Environmental Fluctuations Research Articles

Delving into the soil and phytomicrobiome for disease suppression: A case study for the control of Fusarium Head Blight of cereals.

Fusarium Head Blight is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of cereals worldwide, causing significant yield losses and affecting grain quality. The predominant role of the interactions within the Fusarium communities as well as with members of the phytomicrobiome in disease onset and development has gained increasing attention. Understanding the diversity and dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities across different substrates colonized by Fusarium spp. in wheat fields can provide valuable insights into disease ecology and lead to the discovery of native microorganisms with biocontrol potential. In this study, the bacterial and fungal communities associated with soil, maize residues, and wheat grains, were studied based on metabarcoding sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS2 regions in six wheat fields over two years and characterized by different levels of FHB disease pressure and mycotoxin contamination. Overall, the diversity and composition of microbial communities were primarily influenced by substrate type followed by geographic origins of fields and sampling time, notably for grains and residues while the soil microbiome was less impacted by environmental fluctuations. Notably, our findings suggest that crop residues function as a transient substrate between soil and wheat microbiomes. In addition, we found several taxa either strongly negatively correlated to Fusarium spp. and/or to levels of Fusarium DNA or mycotoxins in grains or residues, including Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Paenibacillus, Curtobacterium, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Sphingomonas, which could be potential antagonistic agents against Fusarium spp. Altogether, these findings provide novel insights into the field microbiome functioning and their complex interactions with the Fusarium communities.

Exploration of endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria of invasive plant Xanthium strumarium L. reveals their potential in plant growth promotion and bacterial wilt suppression.

Plant-associated microbiome plays important role in maintaining overall health of the host plant. Xanthium strumarium displaying resilience to various environmental fluctuations may harbor some bacterial isolates which can help this plant to grow worldwide. The present study aims to isolate endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria from X. strumarium and assess their plant growth-promoting and Ralstonia solanacearum antagonism activity. From a total of 148 isolated bacteria, 7 endophytic and 2 rhizospheric bacterial isolates were found to endow with significant in vitro plant growth promotion activities. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of the 7 endophytic isolates has revealed these bacteria belonging to 5 genera viz. Curtobacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium and Paracoccus whereas, the two rhizospheric isolates were identified as species of Ralstonia pickettii and Priestia megaterium. Maximum growth promotion was observed using the strains Pseudomonas fluorescens XSS6 and Microbacterium hydrothermale XSS20 in the assay conducted on tomato plants. In the in planta inhibition assay of R. solanacearum carried out in tomato seedlings using root bacterization method, Pseudomonas fluorescens XSS6 and Panotea vagans XSS3 showed antagonistic activity with biocontrol efficacy of 94.83% and 83.96%, respectively. GC-MS analysis detected several known antimicrobial compounds in the extract of the culture supernatant of Pseudomonas fluorescens XSS6 and Panotea vagans XSS3 strains, which may contribute to the inhibition of R. solanacearum by these strains. The results of our study indicated that the bacteria associated with X. strumarium exhibit multiple plant-beneficial effects. These bacteria have the potential to be developed as effective biofertilizers and biological control agents, promoting sustainable agriculture practices.

Insights from feature tracking of optical satellite data for studying rock glacier kinematics in the Northern Tien Shan

Rock glaciers are prevalent across the Tien Shan and exhibit complex, but poorly understood kinematics linked to climate and environmental fluctuations. This study employed a frequency domain cross-correlation method to investigate rock glacier velocities in the Northern Tien Shan. We compared different sources of satellite imagery, including 0.5m Pléiades, 3m Planet, 10m Sentinel-2 and 15m Landsat-8 data. Analysis of high-resolution Pléiades imagery in the Central Ile Alatau showed considerable spatial heterogeneity in flow. The highest median velocity of 0.65 m/yr was observed on Timofeyeva rock glacier, with an upper quartile value of 0.90 m/yr. Ordzhonikidze and Morennyi rock glaciers also exhibited high activity, with upper quartile values of 1.91 m/yr and 0.96 m/yr, respectively, despite considerably lower mean and median values than Timofeyeva. We observed bimodal velocity distributions on a number of rock glaciers, highlighting the limitations of using mean and median statistics for characterising rock glacier activity. Sentinel-2 data was capable of detecting kinematic patterns that closely reflected those identified by high-resolution Pléiades data. Velocities were derived from Sentinel-2 imagery for 672 rock glaciers across the Northern Tien Shan over a 7-year period (2016–2023). Many of the larger rock glaciers in the regional inventory exhibited active areas with velocities that exceeded 2 m per year. Topographic analysis in the Central Ile Alatau and visual inspection showed the fastest velocities to generally occur on lower, flatter areas near the rock glacier front. However, topography did not entirely explain the spatial flow heterogeneity. We interpret that these spatial patterns in activity are related to individual rock glacier’s internal structure.

Diatom responses to rapid light and temperature fluctuations: adaptive strategies and natural variability

Diatoms are crucial in global primary productivity and carbon sequestration, contributing significantly to marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles. With the projected increase in sea surface temperatures, climate change poses significant threats to these essential organisms. This study investigates the photobiological responses of nine diatom species to rapid changes in light and temperature, aiming to understand their adaptability and resilience to climate-induced environmental fluctuations. Using a high-throughput phenoplate assay, we evaluated the maximum quantum yield of photosystem 2 (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and additional photosynthetic parameters under varying temperature conditions. Our results revealed significant variability in the photophysiological responses among the species, with temperature emerging as a dominant abiotic factor relative to light, accounting for 13.2%–37.5% of the measured variability. Measurements of effect size of temperature and light on Fv/Fm showed that there is additional significant innate variability in the samples when a homogeneous culture is fractioned in 384 subpopulations. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering analysis of the effect size of temperature, light and innate variability on all measured photosynthetic parameters identified two distinct diatom groups. One group exhibited strong interaction between light intensity and temperature, suggesting active synergetic mechanisms to cope with fluctuating environments, while the other showed potential limitations in this regard. These findings highlight diatoms’ diverse strategies to optimize photosynthesis and manage light and thermal stress, providing insights into their potential responses to future climate scenarios. Furthermore, we demonstrate that using the method presented in this work we can functionally cluster different diatom species.

Dependence of Nonlinear Elastic Parameters of Consolidated Granular Media on Temperature in the Ambient Range

Hysteretic nonlinear elasticity is often observed in consolidated granular media, including concrete, mortar, sandstones, or rocks. Nonlinearity is frequently quantified using Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy (NRUS), which provides tools to define nonlinear parameters for both fast and slow dynamic effects, often observed when analyzing the propagation velocity dependence on strain in such materials. The dependence of these parameters on temperature was studied with the aim of using NRUS to quantify the induced thermal damage; thus, experiments were performed spanning a wide temperature range. However, since most of these materials are used in construction (concrete and sandstone, mostly), it is of interest to understand how sensitive the measured nonlinear parameters are to small environmental temperature fluctuations. In this paper, the dependence on temperature of elastic parameters is investigated, both linear (wave velocity and damping) and nonlinear (the slope and hysteresis of the curves describing the strain dependence of wave velocity and residual conditioning effect on wave velocity), separating the slow from the fast dynamic properties of nonlinearity. The observations reported here denote a different behavior for concrete and Berea sandstone.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Korean Endemic Polychaete Phyllodoce koreana (Lee & Jae, 1985) from Jindong Bay, Korea, with Additional Morphological and Ecological Features

Phyllodoce koreana was first described in 1985 in Gwangyang Bay, a semi-enclosed bay in Korea affected by significant organic input from the Seomjin River and dredging activities near the Gwangyang Port. Since then, this Korean endemic species has received limited attention in taxonomic and ecological studies. Phyllodoce koreana is known for its resilience to mild disturbances but is vulnerable to severe environmental changes. In this study, P. koreana specimens were collected from organically polluted Asian stalked tunicate aquaculture farms at eight sites in Jindong Bay, a location with environmental conditions similar to those of Gwangyang Bay, over the course of five sampling events from March to November. Both bays experience benthic hypoxia in summer due to elevated water temperatures and organic matter accumulation. Phyllodocid specimens were primarily collected in March and November 2023, non-hypoxic periods, suggesting potential seasonal adaptations to environmental fluctuations. The morphological features of the collected specimens were consistent with the original description of P. koreana, confirming their identification. Additionally, we reported previously overlooked morphological details, contributing to a more comprehensive taxonomic understanding of the species. We also present, for the first time, the complete mitochondrial genome of this species, comprising 15,559 bp, which provides essential genetic data for future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding genes shows that, among 17 related polychaete species, P. koreana (family Phyllodocidae) is closely related to the family Goniadidae. Future research should expand our knowledge of polychaete taxonomy by integrating additional mitochondrial genomes and investigating the role of conserved gene synteny within Polychaeta.

Seasonal Variations in Macrobenthos Communities and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors in the Alpine Yuqu River

This study investigated the spatial and temporal variations of macrobenthos community structure in the Yuqu River Basin during the dry and wet seasons due to environmental factors. This study quantified the independent and interactive contributions of hydrophysical, hydrochemical, and climatic factors to the community structure through a variance decomposition analysis (VPA). The study findings indicate that during May (the dry season), factors such as water depth, flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, and air temperature exhibit relatively minor fluctuations, rendering the aquatic environment more stable than in the rainy season. This stability is particularly conducive to the maintenance of the macrobenthic community structure and species diversity, which is especially evident in aquatic insects with nesting habits, such as those belonging to the Trichoptera order (including genera like Glossosoma, Glossosomatidae, and Georodes). In contrast, during August (the rainy season), substantial precipitation alters the thermal conditions of the river, increases flow velocity, raises water levels, and introduces a significant influx of organic matter through sedimentation. This distinctive ecological environment fosters unique adaptive strategies among macrobenthic organisms. Notwithstanding a notable decline in species diversity during this particular phase, there is a concurrent increase in the abundance of individual organisms, which is indicative of the populations’ remarkable capacity to swiftly adapt to environmental heterogeneity. Research has demonstrated that macrobenthic communities within the Yuqu River Basin adopt pronounced adaptive tactics that vary significantly between seasons. During the dry season, these macrobenthic fauna rely heavily on the stability of their physical habitat. In stark contrast, they are compelled to navigate and cope with the more intricate and dynamic changes in hydrological and chemical conditions that characterize the rainy season. The presented results uncover the sensitive responsiveness of the macrobenthic fauna to seasonal hydrological and environmental fluctuations in high-altitude river systems and their adaptive strategies under diverse ecological stressors. Arthropods, in particular, exhibit a marked sensitivity to seasonal hydrological and environmental changes. This study delves into the biodiversity of high-altitude river ecosystems, analyzing the ecological environment and the distribution patterns and seasonal variation characteristics of macrobenthic communities. This study aims to examine how diverse seasons and hydroclimatic conditions modulate the composition of macrobenthic assemblages within the tributaries and principal channels of high-altitude river systems, thereby establishing a foundational reference for future water ecosystem assessments in such regions.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Highlighted via Heterogeneous Light-Induced Dissipative Structure.

The unique characteristics of biological structures depend on the behavior of DNA sequences confined in a microscale cell under environmental fluctuations and dissipation. Here, we report a prominent difference in fluorescence from dye-modified single-stranded DNA in a light-induced assembly of DNA-functionalized heterogeneous probe particles in a microwell of several microliters in volume. Strong optical forces from the Mie scattering of microparticles accelerated hybridization, and the photothermal effect from the localized surface plasmons in gold nanoparticles enhanced specificity to reduce the fluorescence intensity of dye-modified DNA to a few %, even in a one-base mismatched sequence, enabling us to clearly highlight the single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA. Fluorescence intensity was positively correlated with complementary DNA concentrations ranging in several tens fg/μL after only 5 min of laser irradiation. Remarkably, a total amount of DNA in an optically assembled structure of heterogeneous probe particles was estimated between 2.36 ymol (2.36 × 10-24 mol) and 2.36 amol (2.36 × 10-18 mol) in the observed concentration range. These findings can promote an innovative production method of nanocomposite structures via biological molecules and biological sensing with simple strategies avoiding genetic amplification in a PCR-free manner.

Improving the odds of survival: transgenerational effects of infections.

Recent studies argue for a novel concept of the role of chromatin as a carrier of epigenetic memory through cellular and organismal generations, defining and coordinating gene activity states and physiological functions. Environmental insults, such as exposures to unhealthy diets, smoking, toxic compounds, and infections, can epigenetically reprogram germ-line cells and influence offspring phenotypes. This review focuses on intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in different plants, animal species and humans, presenting the up-to-date evidence and arguments for such effects in light of Darwinian and Lamarckian evolutionary theories. An overview of the epigenetic changes induced by infection or other immune challenges is presented, and how these changes, known as epimutations, contribute to shaping offspring phenotypes. The mechanisms that mediate the transmission of epigenetic alterations via the germline are also discussed. Understanding the relationship between environmental fluctuations, epigenetic changes, resistance, and susceptibility to diseases is critical for unraveling disease etiology and adaptive evolution.

Design of On-Site Calibration Device for Electricity Meter Based on Pulse Detection

At present, the error calibration of electricity meters in operation generally adopts an off-site method; that is, the electricity meter is taken out of operation and then calibrated in the laboratory. Off-site calibration, while beneficial, may not fully capture the operational error of the electricity meter due to potential differences in environmental conditions. An on-site calibration device for electricity meters based on pulse detection is designed, which obtains the error of the electricity meter under calibration by comparing the energy pulses of the standard electricity meter with those of the electricity meter under calibration. High-precision voltage and current sampling channels are designed, with a voltage measurement error of less than 0.02% and a current measurement error of less than 0.03%. In response to the non-synchronous sampling problem caused by frequency fluctuations in the on-site verification environment, a fast optimal frequency estimation algorithm is applied to accurately calculate the signal frequency within two cycles. The sampling time interval is adjusted to achieve lock-frequency synchronous sampling, and ensure the accurate calculation of electrical parameters. In order to reduce the complexity of the device circuit structure and equipment cost, a standard electric energy pulses generation method based on digital integration-to-frequency is proposed, which uses software to generate electric energy pulses, with a maximum output frequency of up to 10 kHz. Tests conducted in the laboratory on the developed on-site calibration device for electricity meters show that its accuracy is better than the 0.05 accuracy class, meeting the application requirements for on-site verification of electricity energy meters.

Scale-dependent responses to environmental fluctuations in tropical tree species’ crown temperatures

Tropical forests may be nearing critical temperatures, yet tree species may respond differently. Using high-resolution thermal, hyperspectral, and LiDAR imagery, we mapped 652 crowns of four Hawaiian tree species to study the effects of crown traits and abiotic conditions on species’ temperatures at two scales (whole crown vs. sunlit leaves). We show scale-dependent, species-specific relationships with environmental fluctuations. Net radiation was consistently the dominant determinant of crown temperature deviations from air temperature (Tdiff), while vapor pressure deficit, wind speed, and crown traits (e.g., roughness) varied in importance by species and scale. Species explained 17% and 44% of Tdiff variation at the crown and leaf scales, respectively, after controlling for climatic factors. Findings suggest that leaf temperatures overestimate larger-scale temperature differences, while canopy-scale observations underestimate leaf heat stress. Because leaf and crown traits can have opposing effects on Tdiff, disentangling these can advance our understanding of species’ thermoregulation under climate change.

Admixture and environmental fluctuations shape the evolutionary history of a predator radiation in East Africa's Lake Tanganyika.

When introduced to novel ecosystems, top predators can cause major alterations to biodiversity and food webs. Species introductions to novel habitats can also provide invading taxa with ecological opportunities that facilitate evolutionary diversification. Here, we find evidence that the radiation of endemic top predators in East Africa's Lake Tanganyika originated surprisingly recently, and that these species have experienced periods of hybridization with a widespread riverine relative throughout their history. These findings have major implications for the history of the lake and suggest that the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria, which caused dramatic ecosystem and food web changes, may be a contemporary analog to the historical events in Lake Tanganyika.

DNA methylation regulates somatic stress memory and mediates plasticity during acclimation to repeated sulfide stress in Urechis unicinctus.

Stress memory is an adaptive mechanism that enables organisms to develop resilience in response to environmental changes. Among them, somatic stress memory is an important means for organisms to cope with contemporary repeated stress, and is accompanied by transcription memory. Sulfide is a common environmental pollutant; however, some organisms have adapted to survive in sulfur-rich environments. Urechis unicinctus is a sulfur-tolerant organism that enhances sulfide stress tolerance by establishing a somatic sulfide stress memory mechanism. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate sulfide stress memory remain unclear. To explore whether epigenetics, which plays a role in the response of organisms to environmental stress, is involved in regulating somatic sulfide stress memory, we performed a combined analysis of DNA methylation and transcriptome data. We found that elevated levels of DNA methylation under repetitive sulfide stress regulated gene expression and resulted in enhanced sulfide stress tolerance in U. unicinctus, a phenomenon verified using DNA methylase inhibitors. Transcriptional memory can be induced in genes related to oxidative stress, regulation of autophagy, and maintenance of protein homeostasis by altering the level of DNA methylation to facilitate sulfide stress acclimation. Our results provide new insights into adaptive mechanisms to cope with environmental fluctuations.

Study of Bionic Tactile Sensors in Flexible Robots

This research investigates the advancement and implementation of bio-inspired tactile and mechanosensory systems, drawing inspiration from sophisticated biological mechanisms found in nature, particularly human sensory networks and the Venus flytrap's rapid response system. The study demonstrates significant progress in developing highly sensitive and precise sensor technologies that effectively mimic natural sensing capabilities. Through innovative material combinations and structural designs, including hybrid graphene-based platforms and advanced piezoelectric tactile arrays, these sensing systems achieve enhanced detection of mechanical forces, subtle vibrations, and environmental fluctuations. The research findings indicate substantial improvements in sensor performance metrics, including response time, sensitivity threshold, and signal-to-noise ratio. Current challenges in manufacturing scalability and cost-effectiveness are addressed, with proposed solutions for large-scale production and seamless system integration. The study outlines promising applications across multiple fields, from advanced prosthetic limbs with enhanced tactile feedback to sophisticated robotic systems capable of precise environmental interaction. Future research directions emphasize the development of more robust and adaptable sensing platforms, focusing on improved durability, reduced power consumption, and enhanced integration capabilities for next-generation biosensing applications.

Bias Calibration of Optically Pumped Magnetometers Based on Variable Sensitivity.

Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) functioning in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime have emerged as attractive options for measuring weak magnetic fields, owing to their portability and remarkable sensitivity. The operation of SERF-OPM critically relies on the ambient magnetic field; thus, a magnetic field compensation device is commonly employed to mitigate the ambient magnetic field to near zero. Nonetheless, the bias of the OPM may influence the compensation impact, a subject that remains unexamined. This paper introduced an innovative bias calibration technique for OPMs. The sensitivity of the OPM was altered by adjusting the cell temperature. The output of the OPM was then documented with varying sensitivity. It is assumed that the signal exhibits a linear correlation with the environmental magnetic field, and the statistical characteristics of the magnetic field are identical for both measurements, upon which the bias of the OPM is assessed. The bias was subsequently considered in the feedback magnetic field compensation mechanism. The results indicate that this technique might successfully reduce environmental magnetic fluctuations and enhance the sensitivity of the OPM. This technique measured the magnetic field produced by the human heart, confirming the viability of the ultra-weak biomagnetic field measurement approach.

Nonreciprocal and nonlinear transport and spontaneous voltage generation in MoGe/Ni81Fe19

The nonreciprocal, diode-like electric transport in a superconductor/ferromagnet bilayer system, MoGe/Ni81Fe19, has been investigated. We found that a MoGe film on Ni81Fe19 spontaneously generates d.c. voltage by rectifying environmental fluctuations. By comparing the effect between MoGe films on different magnetic materials, we show that the amplitude of the spontaneous voltage generation is almost proportional to that of the nonreciprocal electric transport in MoGe, suggesting that the observed rectification mainly originates from the motion of superconducting vortex strings that can feel asymmetry in the magnetic environment between the MoGe surfaces.

Population Genomics of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata): Insights Into Deep Population Divergence and Multiple Merging Histories.

The influence of long-term climatic changes such as glacial cycles on the history of living organisms has been a subject of research for decades, but the detailed population dynamics during the environmental fluctuations and their effects on genetic diversity and genetic load are not well understood on a genome-wide scale. The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) is a unique primate adapted to the cold environments of the Japanese archipelago. Despite the past intensive research for the Japanese macaque population genetics, the genetic background of Japanese macaques at the whole-genome level has been limited to a few individuals, and the comprehensive demographic history and genetic differentiation of Japanese macaques have been underexplored. We conducted whole-genome sequencing of 64 Japanese macaque individuals from 5 different regions, revealing significant genetic differentiation and functional variant diversity across populations. In particular, Japanese macaques have low genetic diversity and harbor many shared and population-specific gene loss, which might contribute to population-specific phenotypes. Our estimation of population demography using phased haplotypes suggested that, after the strong population bottleneck shared among all populations around 400 to 500 kya, the divergence among populations initiated around 150 to 200 kya, but there has been the time with strong gene flow between some populations after the split, indicating multiple population split and merge events probably due to habitat fragmentation and fusion during glacial cycles. These findings not only present a complex population history of Japanese macaques but also enhance their value as research models, particularly in neuroscience and behavioral studies. This comprehensive genomic analysis sheds light on the adaptation and evolution of Japanese macaques, contributing valuable insights to both evolutionary biology and biomedical research.

Mapping the metagenomic diversity of the multi-kingdom glacier-fed stream microbiome.

Glacier-fed streams (GFS) feature among Earth's most extreme aquatic ecosystems marked by pronounced oligotrophy and environmental fluctuations. Microorganisms mainly organize in biofilms within them, but how they cope with such conditions is unknown. Here, leveraging 156 metagenomes from the Vanishing Glaciers project obtained from sediment samples in GFS from 9 mountains ranges, we report thousands of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) encompassing prokaryotes, algae, fungi and viruses, that shed light on biotic interactions within glacier-fed stream biofilms. A total of 2,855 bacterial MAGs were characterized by diverse strategies to exploit inorganic and organic energy sources, in part via functional redundancy and mixotrophy. We show that biofilms probably become more complex and switch from chemoautotrophy to heterotrophy as algal biomass increases in GFS owing to glacier shrinkage. Our MAG compendium sheds light on the success of microbial life in GFS and provides a resource for future research on a microbiome potentially impacted by climate change.

Evaluating the performance and stability of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

The microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process shows potential for carbon-neutral wastewater treatment, yet its application in wastewater treatment plants remains underexplored. This study attempted to use a continuous-flow raceway reactor to treat real municipal wastewater using the MBGS process. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of organics peaked on the fifth day, while declining trends were observed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Microbial community and functional gene analyses indicated that the removal of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus might be heavily influenced by Proteobacteria, suggesting that fluctuations in their abundance significantly impacted the performance of MBGS. Bacteroidota and Actinobacteria played a vital role in cellulose decomposition via the cbhA gene. Moreover, energy shortages caused by light attenuation due to wastewater turbidity and environmental fluctuations disrupted the microbial balance, shifting metabolic activity towards carbon pathways. Key challenges for the broader application of the MBGS process include managing wastewater turbidity and ensuring process stability. These findings highlight the need for pretreatment measures and robust operational strategies to mitigate environmental fluctuations and maintain system performance.

Feedback-induced phase separation of hollow condensates to create biomimetic membraneless compartments.

Intracellular macromolecules have the ability to form membraneless compartments, such as vacuoles and hollow condensates, through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in order to adapt to changes in their environment. The development of artificial non-homogeneous compartments, such as multiphase hollow or multicavity condensates, has gained significant attention due to their potential to uncover the mechanisms underlying the formation of artificial condensates and biomolecular condensates. However, the complexity of design and construction has hindered progress, particularly in creating dynamic non-homogeneous compartments. In this study, we present a dynamic membraneless compartment using peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates derived from short elastin-like polypeptides (sELP-ONs), which undergo pH-mediated phase transition. Below pH 8.8, the microcompartment exists as microdroplets that transform into non-homogeneous hollow condensates above pH 8.8. Notably, these hollow condensates retain liquid properties and high molecular ordering, and effectively sequester guest molecules with a hollow condensed layer. Furthermore, our sELP-ON microcompartments exhibit a feedback-induced phase transition in response to environmental pH fluctuations generated by complex enzymatic reactions mimicking cellular metabolism, providing a novel dynamic model for creating biomimetic membraneless compartments.