Number Fluctuations Research Articles

15-Year Suicide Trends Using Media Reporting Methodology from the Tricity Region of Chandigarh: A Brief Analysis

Introduction: Suicide has become a societal crisis owing to the recent increasing trends globally. Of the total suicide deaths globally, two-thirds occur in the developing countries including India. The available data on suicide in India reflect a rate of 11% (according to the National Crime Records Bureau 2013) with the highest rates in older adult males and an increasing trend of suicide deaths in younger age groups. Much of the literature is from the southern part of India with a relatively sparse data from North India. Aim and Methodology: The aim was to examine the 15-year (2004-2019) trend of suicide (age and gender distribution, methods used, and reasons) in an urban city in North India. Information was collected from the leading newspapers (English, Hindi, and Punjabi) of the area. Duplication of information was avoided, and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Fluctuations in the total number of suicide cases over the 15-year period were observed with nearly 63% of people committing suicide being younger than 30 years of age, of whom 53% were male. More females in the younger age group and more males in the older age group were suicide victims. Of all the methods used, hanging was the most common (70%), followed by consuming poisonous substance, jumping from height, shooting self, and stabbing in the descending order. A ceiling fan was used for hanging by 32% of victims who hanged themselves, of whom 65% were male. Among the cited reasons, stress/depression was experienced by 19% of victims. Discussion and Conclusion: The trends with respect to age distribution, gender, and method used that is reported in the current study are in line with the trends reported globally. The preventive measures, especially using technological advances in designing fans not suitable for tying noose around it, can be explored.

Active crystallization from power functional theory.

We address the gas, liquid, and crystal phase behaviors of active Brownian particles in three dimensions. The nonequilibrium force balance at coexistence leads to equality of state functions for which we use power functional approximations. Motility-induced phase separation starts at a critical point and quickly becomes metastable against active freezing for Péclet numbers above a nonequilibrium triple point. The mean swim speed acts as a state variable, similar to the density of depletion agents in colloidal demixing. We obtain agreement with recent simulation results and correctly predict the strength of particle number fluctuations in active fluids.

Noise Differentiation and Atom Number Measurement in Optical Lattice Clocks by Analyzing Clock Stabilities with Various Parameters

We propose a method that enables the precise determination of the number of atoms in a Dick-noise-free optical lattice clock, by effectively addressing quantum projection noise. Our approach relies on conducting stability measurements at three distinct parameter sets, allowing us to differentiate between quantum projection noise, photon shot noise, and technical noise. Importantly, it enables accurate extraction of the atom number, even in the presence of photon shot noise and technical noise. We utilize numerical simulations to validate our approach, optimize the modulation parameters for minimal uncertainty, and investigate the impact of atom number fluctuations on the determinacy of our results. The numerical results show the validity of our method and demonstrate an estimated uncertainty in the atom number that is below 4% with 6.7 h measurement, provided that the standard deviation of atom number fluctuation is kept below 0.14 times the average atom number.

The Influence of Source Froude Number and Turbulent Fluctuations on the Development of Turbulent Fountains in Stratified Ambient

The Influence of Source Froude Number and Turbulent Fluctuations on the Development of Turbulent Fountains in Stratified Ambient

Breakdown of Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm in Small Closed Systems.

For more than a century, monolayer adsorptions in which adsorbate molecules and adsorbing sites behave ideally have been successfully described by Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. For example, the amount of adsorbed material, as a function of concentration of the material which is not adsorbed, obeys Langmuir's equation. In this paper, we argue that this relation is valid only for macroscopic systems. However, when particle numbers of adsorbate molecules and/or adsorbing sites are small, Langmuir's model fails to describe the chemical equilibrium of the system. This is because the kinetics of forming, or the probability of observing, occupied sites arises from two-body interactions, and as such, ought to include cross-correlations between particle numbers of the adsorbate and adsorbing sites. The effect of these correlations, as reflected by deviations in predicting composition when correlations are ignored, increases with decreasing particle numbers and becomes substantial when only few adsorbate molecules, or adsorbing sites, are present in the system. In addition, any change that augments the fraction of occupied sites at equilibrium (e.g., smaller volume, lower temperature, or stronger adsorption energy) further increases the discrepancy between observed properties of small systems and those predicted by Langmuir's theory. In contrast, for large systems, these cross-correlations become negligible, and therefore when expressing properties involving two-body processes, it is possible to consider independently the concentration of each component. By applying statistical mechanics concepts, we derive a general expression of the equilibrium constant for adsorption. It is also demonstrated that in ensembles in which total numbers of particles are fixed, the magnitudes of fluctuations in particle numbers alone can predict the average chemical composition of the system. Moreover, an alternative adsorption equation, predicting the average fraction of occupied sites from the value of the equilibrium constant, is proposed. All derived relations were tested against results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations.

Fifth- and sixth-order net baryon number fluctuations in nuclear matter at low temperature

Fifth- and sixth-order net baryon number fluctuations in nuclear matter at low temperature

Low-frequency noise in InSnZnO thin film transistors with high-quality SiO2 gate oxide stacks

Low-frequency noise (LFN) in InSnZnO (ITZO) thin-film-transistors (TFT) with high-quality SiO2 gate oxide (GO) stacks is studied. This stack is fabricated by the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and comprises two single layers. One layer is deposited by a SiH4 source (SiH4–SiO2), and the other uses a tetraethyl-orthosilicate precursor (TEOS-SiO2). The drain current noise power spectral densities follow the typical 1/f rule, and the main origin of LFN changes with the variation of drain current intensities. At low drain current intensities, LFN is affected by grain boundaries in the channel. As the drain current intensities increase, LFN originates from the carrier number fluctuations in devices with single TEOS-SiO2 GOs and from the carrier number with correlated mobility fluctuations in devices with SiO2 stacks GOs. At extremely high drain current intensities, the contact noise acts as a significant source of LFN in devices with SiO2 GO stacks. According to the carrier number with correlated mobility fluctuation (ΔN−Δμ) model, the devices with optimal stacks GOs exhibit a relatively low trap density near the ITZO/SiO2 interface. Additionally, these devices have a lower border trap density in GOs compared to those with single compositions. It demonstrates that high-quality SiO2 stacks reduce traps near the SiO2/ITZO interface, leading to enhanced devices performance. This work provides a precise and efficient method to evaluate the quality of GOs in metal oxide TFTs.

Interplay of baryonic chiral partners in fluctuations of netbaryon number density

In this contribution, we use the parity doublet model to investigate the fluctuations of the net-baryon number density. We discuss the systematics of the susceptibilities and their ratios for nucleons of positive and negative parity, as well as their correlator. We demonstrate that the fluctuations of positiveparity nucleon do not reflect the fluctuations of the total net-baryon number at the chiral phase transition.

High order fluctuations of conserved charges in the continuum limit

We calculate the grand canonical fluctuations of the net baryon number and net strangeness in the region of chiral crossover from lattice QCD. We continuum extrapolate the results in a finite volume using the new 4HEX discretization scheme up to χ6B and also for χ8B at a single temperature. Our results contradict recent estimates at a finite lattice spacing. See Ref. [1] for the full version of this work.

To analyze the impact of Thermal- stress on the RBC number of Indian Major carp Catla catla (Hamilton)

To differentiate thermal-stress (het-stress and cold-stress) from thermal-adaptation (heat-adaptation and cold-adaptation), the fish species Catla catla were subjected to different temperature treatments - a rapid increase in temperature from 22°C to 32°C at a rate of 1°C per hour (heat-stress) and a gradual increase in temperature at a rate of 1°C per 60 hours (heat-adaptation) - During heatadaptation, the fish showed a gradual increase in RBC number, while in cold-adaptation, a gradual decrease was observed. However, the percentage of recovery was higher in heat-adaptation compared to cold-adaptation. Interestingly, both heat-stressed and cold-stressed fish initially exhibited fluctuations in RBC number. However, the percentage of recovery in stressed fish was considerably lower compared to the fish underwent thermal-adaptation. Studies of this nature are highly useful in evaluating methods for the safe rearing and conservation of economically important Ichthyofauna of the aquatic habitat.

Random wavenumber and nonlinear parametric effect of speckle field

Speckle field is a relatively common phenomenon. But the speckle has special application value in nonlinear optical domain because it can be used to suppress different nonlinear processes that are caused by high power laser. To enhance the suppression capability, it is necessary to reveal the basic mechanism of the speckle parameter nonlinear optical interaction process. In this work, the coupling wave equation under the wave number mismatch condition is used to analyze the parameter process of speckles field. The solving process of the coupling wave equation is introduced in detail. And the wave number or phase matching condition is fully discussed. Furthermore, the threshold of the nonlinear gain is analyzed when the wave number does not fully meet the matching condition. To describe the solution of the coupling wave equation more clearly, the undetermined coefficient of the exact analytical solution is discussed. Since the boundary field will affect the confirmation of the undetermined coefficient, the characteristic of boundary field should be analyzed first. The nonlinear process of the speckle field is a three-wave interaction process. The different boundary conditions will affect the three-wave interaction process. And it is found that if the complex amplitudes of the three waves at the boundary are not zero, the undetermined coefficient will be changed with the phrase parameters of the three waves. To achieve the maximum value, the boundary waves must meet the phase matching condition. The wave number of the speckle filed is not an invariant, because of its random distribution characteristic. Therefore, during the analysis of the three-wave interaction process, the segment handling method is used to ensure the effective solving of the first order coupling wave equation. On the other hand, the randomly fluctuation of the wave number destroys the phase matching condition of the boundary. It is just through the basic mechanism that the speckle field can be used to suppress the nonlinear gain of high-power optical field. Both the theoretical analyses and the numerical calculation results show that the speckle field has good suppression effect for some typical nonlinear parameter process, such as stimulated Brillouin scattering.

Waning immunity can drive repeated waves of infections.

In infectious disease models, it is known that mechanisms such as births, seasonality in transmission and pathogen evolution can generate oscillations in infection numbers. We show how waning immunity is also a mechanism that is sufficient on its own to enable sustained oscillations. When previously infected or vaccinated individuals lose full protective immunity, they become partially susceptible to reinfections. This partial immunity subsequently wanes over time, making individuals more susceptible to reinfections and potentially more infectious if infected. Losses of full and partial immunity lead to a surge in infections, which is the precursor of oscillations. We present a discrete-time Susceptible-Infectious-Immune-Waned-Infectious (SIRWY) model that features the waning of fully immune individuals (as a distribution of time at which individuals lose fully immunity) and the gradual loss of partial immunity (as increases in susceptibility and potential infectiousness over time). A special case of SIRWY is the discrete-time SIRS model with geometric distributions for waning and recovery. Its continuous-time analogue is the classic SIRS with exponential distributions, which does not produce sustained oscillations for any choice of parameters. We show that the discrete-time version can produce sustained oscillations and that the oscillatory regime disappears as discrete-time tends to continuous-time. A different special case of SIRWY is one with fixed times for waning and recovery. We show that this simpler model can also produce sustained oscillations. In conclusion, under certain feature and parameter choices relating to how exactly immunity wanes, fluctuations in infection numbers can be sustained without the need for any additional mechanisms.

IMPLEMENTASI DATA MINING ALGORITMA DECISION TREE UNTUK KLASIFIKASI STATUS GIZI BALITA DI KECAMATAN CILEDUG

The nutritional intake plays a crucial role in supporting the physical development of toddlers; however, not all toddlers in Ciledug District receive adequate nutrition. The number of toddlers experiencing nutritional status disorders or nutritional problems fluctuates annually, influenced by the fluctuation in the total number of toddlers. Currently, 2.9% of toddlers in Ciledug District are experiencing nutritional status disorders. This study aims to implement a classification process to determine the nutritional status of toddlers in Ciledug District using the decision tree algorithm. The achieved accuracy of the results is 99.18%, with detailed predictive outcomes as follows: 2298 instances correctly predicted as normal nutrition, 23 instances correctly predicted as abnormal nutrition, 2290 instances correctly predicted as abnormal nutrition, and 15 instances correctly predicted as normal nutrition. The classification results based on age indicate that infants aged 2 weeks have normal nutrition, toddlers aged 1 to 11 months exhibit both normal and abnormal nutrition, toddlers aged 12 months have normal nutrition, toddlers aged 13 to 58 months show both normal and abnormal nutrition, and toddlers aged 59 to 61 months have normal nutrition.

Probing the nature of the QCD phase transition with higher-order net-proton number fluctuation and local parton density fluctuation measurements at RHIC-STAR

The moments of proton and net-proton multiplicity distributions are observables expected to be sensitive to the QCD critical point and the nature of the QCD phase transition from QGP to hadron gas. Hyper-order cumulants are measured in wide centrality bins in STAR BES-I data and found to be qualitatively consistent with trends predicted by lattice QCD which finds a cross-over phase transition at low μB. Data collected at √SNN = 3 GeV in BES-II exhibit trends opposite of those observed in higher energy collisions which may suggest the dominance of hadronic interactions at this energy. The variance of proton multiplicity distributions in azimuthal partitions is measured to search for signals of clustering indicative of a first-order phase transition. A strong dependence on the event multiplicity is observed. This dependence is independent of energy in AMPT while in STAR data a significant trend with energy is observed.

Spinodal enhancement of fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Subensemble Acceptance Method (SAM) [1, 2] is an essential link between measured event-by-event fluctuations and their grand canonical theoretical predictions such as lattice QCD. The method allows quantifying the global conservation law effects in fluctuations. In its basic formulation, SAM requires a sufficiently large system such as created in central nucleus-nucleus collisions and sufficient space-momentum correlations. Directly in the spinodal region of the First Order Phase Transition (FOPT) different approximations should be used that account for finite size effects. Thus, we present the generalization of SAM applicable in both the pure phases, metastable and unstable regions of the phase diagram [3]. Obtained analytic formulas indicate the enhancement of fluctuations due to crossing the spinodal region of FOPT and are tested using molecular dynamics simulations. A rather good agreement is observed. Using transport model calculations with interaction potential we show that the spinodal enhancement of fluctuations survives till the later stages of collision via the memory effect [4]. However, at low collision energies the space-momentum correlation is not strong enough for this signal to be transferred to second and third order cumulants measured in momentum subspace. This result agrees well with recent HADES data on proton number fluctuations at √SNN = 2.4 GeV which are found to be consistent with the binomial momentum space acceptance [5].

Experimental search for the QCD critical endpoint

The phase diagram of strong interaction has been a subject of intense theoretical and experimental research. One of the big questions in this regard is whether a critical endpoint is associated with the phase transition of strongly interacting matter. There have been rapid theoretical developments to answer this question. On the experimental side, a tremendous effort is put forward to hunt for the critical point in collisions of atomic nuclei. This article gives an experimental overview of some of the key results for critical point searches, mainly focusing on net-proton number fluctuations in nuclear collisions.

Flutter Phenomenon and Safety Implications in Transonic Flow

As advancements in aircraft manufacturing technology persistently elevate the boundaries of flight speed, challenges emerge when aircraft velocities verge on sonic speeds. Notably, empirical observations have highlighted instances of pronounced vibrations and, in extreme cases, structural failures, casting shadows over flight stability and safety. This research endeavors to dissect the ramifications of shock waves and flutter phenomena, precipitated by fluid discontinuities during supersonic flight, on the overarching safety of aircraft. Methodologically, the study delineates a series of simulation protocols, commencing with the derivation of simplified functions representing the aircraft's 2D contour, followed by error function computations, and finally, using the finite difference method in conjunction with the successive over-relaxation (SOR) iterative technique to model the aircraft's velocity distribution. Preliminary findings indicate that for β values spanning 0.1, 0.15, and 0.175, the surrounding airflow retains its continuity and stability, with the Mach number's rate of change exhibiting a decelerating trend. Conversely, at a β threshold of 0.2, the airflow descends into turbulence, manifesting in erratic Mach number fluctuations. Such fluidic discontinuities underscore potential threats to the aircraft's flight safety, necessitating further exploration and mitigation strategies.

Reversible superconducting-normal phase transition in a magnetic field: The energy-momentum balance including the velocity field of the Berry connection from many-body wave functions

The velocity field composed of the Berry connection from many-body wave functions and electromagnetic vector potential explains the energy-momentum balance during the reversible superconducting-normal phase transition in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. In this formalism, forces acting on electrons are the Lorentz force and force expressed as the gradient of the kinetic energy. In the stationary situation, they balance; however, an infinitesimal imbalance of them causes a phase boundary shift. In order to explain the energy balance during this phase boundary shift, the electromotive force of the Faraday’s magnetic induction type is considered for the Berry connection. This theory assumes that supercurrent exists as a collection of stable quantized loop currents, and the transition from the superconducting to normal phase is due to the loss of their stabilizations through the thermal fluctuation of the winding numbers of the loop currents. We argue that an abrupt change of loop current states with integral quantum numbers should be treated as a quantum transition; then, the direct conversion of the quantized loop currents to the magnetic field occurs; consequently, the Joule heat generation does not occur during the phase transition.

Quick Respond Indonesian Standart (QRIS) dalam Ber-Transaksi Secara Go Digital di UMKM Keripik Pisang UD. Muser Desa Pandanagung Kecamatan Soko Kabupaten Tuban

In 2019, the banana chips business utilizing QRIS payment was solely owned by UD. Muser. On average, 77 customers per month engaged in transactions using QRIS, with fluctuations in numbers. The production facility is located 25 minutes away from Bojonegoro and 53 minutes from Tuban, far from major cities. The customers of Banana Chips UD Muser are sales representatives who personally pick up the products from the production site. Banana Chips UD Muser has successfully entered Minimarts around Parengan, Soko, and Bojonegoro. The embedded strategy model employed a mixed method design, utilizing both primary methods (quantitative or qualitative) and secondary methods (qualitative or quantitative) simultaneously. By combining both types of data, a comprehensive analysis was obtained. Based on the SPSS Coefficients output, the significance value (Sig) of the QRIS variable (X) is 0.000, where 0.000 < 0.05. Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted, indicating that QRIS is effective in public payment transactions. The t-test results show a t-value of 8.082 for the QRIS variable. Since the calculated t-value (8.082) is greater than the table t-value (2.005), it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted. QRIS is effective in digital payment transactions at UD. Muser. The effectiveness of QRIS usage is evident from the widespread adoption by buyers. Customers are satisfied with the QRIS method as it facilitates seamless digital transactions. Buyers find QRIS easy to use, requiring only a barcode scan specifying the purchase amount, making the transaction process straightforward and convenient.

Addressing the constraints of turbulence-free ghost imaging using photon number fluctuation correlations in the time domain

Turbulence-free ghost imaging is a promising solution for the degraded image caused by atmospheric turbulence. However, turbulence-free ghost imaging requires two harsh conditions. To solve this problem, the temporal statistical property of the photon number fluctuations introduced by space-time fluctuating atmospheric turbulence is investigated. We find that the photons collected by the detectors is a superposition of the fluctuating photons introduced by space-time fluctuating atmospheric turbulence and the nonfluctuating photons with probabilities inversely proportional to the beam diameter. The fluctuating photons, which cause image degradation, lead to the absence of stable temporal photon number correlations, while the nonfluctuating photons have the opposite effect. Thus, fluctuating photons are eliminated by measuring the temporal correlations of the signal light and reference light separately. The results show that turbulence-free ghost images can be reconstructed even if the typical conditions are not met. This work does not negate the results of Meyers et al. and provides a method to address the harsh constraints of turbulence-free ghost imaging.