Weight Fluctuations Research Articles

Body Composition Changes Impact Islet β-Cell Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Identifying β-cells dysregulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is crucial. Weight fluctuations are frequently observed during diabetes treatment. However, the relationship between body composition changes and islet β-cell function in individuals with T2DM remains insufficiently investigated. Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study encompassed a cohort of 775 T2DM patients, who underwent body composition measuring using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and followed up for a median of 2.29 years. Key metrics included body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (TFMI), muscle mass index (MMI), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), muscle/fat mass ratio (M/F), and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/trunk fat mass ratio (A/T) were then categorized and grouped. Insulin, C-peptide, and glucose levels were assessed concurrently following a glucose load. β-cell function included insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index (MI)), and insulin secretion evaluated by HOMA-β and C-peptidogenic index (CGI). Results: Although no significant changes in BMI were observed, patients with T2DM at readmission exhibited higher FMI, TFMI, and ASMI, as well as elevated levels of HOMA-IR, MI, and CGI compared to baseline measurements. And lower MI, higher levels of CGI, and HOMA-IR were observed in BMI increased group. Univariate correlation analysis revealed a negative association between changes in BMI (ΔBMI) and ΔMI, while positive associations were observed in both ΔHOMA-IR and ΔCGI. Among body composition indexes, ΔFMI exhibited the strongest correlation with ΔHOMA-IR (r = 0.255, p < 0.001), and ΔASMI was positively associated with ΔMI and ΔCGI (r = 0.131 and 0.194, respectively). Moreover, increased levels of BMI and FMI were associated with a greater risk of progressive insulin resistance compared to the decreased, whereas the trend was converse in ASMI and A/T. Conclusions: Increased FMI may partially contribute to the deterioration of insulin resistance, while increased ASMI is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and secretion. Maintaining an appropriate BMI and muscle/fat ratio is conductive to prevent the progression of insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.

Effects of Huangqi Gancao Decoction on intestinal immunity and microbiota in immunocompromised mice models.

The classical medicinal formula Huangqi Gancao Decoction (HQGCD), originating from the medical book" Yi Lin Gai Cuo". Up to now, the studies focusing on the immunoenhancement effects of HQGCD are few, and the actionpathway is not yet clear. In this study, SPF male KM mice were utilized as a model for immunosuppression. Comprehensive observations were made regarding the general behavior and condition of the mice, in addition to monitoring fluctuations in body weight and food intake. The blood routine index was measured, and morphological changes in the ileum and colon tissues were examined. The level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in ileum and colon tissues were quantified. Additionally, the bone marrow total DNA index was assessed. Flow cytometry analyzed the proportions of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T lymphocytes in small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Lastly, the composition and diversity of the cecal microbiota were evaluated using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. After HQGCD intervention, there were no significant changes in the mice's feed intake and body weight. However, the tissue structures of the ileum and colon showed recovery. In the blood routine index, there was an increase in the total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content. Additionally, the bone marrow total DNA index was elevated. Level of SOD and sIgA in ileum and colon tissues increased, while the level of MDA decreased. The proportions of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes within IELs increased, along with an increase in DP T lymphocytes in IELs (DP IELs), whereas the proportion of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes decreased. The cecal microbiota underwent changes, with an increase in the variety and number of beneficial microbiota. HQGCD could restore the intestinal immune function of immunocompromised mice, and had a certain positive effect on cecal microbiota.

The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism serves as a potential marker of body weight in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a predominant neurotrophic factor in the brain, indispensable for neuronal growth, synaptic development, neuronal repair, and hippocampal neuroplasticity. Among its genetic variants, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is widespread in the population and has been associated with the onset and aggravation of diverse pathologies, including metabolic conditions like obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, cancer, and an array of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders constitute a broad category of mental health issues that influence mood, cognition, and behavior. Despite advances in research and treatment, challenges persist that hinder our understanding and effective intervention of these multifaceted conditions. Achieving and maintaining stable body weight is pivotal for overall health and well-being, and the relationship between psychiatric conditions and body weight is notably intricate and reciprocal. Both weight gain and loss have been linked to varying mental health challenges, making the disentanglement of this relationship critical for crafting holistic treatment strategies. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism's connection to weight fluctuation in psychiatric patients has garnered attention. This review investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms by which the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism moderates body weight among individuals with psychiatric disorders. It posits the polymorphism as a potential biomarker, offering prospects for improved monitoring and therapeutic approaches for mental illnesses.

Monte Carlo global variance reduction method combining source bias and weight window

The global tally problem has a wide range of applications in major research fields such as Monte Carlo simulations of pin-by-pin reactor models and time-dependent particle transport problems in multi-physics coupling calculations. Due to the uneven power distribution of the simulated system, the statistical errors of all tallies are unevenly distributed, resulting in some low global efficiency. For this kind of problem with global characteristics, it is necessary to develop global variance reduction techniques to obtain the accurate distribution of target tallies in the entire space. A large number of global variance reduction algorithms have been studied based on the consideration of flattening global tally error distribution, so as to improve global efficiency. This work focuses on the combination of two efficient global variance reduction algorithms, namely, the uniform tally density algorithm and the weight window algorithm, which belong to source bias and transport process bias, respectively. In tally, a method is proposed to adjust the weight window parameters by using the bias factor of the uniform tally density algorithm. Then, the weight window method will be used to reduce the weight fluctuation caused by the uniform tally density method. In this way, an organic combination of these two algorithms can be realized. A series of comparative tests are carried out based on the Hoogenboom-Martin pressurized water reactor benchmark, and it is verified that the hybrid global variance reduction algorithm proposed in this work is better than the single weight window algorithm or the uniform tally density algorithm. In terms of reducing the maximum error, the global efficiency of the hybrid algorithm is 2.6 times and 3 times that of the weight window algorithm and the uniform tally density algorithm, respectively. In addition, through the comparative analysis of computational asymmetry degree and computational efficiency, it is verified that the uniform tally density algorithm has better performance than the classical uniform fission site algorithm, and the performance advantages of the uniform tally density algorithm are quantitatively evaluated based on some new indicators. The results show that the hybrid global variance reduction algorithm proposed in this work can solve the global tally problem efficiently, thereby further promoting research in related fields.

The relationship between low energy availability, injuries, and bone health in recreational female athletes.

Low energy availability (LEA) causes pathophysiology of the female athlete's body affecting the bone and reproductive health and was observed to have a high prevalence in recreational female athletes previously. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between low energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), bone mineral density (BMD), and postural stability in recreational athletes. Recreational female athletes (n = 24, age: 23.71 ± 2.94, Tier I) completed LEAF-Q, postural stability measurement during quiet stance (Zebris platform FDM; GmbH) and their BMD was measured using DXA (Hologic QDR Horizon A). Non-parametric statistical tests were used to analyse the relationships between LEAF-Q, BMD, and postural stability and to compare differences between participants divided by the LEAF-Q score and its subscales. Risk of LEA was observed in 50% of recreational athletes participating in this study. Up to 46% of participants perceived menstrual bleeding changes related to training and 37.50% experienced menstrual dysfunction. Body composition and body weight fluctuations were observed to affect postural stability and BMD. With the risk score for LEA, the BMD and postural stability were not negatively affected in recreational athletes. However, the high number of recreational athletes in the risk score for LEA and menstrual dysfunctions highlights the need for public health programs aimed to increase awareness of LEA and its health consequences and for open communication about the menstrual cycle. Future longitudinal studies observing LEA, BMD, menstrual function, postural stability, and their interrelationship in female athletes are needed to increase the knowledge of this topic.

A Retrospective Analysis of Upper Arm Rejuvenation Surgery in 50 Patients.

Upper arm aesthetics often suffer from aging effects such as skin laxity and sagging due to collagen and elastin depletion. Fat loss, obesity, and weight fluctuations further exacerbate these issues. Existing classification systems for upper arm excess are complex and have practical limitations. The aim of this study was to develop a more concise and clearer classification of upper arm excess that can guide surgical interventions effectively and assess clinical outcomes. Patients undergoing upper arm rejuvenation surgery from January 2020 to January 2023 were categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Mild cases underwent suction-assisted liposuction (SAL), moderate cases underwent radiofrequency-assisted liposuction combined with SAL, and severe cases underwent brachioplasty combined with SAL. Arm circumferences and BODY-Q questionnaires were collected pre- and postoperatively. The study included 50 female patients, aged 21 to 49 years. The average follow-up time was 7.5 [2.2] months. Arm circumference reduction rates were 6.8% in mild cases, 15.1% in moderate cases, and 17.3% in severe cases. Regarding the BODY-Q questionnaire for upper arms, the average score increased by 0.9 for mild, 2.1 for moderate, and 2.9 for severe cases. Complications were minimal, including 1 seroma and 2 cases of scar widening. The revised classification system for upper arm excess proved effective in guiding surgical decisions. Selecting the surgical approach based on severity resulted in satisfactory outcomes based on BODY-Q scores. This system offers a concise, objective, and practical tool for plastic surgeons.

Validation of remote child weight and height measurements within a weight management trial.

The aim of this substudy within the Treatment Efforts Addressing Child Weight Management by Unifying Patients, Parents, and Providers (TEAM UP)pragmatic clinical trial was to compare the validity of anthropometric measurements collected remotely versus in person (≤7 days apart) among youth with obesity who were 6 to 15 years of age. Child (n = 37) weight and height were measured in person by a trained data assessor. These were compared with measurements taken remotely by the child's parent with live videoconferencing observation by a study data assessor. In-person and remote measurements were compared using Bland-Altman plots, Pearson correlations, and two one-sided paired t tests. A priori bounds of acceptability were set at ±0.68 kg to allow for typical weight fluctuations within the 7-day comparison period. Measurements were highly correlated (height: r = 0.991, p < 0.0001; weight: r = 0.999; p = 0.03). For height, two one-sided t tests for upper, t(36) = 3.95, and lower, t(36) = -2.63, bounds (-1, 1) revealed an overall p = 0.006; absolute error was 3.5 cm. For weight, two one-sided t tests for upper, t(36) = 1.93, and lower, t(36) = -7.91, bounds (-0.68, 0.68) revealed an overall p = 0.03; absolute error was 1.7 kg. The present findings support the utility and interpretation of remotely assessed weight management outcomes for both research and clinical purposes. These procedures may offer greater accessibility to evidence-based measurement.

Study of non-motor Symptoms in Parkinsons disease and its impact on their quality of life

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Its incidence ranges from 1 to 2 per 1000 in general population. Its a complex disorder characterised by motor and non-motor symptoms that can impair the quality of life (QoL). In the presence of effective symptomatic therapies for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, the non-motor symptoms have become the major prognostic factors determining the overall disease burden and everyday function in Parkinson’s disease patients. Our study aimed at assessing the frequency and proportion of non-motor symptoms in PD patients and to assess their impact on QoL. A total of 88 PD patients visiting the outpatient department of Neurology at Goa Medical College were assessed for various non-motor symptoms using a semi – structured questionnaire and appropriate scales. Quality of life was assessed using PDQ-39 questionnaire. Patients satisfying the United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease brain bank criteria for idiopathic Parkinson’s diseases were included in the study Single centre, Cross-sectional study. Mean age of study population was 68 years and mean duration of the disease was 5yrs. Attention and memory were the most frequently reported domain in the study population (52 patients, 59.75 percent) followed by mood and cognition (46 patients, 52.74 percent). The least reported symptom was perceptual problems including delusions and hallucinations (11.74%) and miscellaneous domain (10.93 percent) which included pain, olfactory dysfunction, increased perspiration and weight fluctuations. The mean UPDRS (part 3) score was found to be 33.24± 17.37 with values ranging from 3.57 (mild motor impairment) to 44.64 (severe motor impairment).The QoL assessment showed that impairment of Mobility had a major impact on QoL followed by activities of daily living and emotional well-being. Correlation between Non-motor symptoms and PDQ-39 revealed that mood, cognition and perceptual problems had an adverse outcome on their emotional well-being and deficit in attention and memory had significant outcomes on communication. This study highlights the fact that non-motor symptoms in PD significantly impair quality of life and we should incorporate screening tools to evaluate patients with autonomic, sensory or mood disturbances so that they are detected at the earliest as most of them precede motor symptoms by decades.

Features of the adaptation of the turkeys' body in a poultry farm

The work is devoted to the study of adaptive features in the Hybrid Converter novo turkey cross in a poultry farm located in the south of the Tyumen region. The aim of the work was to investigate the adaptive abilities of the body of turkeys in a poultry farm in the Tyumen region. Research work was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals and in the conditions of the poultry farm LLC "Absolut-Agro". The object of the study was turkeys of different ages and genders of the Hybrid Converter novo cross. The studies were carried out using generally accepted methods to study the age-related dynamics of absolute mass, body temperature, respiratory rate, and the adaptation coefficient was calculated. Physiological indicators of temperature, respiratory rate were measured in 72 heads of broiler turkeys at the age of 21 days, 42, 64, 82, 105 and 126 ays. Analyzing the obtained data, we can say that in male turkeys, the adaptation process proceeds more evenly and quickly after the manifestation of sexual demorphism, as indicated by a uniform increase in absolute weight, a slight deviation from the actual weight from the normative one and a gradual decrease in the adaptation coefficient from 1.032 at the age of 42 days to 0.987 at the age of 126 days. In females, the adaptive abilities of the body are weaker, as indicated by sharp fluctuations in the actual weight from the normative values, as well as a sharp increase in the adaptation coefficient at 42 and 82 days.

Oral Motor Impairments Contribute to Weight Status of Adults with Severe Cerebral Palsy.

Adults with severe cerebral palsy (CP) are susceptible to malnutrition and metabolic disorders due to limited daily physical activity and challenges related to eating. We hypothesized that the condition of being underweight arises from inadequate energy intake due to difficulties in eating, rather than heightened total energy expenditure or an elevated resting metabolic rate. The present study encompassed 17 adults with severe CP (classified as GMFSC III-V). Energy intake, utilization, and expenditure were gauged via thorough dietary recordings and double-labeled water (DLW) analyses. Resting metabolic rates were assessed through indirect calorimetry, and metabolic health was investigated via blood samples. Oral motor function, eating assessment during meals, and weight fluctuations throughout the experimental period were also evaluated. We found significant correlations between weight, oral impairments (p < 0.01), and eating difficulties (p < 0.05). While total energy expenditure and daily consumption were similar between underweight (UW) and overweight (OW) individuals, significant variability in both expenditure and intake was evident within the UW group. Particularly, those with lower BMIs experienced heightened mealtime impairments and complications. Our present findings indicate that eating difficulties are the central concern for UW status in this population.

PID-Based Longitudinal Control of Platooning Trucks

This article focuses on the development and assessment of a PID-based computationally cost-efficient longitudinal control algorithm for platooning trucks. The study employs a linear controller with a nested architecture, wherein the inner loop regulates relative velocities while the outer loop governs inter-vehicle distances within platoon vehicles. The design of the proposed PID controller entails a comprehensive focus on system identification, particularly emphasizing actuation dynamics. The simulation framework used in this study has been established through the integration of TruckSim® and Simulink®, resulting in a co-simulation environment. Simulink® serves as the platform for control action implementation, while TruckSim® simulates the vehicle’s dynamic behavior, thereby closely replicating real world conditions. The significant effort in fine-tuning the PID controller is described in detail, including the system identification of the linearized longitudinal dynamic model of the truck. The implementation is followed by an extensive series of simulation tests, systematically evaluating the controller’s performance, stability, and robustness. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller in various leading truck operational scenarios. Furthermore, the controller’s robustness to large fluctuations in road grade and payload weight, which is commonly experienced in commercial vehicles, is evaluated. The simulation results indicate the controller’s ability to compensate for changes in both road grade and payload. Additionally, an initial assessment of the controller’s efficiency is conducted by comparing the commanded control efforts (total torque on wheels) along with the total fuel consumed. This initial analysis suggests that the controller exhibits minimal aggressive tendencies.

Arjunolic acid protects the intestinal epithelial barrier, ameliorating Crohn's disease-like colitis by restoring gut microbiota composition and inactivating TLR4 signalling

Background and AimsCrohn's disease (CD) is characterized by an overabundance of epithelial cell death and an imbalance in microflora, both of which contribute to the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Arjunolic acid (AA) has anti-apoptotic effects and regulates microbiota efficacy. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the treatment on colitis resembling Crohn's disease, along with exploring the potential underlying mechanism. MethodsCD animal models were created using Il-10−/− mice, and the impact of AA on colitis in mice was evaluated through disease activity index, weight fluctuations, pathological examination, and assessment of intestinal barrier function. To clarify the direct role of AA on intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, organoids were induced by LPS, and TUNEL staining was performed. To investigate the potential mechanisms of AA in protecting the intestinal barrier, various methods including bioinformatics analysis and FMT experiments were employed. ResultsThe treatment for AA enhanced the condition of colitis and the function of the intestinal barrier in Il-10−/− mice. This was demonstrated by the amelioration of weight loss, reduction in tissue inflammation score, and improvement in intestinal permeability. Moreover, AA suppressed the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in Il-10−/− mice and LPS-induced colon organoids, while also reducing the levels of Bax and C-caspase-3. In terms of mechanism, AA suppressed the activation of TLR4 signaling in Il-10−/− mice and colon organoids induced by LPS. In addition, AA increased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the stool of Il-10−/- mice, and transplantation of feces from AA-treated mice improved CD-like colitis. ConclusionsThe results of our study demonstrate that AA has a protective effect on the intestinal barrier in Crohn's disease-like colitis by preventing apoptosis. Additionally, this groundbreaking study reveals the capacity of AA to hinder TLR4 signaling and alter the makeup of the intestinal microbiome. The findings present fresh possibilities for treating individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease. AA offers a hopeful novel strategy for managing Crohn's disease by obstructing crucial pathways implicated in intestinal inflammation and enhancing the gut microbiota.

Hygienic assessment of the probiotic Bioseven influence on the natural resistance of rabbits pre-clinical researches

Rabbit farming plays an important role in the increase of livestock products, one of the precocious branches of small animal husbandry. From a rabbit and its offspring, more than 100 kg of meat can be obtained per year. The body of rabbits, as well as other agricultural and rural animals. animals, during life is under the influence of abiotic and biotic factors that cause growth depression, changes in the morphological composition of blood, and immunological indicators. The use of biologically active drugs that increase immunological reactivity, stimulating growth, development and resistance deserve attention. The use of probiotic preparations of young animals in the early stages of breeding normalizes the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, stimulates the synthesis of immunoglobulin IgA, increases its natural resistance, and activates homeostasis. The aim of the work was to carry out a hygienic assessment of the effect of the probiotic Bioseven on the natural resistance of the rabbit's body. The following methods of observation were used to obtain scientific information: biological, hematological, biochemical studies, statistical. The research was conducted on rabbits of the gray giant breed of both sexes. Healthy animals with the appropriate body weight were used in the experiments. Fluctuations in body weight in the respective groups did not exceed ±10.0%. Animals were kept in groups in cages in compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements. The use of the new domestic biologically active drug (probiotic) Bioseven as a means of preventive action is substantiated in the research paper. The drug has been proven to have a positive effect on the morphological, biochemical and immunological parameters of the blood of animals, increase the natural resistance and growth intensity of rabbits. During morphological studies, it was established that the level of endogenous intoxication of the body of rabbits of experimental groups and controls during the observation period remained stable and amounted to 17.95-18.33% (experimental) and 18.42±0.55 in control, which indicates the absence of a suppressor effects of the probiotic bioseven on the antioxidant properties of the rabbit body in doses: 0.5-5.0 g/head. The economic efficiency of the use of Bioseven consists of: a reduction in the morbidity of animals, an increase in their preservation, an average daily increase in body weight, and therefore an additional increase of 0.300-1.200 kg (depending on the dose), a reduction in the cost of obtaining a unit of production (by 0.5 %) and a decrease in the cost of livestock products per head during the period of the experiment by 5.0–15.0 UAH. Thus, the hygienic evaluation of the effect of the probiotic Bioseven on the natural resistance of the rabbit's body indicates the absence of a suppressive effect of the drug on the metabolic processes of the body of laboratory animals. Key words: rabbit breeding, suppressive effect, probiotic, toxicological characteristics, biochemical, ecologically harmless, complete, food products, of animal origin, food safety, consumer.

Are Menstrual Patterns Associated with the Body Mass Index of University Students? A Descriptive Study in Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Background Menstrual cycle irregularities and anovulation have been found to occur with increased frequency in women who deviate considerably from normal weight. Ovulation abnormalities may also be caused by fluctuations in weight, such as being overweight, obese, or underweight, which are hypothesized to disrupt the energy balance. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the association between menstrual patterns and body mass index (BMI) among students of selected health science university. Materials and Methods A descriptive research study was conducted among 222 university students at a selected health science university in Mangalore. The samples were selected by using simple random sampling techniques. A demographic proforma, self-reported menstrual pattern questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements like height and weight were measured. BMI was calculated by using the standardized formula, BMI= (weight [kg]/height [m2]) by the World Health Organization for the Asian population based on the revised consensus guidelines for India. Students who are aged between 17 and 25 years, unmarried female students who are studying under Yenepoya (deemed to be university), attained menarche, and who are willing to participate in the study were included in the study. Results From this study, it can be considered that the mean age of menarche was 12.49 ± 0.51years. Most 68.5% students reported dysmenorrhea. It is the most common menstrual disorder among our study subjects. Of the total subjects, 38.3% cases had oligomenorrhea, which was the next most common menstrual disorder. The majority of the subjects has a normal BMI, with a mean of 21.02 kg/m2. There is a significant association between dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and polymenorrhagia with BMI status of university students at 0.05 level significance. Conclusion Lifestyle modification and nutritional counselling for female students could alleviate menstrual problems. It will not only improve the girls' current health, sense of well-being, and overall quality of life but may also lower her risks for future disease and ill health after proper advice about diet and exercise. Menstrual irregularities are mostly neglected by the society due to unawareness regarding the irregular menstrual pattern and their problems.

Body Mass Index Decrease Has a Distinct Association with Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology in APOE ɛ4 Carriers and Non-Carriers.

Body mass index (BMI) changes may be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) alterations, but it is unclear how the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) allele affects their association. To explore the association of BMI changes with AD pathologies in APOE ɛ4 carriers and non-carriers. In 862 non-demented ADNI participants with≥2 BMI measurements, we investigated the relationships between BMI slopes and longitudinal changes in amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, neurodegeneration and cognition, and follow-up tau deposition in different Aβ and APOE ɛ4 statuses. In Aβ+ APOE ɛ4 non-carriers, faster BMI declines were associated with faster rates of Aβ accumulation (standardized β (βstd) = -0.29, p = 0.001), AD meta regions of interest (metaROI) hypometabolism (βstd = 0.23, p = 0.026), memory declines (βstd = 0.17, p = 0.029), executive function declines (βstd = 0.19, p = 0.011), and marginally faster Temporal-metaROI cortical thinning (βstd = 0.15, p = 0.067) and higher follow-up Temporal-metaROI tau deposition (βstd = -0.17, p = 0.059). Among Aβ- individuals, faster BMI decreases were related to faster Aβ accumulation (βstd = -0.25, p = 0.023) in APOE ɛ4 carriers, whereas predicted faster declines in memory and executive function in both APOE ɛ4 carriers (βstd = 0.25, p = 0.008; βstd = 0.32, p = 0.001) and APOE ɛ4 non-carriers (βstd = 0.11, p = 0.030; βstd = 0.12, p = 0.026). This study highlights the significance of tracking BMI data in older adults by providing novel insights into how body weight fluctuations and APOE ɛ4 interact with AD pathology and cognitive decline.

Solubility and Bioavailability Enhancement of a Novel Liquisolid Compact of Gliclazide

The study investigates the use of liquisolid compacts, a revolutionary pharmaceutical formulation technique, to improve the dissolution rate of weakly water-soluble medicines, with gliclazide as a case study. Nonvolatile solvents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, tween 80, and propylene glycol were used to make liquidsolid tablets, together with carrier ingredients such as Avicel PH102, starch, or HPMC, and Aerosil 200 as a coating material. The drug-excipient interaction was studied utilizing techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced tablets were tested for appearance, weight fluctuation, hardness, friability, drug content, and in-vitro drug release before being compared to traditional tablets (control) to determine the improvement in dissolution rate. The optimum formulation was subjected to stability tests. FTIR and DSC investigations revealed no significant drug-excipient interactions. All pill formulations met the requirements. Liquisolid tablets significantly increased gliclazide dissolving when compared to conventional tablets, which was ascribed to improved wetting qualities and particle effective surface area. According to the study, the liquisolid technique is a potential approach for increasing the dissolving rate of poorly soluble pharmaceuticals. The tablets remained stable at accelerated settings for three months, demonstrating the efficacy and feasibility of the liquisolid approach in increasing gliclazide dissolving rates.

Association between weight variability, weight change and clinical outcomes in hypertension

ObjectiveThe effect of body weight variability (BWV) and body weight change (BWC) in high-risk individuals with hypertension, but without diabetes mellitus (DM) remains unclear. We examined the effect of BWV and BWC on the primary outcome [the composite of myocardial infarction (MI), other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, acute decompensated heart failure (HF), or cardiovascular (CV) death] and all-cause mortality in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). MethodsIn this post-hoc analysis, we used multivariate Cox regression models to examine the risk associated with BWV and BWC for the primary outcome in SPRINT. BWV was defined as the intra-individual average successive variability (ASV). BWC was defined as baseline weight minus final weight. ResultsA total of 8714 SPRINT participants (mean age 67.8 ± 9.4 years, 35.1 % women, 58.9 % Whites) with available data on body weight were included. The median follow-up was about 3.9 years (IQR, 3.3–4.4). In multivariable-adjusted Cox models, each 1 unit standard deviation (SD) of BWV was significantly associated with a higher risk for the primary outcome, all-cause mortality, HF, MI, and stroke [HR(95 % CI)]: 1.13 (1.07–1.19; p < 0.0001), 1.22 (1.14–1.30; p < 0.0001), 1.16 (1.07–1.26; p < 0.001), 1.10 (1.00–1.20; p = 0.047), and 1.15 (1.05–1.27; p = 0.005), respectively. Similarly, each 1 unit SD of BWC was significantly associated with a higher risk of the primary outcome, all-cause mortality, MI, and HF: 1.11(1.02–1.21; p = 0.017), 1.44 (1.26–1.65; p < 0.0001), 1.16 (1.01–1.32; p = 0.041) and 1.19 (1.02–1.40; p = 0.031) respectively. However, there was no significant association with CV death (for both BWV and BWC) or stroke (BWC). ConclusionIn high-risk hypertension, BWV and BWC were both associated with higher risk of the primary outcome and all-cause mortality. These results further stress the clinical importance of sustained weight loss and minimizing fluctuations in weight in hypertension.

Revisiting Resting Metabolic Rate: What is the Relation to Weight Fluctuations?

Despite the great progress in obesity-tackling strategies, a negative energy equilibrium between energy expenditure and energy intake remains the cornerstone in obesity management. The present review article aims to shed light on the complicated interrelations of resting metabolic rate to weight fluctuations. Energy expenditure depends on body composition and is highly affected by weight changes, exerting a significant role in subsequent weight regain and underlining the metabolic resistance that people with obesity face when dealing with weight maintenance. The main tissue involved in energy expenditure is fat-free mass, as opposed to fat mass, which exerts a substantially lower impact. Although people with obesity display higher energy expenditures than their lean counterparts, these decrease substantially in the setting of weight loss. Metabolic adaptation is the difference between measured and predicted RMR after weight loss, either via lifestyle modification or after obesity surgery. Plausible explanations for this include differences in body composition, with loss of fat-free mass playing a significant role. This becomes especially apparent in the setting of rapid and massive weight loss, as in the case of bariatric surgery. A better understanding of energy expenditure pathophysiology may aid in further enhancing weight loss and promoting weight maintenance in people with obesity.

Dietary trends among young adults during the COVID-19 lockdown: socioeconomic and gender disparities

BackgroundHealthy eating is vital to well-being and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was especially important for boosting immunity and protecting against viral infections. Yet, by many accounts, keeping a nutritious diet was a casualty of the pandemic rather than a means to fight it. Young adults experienced disproportionate pandemic-related disruptions during a formative stage of development while little is still known about dietary outcomes.MethodsWe employed a cross-sectional design to examine dietary disparities targeting young adults (ages 18–28) during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Participants (N = 254) responded to a 15–20-min online survey with questions related to food composition and sources of food, perceptions of healthy eating, weight change, physical activity, and food insecurity. Comparisons were made by household income and gender. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate factors that predicted perceptions of healthy eating behaviors while controlling for other sociodemographic factors.ResultsA clear overall trend toward unhealthy behaviors was found while positive changes were also identified. Consumption of junk food significantly increased (+ 3%), 40% gained weight, a third were less active, and 5–8% were food insecure on a regular basis. Meanwhile, eating food from restaurants declined and, for some, home-based cooking increased. Lower income participants were overly represented in unhealthy changes and higher income participants were disproportionately represented in healthy changes. Males reported more changes in dietary composition while females reported more fluctuation in weight. Reduced activity, weight gain, and food insecurity predicted unhealthy eating behaviors. Living with friend(s)/roommate(s) predicted healthier eating, but only among lower income participants.ConclusionsIt is recommended that pandemic minded public health interventions account for negative dietary trends with particular attention to low-income young adults. Solutions should be geared toward reshaping fiscal, social and physical environments, rather than relying solely on behavioral interventions.

330 Evaluating anticoagulant prescribing errors in older adults in a rehabilitation setting

Abstract Background Anticoagulant use is common in older adults for the prevention or treatment of a number of conditions, most commonly Venous Thrombo-Embolism (VTE) or to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation. Our audit aimed to review anticoagulation prescribing practices, identify errors and areas for improvement. Methods The initial retrospective audit of all inpatients in a medical gerontology ward took place from 15/11/2022–30/12/22. Data collected included age, sex, weight, renal profile, anticoagulation type, dose and indication. Information was collected from medication records, clinical notes and online laboratory system. After initial audit, multiple education sessions were conducted with the medical team. Re-audit of all inpatients occurred from 05/04/2023–25/04/2023. The guidelines used were the HSE Prescribing Tips for Anticoagulation and local Hospital Guidelines on VTE prophylaxis. Results The initial audit of 73 patients showed 15% (11) rate of prescribing error with 7 subtherapeutic and 4 supratherapeutic doses. Of these 11 errors, 4 doses were corrected recently prior to audit. Average age was 82.6 (64–100) and 55% (40) were female. The re-audit of 51 patients showed the rate of error improved to 7.84%(4) with 4 supratherapeutic doses. 1 dose was corrected on admission and 5.88%(3) required dose adjustment due to fluctuations in weight and renal function throughout admission. Average age was 83.1(66–103) and 69%(35) were female. Conclusion The re-audit demonstrated ongoing education sessions reduces prescribing error with a 48% reduction. However ongoing monitoring throughout admission is required to account for fluctuations in weight and renal function. Suggestions for further improvements include ongoing regular education sessions with the medical team. Further sessions are planned with the wider multidisciplinary team members to highlight importance of regularly monitoring weight and renal function and medication dosages. This audit also reinforces the importance of the role of pharmacist in the multidisciplinary team in Rehabilitation Units and would support regular pharmacist input on an regular basis.