutic target for LD by serving as a mediator of Treg cell populations to resolve inflammation.

High Respiratory and Cardiac Drive Exacerbate Secondary Lung Injury in Patients With Critical Illness.

The high respiratory and cardiac drive is essential to the host-organ unregulated response. When a primary disease and an unregulated secondary response are uncontrolled, the patient may present in a high respiratory and cardiac drive state. High respiratory drive can cause damage to the lungs, pulmonary circulation, and diaphragm, while high cardiac drive can lead to fluid leakage and infiltration as well as pulmonary interstitial edema. A "respiratory and cardiac dual high drive" state may be a sign of an unregulated response and can lead to secondary lung injury through the increase of transvascular pressure and pulmonary microcirculation injury. Ultrasound examination of the lung, heart, and diaphragm is important when evaluating the phenotype of high respiratory drive in critically ill patients. Ultrasound assessment can guide sedation, analgesia, and antistress treatment and reduce the risk of high respiratory and cardiac drive-induced lung injury in these patients.

Dynamic Effect of Drilling Fluid Filtrate Reducers on Hydrate Formation

Dynamic Effect of Drilling Fluid Filtrate Reducers on Hydrate Formation

Experimental study of hydrophilic additives on filter cake permeability and filtrate losses

AbstractIn the past few years, great emphasis has been placed on developing the water‐based mud system in drilling operations because its properties are suitable for the environment and it is a better choice than oil‐ and synthetic‐based muds. Despite research and development in this field, water‐based muds still have filtration issues that lead to drilling problems, and attempts must be continued in this regard. Therefore, this work aims to reduce the filtrate loss of water‐based mud by affecting the drilling cake and making the permeability as low as possible with enhanced properties that resist the filtration of the drilling fluid. Special care was taken to develop suitable mud rheological properties in terms of plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength compared to API standards. To this end, some hydrophilic materials were added to the mud, such as thinners (spersene and trisodium phosphate [TSP]) and some polymers (sodium silicate [SS] and poly acryl amide [PAA] (to compare with the basic mud. The results showed that using thinners and polymers without carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and baryte reduced filtrate loss and permeability by a small percentage. On the other hand, adding CMC and baryte to the four additives (spersene, TSP, SS, and PAA) each separately reduced the permeability by 66.1%, 67.7%, 74.1%, and 79%, and reduced filtrate loss by 50.1%, 51.4%, 55.3%, and 58.6%, respectively. It was concluded that adding PAA with CMC and baryte can effectively reduce filtrate losses due to its ability to provide a membrane of low permeability.

Investigation of structural destruction in filtration and flow of heterogeneous fluids)

Investigation of structural destruction in filtration and flow of heterogeneous fluids)