Currency Exchange Rate Fluctuations Research Articles

A Research on the Impact of the Belt and Road on the Euro Exchange Rate

With the advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative, the currency exchange rate fluctuations of various countries along the route are significantly influenced by it. The Belt and Road Initiative is based on the import and export trade of the countries along the route and has emerged as one of the crucial factors affecting currency exchange rate fluctuations. The current research focuses on the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the euro exchange rate. Regarding import and export trade, the economic development level of countries worldwide, the inflation rate, and the demand for money, it aims to review, investigate, and study previous research outcomes such as "Fisher's Theorem", "Cambridge Equation", and Keynes's liquidity preference theory. By citing the white paper "Jointly Building the Belt and Road: A Major Practice of Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind" issued by The State Council, this paper employs literature analysis and regression analysis methods to demonstrate the influence of the Belt and Road Initiative on the fluctuation of the euro exchange rate from multiple perspectives, in all respects, and at a profound level. Through the Belt and Road database and the World Bank to search for relevant data and by citing relevant literature from CNKI and WOS, we already have come to a conclusion that the Belt and Road has a significant influence on the rate of euro, good prediction results have been achieved.

Improving the Resilience of Freight Forwarding Companies Using Supply Chain Finance

The industrial revolution 4.0 makes business and economic transactions not only limited to the domestic sphere, but involves interactions between countries. A business entity capable of supporting the smooth process of international transactions is required. Freight forwarding as one of the businesses engaged in logistics has an important role in facilitating the movement of goods and services from one point to another that crosses the borders of a country. The challenge faced by freight forwarding is fluctuations in foreign exchange rates involving suppliers and consumers from various countries so that they are vulnerable to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The purpose of this paper is to understand the financial business processes of freight forwarding companies by managing financial risks and dealing with currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, to explore information on how to minimize the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the company's financial condition. The research methodology is descriptive by conducting surveys and interviews with freight forwarding companies and the logistics industry. Data triangulation analysis with relevant agencies in order to obtain more valid information about industry operations in the face of currency exchange rate fluctuations. Freight forwarding companies can minimize losses from exchange rate fluctuations by implementing hedging systems and supply chain finance on an ongoing basis.

The Impact of Global Economic Fluctuation on the Game Accessories Market

With the fluctuations and changes in the global economic environment, the game accessories market, as an independent and dynamic economic sector, faces multiple challenges and opportunities. The gaming industry has become an important support for the development of the national cultural market. Game accessories, including virtual weapons, skins, and decorations, are not only a part of video games but also an important component of players' personalized expression and gaming experience. This paper explores the impact of global economic changes on the game accessories market, focusing on three aspects. First, economic growth or recession directly affects players' disposable income and willingness to spend. Second, currency exchange rate fluctuations significantly impact the international market. Finally, the consumption habits and preferences of modern male consumers show distinct trends. In summary, the global economic situation has a broad and profound impact on the game accessories market, involving multiple aspects such as market demand, currency exchange rates, technological trends, socio-cultural factors, and market competition.

Construction Cost-Influencing Factors: Insights from a Survey of Engineers in Saudi Arabia

Cost overruns represent a continuous challenge within the construction industry, frequently affecting the success of projects. This study explores the factors influencing cost during the construction phase in Saudi Arabia, utilizing data from a survey of 1076 engineers working in the Saudi construction industry. The results identify a number of cost-related factors, including inadequate project management, poor cost estimation, and design errors. Interestingly, some factors, such as currency exchange rate fluctuations and social and cultural influences, were found to have a limited impact on construction costs. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of experience and education level in shaping engineers’ perceptions of these cost factors. The study employs statistical analysis, including Pearson’s chi-squared test, to demonstrate associations between demographics, project characteristics, and cost-influencing factors. The findings suggest the need for refined project management practices, enhanced technical training, and the implementation of digital technologies such as Construction 4.0 to mitigate cost-related risks. This research provides significant insights for construction professionals and policymakers seeking to enhance cost management within the Saudi construction sector, thereby contributing to the ongoing development initiatives aligned with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030.

СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ

With the development of the economy and constant changes in the external environment, it became more difficult for Ukrainian agricultural enterprises to conduct their activities, especially under the influence of two factors, namely the pandemic and the war. The Ukrainian economy, companies and population had not yet recovered from the consequences of COVID-19 when a full-scale invasion began, which forever changed the realities of both the agricultural sector and entrepreneurship. Global climate changes, international trade conditions, technological development and demographic changes were also important external factors, which created new challenges and opportunities for agricultural enterprises. In this context, there is a need to carry out their strategic analysis to determine competitiveness and develop effective development strategies. However, at the moment there is a need for a more detailed study of issues related to the analysis of internal and external factors, their interrelationship and influence on strategic decision-making in the agricultural sector. Thus, the problem that needs to be solved is the development of an integrated methodological approach for the strategic analysis of agricultural enterprises, which would take into account various aspects of their functioning and the impact of changes in the external environment. The article is devoted to a strategic analysis of the agricultural enterprise «Dekoplant». Based on the performed PEST and SWOT analyses, main threats, opportunities, strengths, and weaknesses of both the internal and external environments were identified. Among the identified threats and weaknesses are changes in trade policy conditions, national legislation, currency exchange rate fluctuations (USD and Euro), a weak development strategy, and ineffective marketing platforms. The opportunities and strengths encompass heightened quality and service level demands, high product quality, a diverse range of products, extensive experience, and a large customer base. The article highlights the significance of strategic analysis for efficient enterprise management and gaining competitive advantages. Additionally, top companies in Ukraine's agricultural sector were investigated to determine key industry trends and competitiveness. The analytical approach enables well-founded recommendations for optimizing the strategy of the «Dekoplant» enterprise considering the identified internal and external threats.

Rate of Return (RoR) and Return on Investment (RoI) of Indonesia and India

In the era of globalization and economic liberalization, cross-border investment has become the main strategy for developing countries to increase their economic growth and global competitiveness. This research aims to explore and compare RoR and RoI in Indonesia and India and identify key factors that influence the differences in RoR and RoI between the two countries. This research method uses literature study and conceptual analysis to collect and analyze data from various sources. The research results show that the comparison of RoR and RoI between Indonesia and India involves various factors such as macroeconomic conditions, infrastructure, political stability, investment regulations, labor market, market, and industry, as well as innovation and technology. The two countries show significant differences and similarities in these factors, which influence investment returns. Indonesia has relatively good political stability and a developed capital market, while India stands out in the technology sector and economic reform. However, challenges such as complex regulations, inadequate infrastructure, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates remain obstacles to achieving optimal ROI for investors.

Analisis Resiko Operasional dalam Industri Travel Yuk Kita Tour Untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi dan Kepuasan Pelanggan

This study aims to investigate the identification, assessment, and control of operational risks in the travel industry, with a focus on PT Yuk Kita Tour. Direct observation and interview methods are used to identify the risks faced by the company. Risk assessment is conducted by considering the likelihood of occurrence and its impact on the company's operations, followed by appropriate mitigation strategies. The analysis results show that risks such as online booking system disruptions, lack of staff training, currency exchange rate fluctuations, regulatory changes, natural disasters, disease outbreaks, transportation delays, and terrorism threats affect operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.To control these risks, PT Yuk Kita Tour implements a comprehensive mitigation strategy, including improved cybersecurity systems, staff training programs, currency hedging strategies, active regulatory monitoring, travel insurance, strict health policies, cooperation with transportation operators, and clear security information to customers. The implementation of these risk control strategies has had a positive impact on the company's performance, with year-on-year increases in revenue and customer satisfaction. This study provides insights into the importance of operational risk management in the travel industry and demonstrates that a proactive approach to risk identification, assessment, and control is possible. This study provides insight into the importance of operational risk management in the travel industry and demonstrates that a proactive approach to risk identification, assessment, and control can improve operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The practical implication of this study is the importance of continuously monitoring existing risks, adapting control strategies, and involving stakeholders in risk management to ensure sustainable business continuity and superior customer service in a dynamic business environment.

Peran Perdagangan Internasional dalam Mendorong Pembangunan Ekonomi dalam Mengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia

This research aims to determine the impact of international trade on Indonesia's economic growth. The type of research used is a literature review approach with a comprehensive search of academic databases, articles, journals and books. International trade plays an important role in driving Indonesia's economic growth through exports, product diversification and international partnerships. This study also highlights the challenges Indonesia faces in international trade, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and the impact of global economic trends. This research concludes that international trade has an important role in forming the foundation of the Indonesian economy and positioning it as a major player in the global market. The study recommends that the government implement policies that support international trade, such as reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers, to increase the country's competitiveness in the global market. In addition, this study suggests that the government should focus on developing human resources and infrastructure to support industrial growth that can contribute to the country's economic development and poverty alleviation.

Methodological provision of analysis of the efficiency of investment activities of enterprises

The paper is devoted to the disclosure of the main provisions of methodological support for the analysis of the investment activity of enterprises and practical recommendations on the use of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of investment projects for decision-making. Making investment decisions is based on the use of various formalized and informal methods and models, taking into account the following factors: changes in the value of money over time; alternative value of resources; cash flows generated by the project; uncertainty and risk; inflation, price changes and currency exchange rate fluctuations; investment goals and investor psychology; possible changes in project parameters; synergies between investment projects of the enterprise. When forming the list of monitoring indicators, those aspects of the business entity's investment activity that are most important for owners, investors and management organizers were highlighted. It is proposed to form a system of performance indicators of the enterprise's investment activity in accordance with the sphere of investment: production, marketing, technology, organization. The principles of investment activity analysis and recommendations on the procedures for analyzing the effectiveness of project implementation have been formed, the choice of which depends on the management goals aimed at achieving a stable cash flow and ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise. The essential characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the existing approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects are revealed. A system of indicators and criteria for the analysis of the effectiveness of investment activities of indicators characterizing the effectiveness of investments depending on the sphere of investment of funds: production, marketing, technology, organization are proposed. Recommendations for choosing a specific method for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects in the context of achieving the priority goal - maximizing project profitability, risk acceptability and investors' interests are substantiated.

MANAGEMENT OF MARKETING ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF AGRIBUSINESS: STRATEGIC DIMENSION

The role of the marketing management system in agribusiness enterprises is paramount, as it is responsible for aligning the dynamic needs and demands of consumers in the food market with the producers' interests in maximizing profits. This underscores the necessity of developing an effective marketing management system that ensures continuous improvement in marketing activities through professional planning, budget optimization, justification of advertising campaigns, promotion of agricultural products, and evaluation of economic and communication efficiency. The study highlights the significance of marketing in modern agri-food production and summarizes the challenges of marketing management agrarian enterprises face, particularly under wartime conditions. It defines the primary goal and functions of the marketing management system, emphasizing the importance of a clear division of responsibilities among personnel and ensuring harmonious cross-functional coordination. The evolution of the marketing mix is analyzed, revealing its transformation from the 4P model to 5P and subsequently to 7P due to increasing competition in the food market. The fundamental elements of the organizational and economic mechanism of the marketing management system are identified, along with the specific features of agricultural production that should be reflected in the marketing strategy. A theoretical and methodological model of the marketing management system for agribusiness enterprises has been developed, with particular attention to external marketing factors. These include market instability, high competition levels, currency exchange rate fluctuations, legislative instability, and other threats to commercial success. The study underscores the importance of risk management in agribusiness as a critical component of building an effective marketing management system. A theoretical and methodological approach to improving the marketing management system for agribusiness enterprises has been advanced. Unlike conventional approaches, the proposed model includes an expanded marketing mix (“7P”) and the formation of a marketing activity foundation (infrastructure, market research, analytics, forecasting, and regulatory support). The marketing management system incorporates various marketing tools (tactical and strategic marketing) aimed at enhancing the quality of managerial decisions and adapting them to the current conditions and needs of agribusiness and the national economy. Keywords: marketing, marketing strategy, agribusiness, marketing tools, competitive advantages, agricultural enterprise, marketing management system.

A study on the risks and efficiency of the forex market based on the detrended fluctuation analysis

Exchange rate fluctuations profoundly impact macroeconomic variables, making them a focal point for policymakers. This study is grounded in the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), asserting that such forecasts offer no utility due to all relevant information being embedded in asset prices. The research problem is rooted in the dynamics of currency exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on the Albanian economy. The research aims to analyse Albanian lek (ALL)/euro (EUR) exchange rate dynamics and their impact on Albania’s economy, assessing market efficiency and providing insights for monetary and fiscal policy design. The method used is a detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) which consists of a root mean square analysis of a random walking pattern (Peng et al., 1994). This method is used to assess adherence to the weak form of EMH. Findings indicate that the Albanian foreign exchange market closely resembles a random walk, suggesting efficiency during specific periods. The study underscores the exchange rate’s dual impact: its influence on domestic price levels and its broader implications for the real economy and balance of payments. This paper is relevant as it offers crucial insights into currency exchange rate dynamics and their economic impacts, supporting policymakers in improving Albania’s economic stability and market efficiency.

The Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on Indonesian Exports

This study delves into how Exchange Rates and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have shaped Indonesian exports over the past 17 years, from 2006 to 2022. On the whole, Indonesian exports have generally shown a positive trajectory during this period, although there have been occasional drops in specific years. The main countries that receive Indonesian exports are China, the United States, Japan, India, and Malaysia, and the primary export goods include coffee, animal and vegetable fats and oils, Crude Palm Oil (CPO), and coal. When we look at long-term model analyses, it becomes evident that exchange rates play a significant role in negatively affecting Indonesian exports. This means that, over an extended period, an increase in the value of the Indonesian currency can lead to a reduction in export volumes. Furthermore, GDP also exerts a notable negative influence on Indonesian exports, suggesting that the overall economic growth of the country can impact export levels. In the context of short-term model estimations, it is apparent that fluctuations in currency exchange rates have a substantial negative impact on Indonesian exports in the immediate term, assuming all other factors remain constant. The results of these estimations also indicate that GDP has a considerable negative effect on Indonesian export performance in the short run.

International Business Law and Regulations

This section covers foreign business corporation law and other corporate legislation. Foreign commerce may boost revenues, customer base, and product quality. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may help businesses attract more talent. International commercial law governs international interactions via conventions, treaties, national laws, and economic practices. It's also called common law. These policies allow nations to cooperate in commerce, licensing, tariffs, taxes, and other commercial areas. Foreign commerce may help a corporation increase sales, revenue, and product durability. Currency exchange rate fluctuations may help businesses attract more talent. Every Fortune 500 firm has foreign branches and global customers, thus they must comply with international rules and regulations to join international markets. Since Covid-19, globalization's importance has increased. The pandemic has made worldwide commerce more important for all enterprises. One-third of these companies want worldwide growth, and 50% of their CEOs say the epidemic has changed their view on exporting. Context: Rephrase the query and underline the investigation's importance; The second half of our review paper contains over fifty scholarly reviews on international business and trade law. These descriptions explain the rules' most unusual methods. In conclusion, the essay's main points are summarized.

Comparative Analysis of Open Position and Hedging Techniques in The Import Value Management of PT Pertamina (Persero)

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates result in the value of the company's debt of import payment to be uncertain because any time may be changing. Companies can do hedge techniques to protect the value of the import debt or leave it in a state without the hedge. The purpose of this research is to know the value of the company's debt of import when using forward contract hedge, money market hedge, and open position and choose the most efficient method. This research uses import transaction data of PT Pertamina (Persero). The analysis technique used is the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and calculation with Microsoft Excel. From this research, it is found that there is no difference in the average value of the company's import debt when using forward contract hedging technique with an open position. But there is a difference when using money market hedge technique with the open position. The result of the research is the value of import debt is more efficient when the company uses open position or without the hedge.

Pengaruh Fluktuasi Kurs Mata Uang terhadap Harga Saham Pt. Bank Central Asia, Tbk di Indonesia

This research was conducted to measure the exchange rate (exchange rate) against stock prices at PT. Bank Central Asia, Tbk in Indonesia in 2018 and to find how much these factors have an effect. The research method used was quantitative with associative techniques and simple linear regression. The sample in this study is the exchange rate and shares of PT. Bank Central Asia, Tbk in the monthly period throughout 2018. Data observation techniques are carried out using document observation techniques sourced from official website of Bank Indonesia (www.bi.go.id) as well as the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (www.idx.co .id) for the share price. The results obtained show a significant value (sig) of XXX with a probability of The value of this value which is smaller than this probability indicates that there is an effect of currency exchange fluctuations on stock prices. Therefore, H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The conclusion of this study is that currency exchange rate fluctuations can affect stock prices by XX%.

Effect of Market Value Ratios on Stock Price Volatility of Listed Companies on Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya

Stock price volatility is widely regarded as one of the factors eroding investor confidence in the world's money markets. The share price fluctuates dramatically depending on a variety of factors. Knowledge of such factors and their potential impact on share prices is highly valuable because it enables investors to make sound investment decisions and firms to increase their market value. This article examined the effect of market to book value ration and earnings per share on stock price volatilities of listed firms in Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). It employed a longitudinal research design specifically random effect model and fond substantive evidence that both market to book value ratio and earnings per share are negatively affect stock price volatilities. Stock price volatilities varied from one firm to the other. These deviations may be as a result internal and external factors. Both have an impact on stock price fluctuations. The article suggests these internal factors may include the company's earnings, annual asset growth, liquidity, total net worth, and sales. External factors include government policies and their impact, other maybe interest rate movements, currency exchange rate fluctuations, and market sentiment, and the merger.

Machine learning based forecasting of significant daily returns in foreign exchange markets

Asset value forecasting has always attracted an enormous amount of interest among researchers in quantitative analysis. The advent of modern machine learning models has introduced new tools to tackle this classical problem. In this paper, we apply machine learning algorithms to hitherto unexplored question of forecasting instances of significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates. We perform analysis of nine modern machine learning algorithms using data on four major currency pairs over a 10 year period. A key contribution is the novel use of outlier detection methods for this purpose. Numerical experiments show that outlier detection methods substantially outperform traditional machine learning and finance techniques. In addition, we show that a recently proposed new outlier detection method PKDE produces best overall results. Our findings hold across different currency pairs, significance levels, and time horizons indicating the robustness of the proposed method.

Profit bridges that disambiguate impacts of currency fluctuations from other marketing variables

We extend the normalized approach to constructing profit bridges proffered in a recent paper to examine the impact of currency exchange rate fluctuations within a multinational corporation. In doing so, we describe a profit bridge that would measure corporate performance distinct from that which would measure the performance of business units, including metrics for the impact of volume, price, variable cost, offering mix, and exchange rate changes.

Оцінка стану державного боргу України та напрями його оптимізації

The article aims at studying the current state of Ukraine's national debt and developing directions for its optimization. It is established that the currency component in the structure of Ukraine's national debt is slightly lower than the threshold level for the currency component in the debt structure set by the IMF for developing countries. This structure of Ukraine’s national debt indicates the dependence of the domestic financial system on currency exchange rate fluctuations and the need to increase foreign exchange costs for servicing debt obligations. The amount of debt on loans from international financial organizations and government agencies of foreign countries comprises about a third of the total amount of national and guaranteed debt, indicating significant support Ukraine receives from its international partners, especially from the International Monetary Fund. The currency component in Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt indicates high vulnerability of its financial system to currency shocks. It is established that the structure of Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt by types of interest rates is quite optimistic and indicates a low vulnerability of public finances to interest rate risks. The size of Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt in hryvnia equivalent increased during 2013–2020 by more than 4.4 times, and its growth in USD was quite moderate. It is determined that during 2020 the size of Ukraine’s national and state-guaranteed debt increased by 27.7% in hryvnia equivalent, due to the following situations: financing the state budget deficit; the allocation of funds to combat COVID-19; national currency devaluation, etc. The ratio of national and state-guaranteed debt to GDP, reaching a maximum of 81.0% at the end of 2016, gradually decreased to 50.3% at the end of 2019, which corresponds to the norm established by the national legislation. However, the values of this index for the period under review exceed the threshold level of national debt set by international standards for countries with emerging markets (30-50% of GDP). It is shown that the 2013 2019 period saw a tendency to increase the total cost of repayment and servicing of Ukraine’s national debt, which creates the risk of refinancing national debt, causes additional pressure on the state budget and GDP, and limits Ukraine’s ability to finance its social and economic goals of social development. The main risks for Ukraine’s debt obligations are highlighted, and ways to optimize them are outlined. The need to establish a National Debt Management Agency, the activity of which would help reduce both the debt burden and the cost of public debt servicing, is substantiated.

Türkiye sığır besiciliğinde yapısal durum ve sektörel analiz

Türkiye’de 2018 yılı itibariyle toplam kırmızı et üretiminin %89,73’ünü (1.003.859 ton) sığır eti oluşturmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde maliyeti oluşturan masraf unsurları içerisinde besi materyali ve yem başta gelmektedir. Son yıllarda artan nüfus ve talep düzeyine bağlı olarak piyasada oluşan kırmızı et arz açığı başta kasaplık-besilik hayvan ve karkas et ithalatına gidilmesine yol açmıştır. 2016-2018 yılları arasındaki 3 yıllık dönemde kasaplık ve besilik sığır ithalatı sırasıyla 257.131 baş ve 1.972.224 baş olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Yapılan bu ithalatın değeri 2.448.225.330 USD (9.044.379.646 TL) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Besiciler üzerinde son dönemde artan üretim maliyetleri ile gümrük vergisi avantajıyla yurtiçine giren ithal kasaplık hayvan ve ete bağlı olarak yıkıcı bir rekabet ortamı ve fiyat baskısı oluşmuştur. Diğer taraftan sığır besi işletmelerinin karlılık düzeyleri azalmış ve sektörel sürdürülebilirlik olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Son 2 yılda yaklaşık 20 bin sığır besi işletmesi kapanmış veya faaliyetini durdurmuştur. Türkiye genelinde 264.230 adet sığır besi işletmesi mevcut olup, bu işletmelerin %64,02’si 10 başın altında hayvana sahip küçük ölçekli işletmelerdir. Sığır besiciliğinde 50 baş ve üzeri işletmelerin toplam işletmeler içerisindeki payı ise sadece %5,07’dir. Buna karşın büyük ölçekli olarak sınıflandırılan bu işletmeler 1.532.564 baş sığır varlığı ile besi sığırlarının %38,41’ine sahip bulunmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde üretim maliyetleri üzerinde etkili olan başlıca faktörler arasında besi süresi, hayvanın menşei, kullanılan ırkın verim özellikleri, günlük canlı ağırlık artışı, yem rasyon içeriği, yem hammadde fiyatlarındaki değişim, döviz kurundaki dalgalanmalar, besi performansı ve karkas randımanı, işletme girdilerinin dönemsel tutarı, hastalık ve ölüm oranları gibi unsurlar yer almaktadır. Sektörde üretimin sürdürülebilirliği açısından uygun fiyat ve kalitede yem ile besi materyali tedariki başta olmak üzere sığır besi işletmelerinde maliyet minimizasyonu amacıyla gerekli önlemlerin alınması, işletmelerin sınıflandırılarak desteklenmesi yanı sıra kârlı ve optimum ölçekte faaliyet göstermeleri için uygun piyasa koşullarının sağlanması, perakende et satış fiyatları üzerinden üreticiye aktarılan marjın artırılması ve pazarlama zincirindeki aracı sayısının azaltılarak tüketici için daha uygun fiyattan et satın alabilecekleri bir piyasanın temin edilmesi önem taşımaktadır.