Fluctuating Pressure Field Research Articles

RESEARCH ON WIND PRESSURE FIELD OF LARGE-SPAN FLAT ROOF BASED ON DYNAMIC MODE DECOMPOSITION

The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method improved by embedded dimension and the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method are used to analyze the random wind pressure field of a large-span flat roof. The results show that the fuzzy dynamic features hidden in the wind tunnel test data can be discovered by using the Takens embedding theorem to increase the spatial dimension of the original snapshot matrix. The modal distributions of POD and DMD can reflect the main characteristics of typical vortices in a fluctuating pressure field. However, each mode of POD contains the information of multiple frequencies, which to a certain extent makes the mode of POD become the fluctuating coupling of multiple frequency bands. The mode decomposed by DMD method is a single-frequency mode and the stability of each mode can be obtained. At the same proportion, POD modes contain more energy than DMD modes. But when the same proportion of modes are used to reconstruct the fluctuating wind pressure field, the reconstruction results of DMD method can better describe and fit the local characteristics of the original fluctuating pressure field than those of POD method. This is because DMD method reconstructs the pressure field directly, while POD method mainly reconstructs the energy field. Therefore, the DMD method has more advantages in revealing the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of a random wind pressure field.

Higher order dynamic mode decomposition of wind pressures on square buildings

Wind pressures on buildings with different aspect ratios were investigated via higher-order dynamic mode decomposition (HODMD) in this study. Taken’s embedding theorem was used to augment the spatial dimensionality of the original snapshot matrix by introducing time delay coordinates. HODMD was applied to reveal the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of fluctuating wind pressures on building surfaces. It was found that HODMD can successfully extract the modes and corresponding frequencies from the random pressure field. As the aspect ratio increases, the main mode is more dominant than other modes. Moreover, comparisons between HODMD and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) suggests that the first-order mode shapes extracted by HODMD and POD are generally similar, and both can reflect the main characteristics of the fluctuating pressure field. However, the higher-order mode shapes extracted by HODMD and POD are different due to higher-order nonlinearities. The modes of HODMD oscillate at a fixed frequency while those of POD resemble random signals, indicating the physical meaning of HODMD is more evident. Furthermore, HODMD is proven to be superior to POD in reconstructing pressure fields with less root mean square errors, because HODMD reconstructs the pressure field directly while POD primarily aims to rebuild the energy field.

Scale interactions in velocity and pressure within a turbulent boundary layer developing over a staggered-cube array

Abstract

Лунковий генератор вихрових структур

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the space-time characteristics of the velocity and pressure field inside a hemispherical dimple on a flat surface. The features of the formation and development of vortex structures generated inside the dimple, as well as their interaction with the streamlined surface of the dimple and the boundary layer were established. Integral, spectral and correlation characteristics of the field of velocity, dynamic and wall pressure fluctuations were obtained. The velocities and directions of transfer of large-scale vortex structures and small-scale vortices inside the dimple were determined. The frequencies of rotations and ejections of large-scale vortices, the frequencies of oscillations of the vortex flow inside the dimple and self-oscillations of the vortex structures of the shear layer, their subharmonics and harmonics of higher orders were established.

Поперечне обтікання циліндра на жорсткій поверхні

The results of experimental studies are presented in order to study the features of the formation of separated and vortex flows in the vicinity of a transversely streamlined cylinder on the surface of a hydraulically smooth rigid surface and to determine the space-time characteristics of sources of wall pressure fluctuations. The studies were carried out in laboratory conditions on transversely streamlined cylinders, which were located on a rigid surface. The field of wall pressure fluctuations was measured by a group of miniature piezoceramic pressure fluctuation sensors, which were installed flush with the streamlined rigid surface in front of the cylinder and in its wake. The research results were processed and analyzed using the mathematical apparatus of the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. The spectral and correlation characteristics of the separated flow in the vicinity of a transversely streamlined cylinder are obtained.

Effects of medium heterogeneities on direction of arrival estimation

A scaled experiment in a water tank was conducted to study effects of medium heterogeneities on underwater acoustic propagation while controlling the so-called fluctuations. An ultrasonic wave is transmitted (a pulse train at center frequency f = 2.25 MHz) throughout an acoustic lens presenting a plane input face and a randomly rough output face inducing spatial fluctuations of the sound pressure field. The roughness statistics are tuned so that the fluctuating pressure field presents features comparable to what can be observed in the case of acoustic waves propagating through a fluctuating ocean. Generally speaking, disturbances can include path propagation delays, multipath dependent Doppler spreading, scattering from the sea surface or bottom, and coherence loss over the array aperture arising from dynamic wave-front fluctuations due to internal waves. This last topic is the main focus of our study. Signal snapshots received at a virtual, vertical line array of 64 sensors may be corrupted by impulsive (heavy-tailed) additive noise and high resolution outlier-resistant arrival angle identification is desirable. Recent advances in robust techniques such as Sparse Bayesian Learning and L1 -norm Principal Component Analysis motivate this work. We compare the performance of these innovative techniques to the classical MUSIC and Bartlett processors. [This work is supported by DGA, NSF Grant CNS1753406, ONR.]

Elastic Turbulence: An Experimental View on Inertialess Random Flow

A viscous solvent laminar flow may be strongly modified by the addition of a tiny amount of long polymer molecules, resulting in a chaotic flow called elastic turbulence (ET). ET is attributed to polymer stretching, which generates elastic stress and its back reaction on the flow. Its properties are analogous to those observed in hydrodynamic turbulence, although the formal similarity does not imply a similarity in physical mechanisms underlining these two types of random motion. Here we review the statistical and spectral properties and the spatial structure of the velocity field, the statistical and spectral properties of pressure fluctuations, and scaling of the friction factor of ET in wall-bounded and unbounded flow geometries, as observed in experiments and numerical simulations and described by theory for a wide range of control parameters and polymer concentrations.

On the use of leading-edge serrations for noise control in a tandem airfoil configuration

Passive noise control for a tandem NACA 65-710 airfoil configuration is experimentally investigated by applying leading-edge serrations on the rear airfoil. With a sliding side-plate mechanism that allows the rear airfoil to move in the vertical direction relative to the front airfoil, the position of maximum turbulence interaction noise is first identified from the far-field noise measurements. Subsequently, detailed static surface pressure distribution and unsteady surface pressure fluctuations are acquired to shed more light on the physical phenomenon and underlying noise-reduction mechanism of the leading-edge serrations. The far-field noise measurements confirm that a notable turbulence interaction noise reduction can be achieved from 600 Hz < f < 3000 Hz, agreeing well with the previous literature on the effectiveness of the leading-edge serrations. The near-field hydrodynamic analyses obtained using remote-sensing techniques of the fluctuating pressure fields over the airfoil show that a significant reduction in the surface pressure fluctuation levels up to 20 dB/Hz can be observed at the serrated-tip plane of the rear serrated airfoil close to the leading-edge regions, over the range of frequencies investigated. Although reduction can also be observed on the serrated-root plane, the magnitude is much less significant. The present results suggest that the modification of the unsteady loading on the rear airfoil by the leading-edge serrations plays a crucial role in the reduction of turbulence interaction noise in the tandem airfoil configuration, which may find practical application for noise reduction in aerodynamic systems involving rows of airfoils, such as contra-rotating open rotors and outlet guide vanes.

Low-order estimation of the velocity, hydrodynamic pressure, and acoustic radiation for a three-dimensional turbulent wall jet

A method for the experimental characterization of the velocity, hydrodynamic pressure, and acoustic generation in a subsonic (ReH=25,500), three-dimensional, turbulent wall jet is presented. An acoustic analogy formulated for the turbulent wall jet shows that the far-field acoustics relate to the Reynolds stress fluctuations of the velocity field or the product of the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations and the rate-of-strain field. As these quantities cannot be measured directly with sufficient resolution, low-order reconstructions of the velocity field based on the use of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Stochastic Estimation are developed. Reconstruction of the three-dimensional field is accomplished using spanwise-aligned, stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements, obtained at 16 streamwise locations synchronously with an array of 32 surface pressure transducers. The velocity field reconstruction is then used to calculate the fluctuating pressure field (via Poisson’s equation) allowing for the evaluation of coupled pressure-velocity terms in addition to an acoustic analogy for the acoustic far-field. Application of these methods show that the large-scale motion throughout the shear layer is captured by the velocity and hydrodynamic pressure field estimates and features of the acoustic far-field are recovered.

Pressure Fluctuations on the Surfaces of Three-Dimensional Protruding Bodies in a Gas Flow

The fields of turbulent near-wall pressure fluctuations on the surfaces of three-dimensional protruding bodies in a gas flow are experimentally investigated. The essential nonhomogeneity and three-dimensionality of the fields in the measurement space is demonstrated. The dependence of the main characteristics of the pressure fluctuations on the geometric parameters is presented and the boundary layer thickness effect is shown.

Vibrations in a 7-rod bundle subject to axial flow: Simulations and experiments

Being able to quantify mechanical vibrations is of key importance for the safety of nuclear power plants, as they are able to induce damage. In this work, numerical simulations are used to compute water flow and vibration in a densely packed bundle of 7 rods, mimicking an experimental setup. This flow configuration is chosen to resemble the coolant flow through a nuclear reactor core. Because of the wall proximity, a considerable velocity difference between the narrow gaps and the subchannels exists, with an inflection point in the velocity profile. This yields an unstable situation, and large vortices are continuously created through a mechanism similar to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The vortex streets in between the rods are associated with a fluctuating pressure field, causing vibrations of the rods.The experimental setup contains 7 steel cylinders, encased in a hexagonal duct. The central rod contains a section where the steel is replaced by a water-filled silicone tube, clamped at both extremes to the steel rod, and the vibrations of this section are examined. The numerical approach consists of coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations, with the flow being modelled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the structure using computational solid mechanics (CSM).The available experimental data consist of Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) measurements and high-speed camera footage of the wall movement of the silicone rod. Equivalent data is collected from the numerical simulations. The simulations are repeated for different flow rates. The frequency spectrum of the coherent structures, and the frequency and amplitude of the wall movement are compared for each operating point, as well as their trend as a function of the flow rate. The dominant frequencies found in the simulation results were similar to the experimental results, although slightly higher. They also showed a linear trend, just like the experiments. A larger mismatch was present for the structural response, the frequencies found using the FSI model being more than twice as high.

Computational analysis for non-invasive detection of stenosis in peripheral arteries

Atherosclerosis usually affects the entire cardiovascular system, including peripheral blood vessels. Peripheral arterial stenosis may indicate possible serious vascular disorders related to more vital organs. If peripheral arterial stenosis can be discerned at an early stage, it can serve as a warning sign to take precautions, such as using more invasive diagnostic techniques or adopting a healthier life style. In this study, peripheral regions, such as the thigh, upper arm, and neck are modelled considering stenosis of their major arteries. Stenosis generates a fluctuating pressure field on the arterial wall, which leads to vibration on the skin's surface. This stenosis-induced pressure field is modelled as a harmonic load and applied to the inner surface of the arterial structure. The vibration response on bare skin is computationally determined using the superposition of modal responses. Realistic geometries and hyperelastic material properties are used in modelling the layers of skin, fat, muscle, and bones. The results indicate that stenosis severities higher than 70% lead to a considerable increase in vibration-response amplitudes, especially at frequencies greater than 250 Hz. The detailed analysis of skin responses provides useful information to detect the stenosis location, where the sum of the vibration amplitudes attains its maximum value around the stenosis.

On a momentum interpolation scheme for collocated meshes with improved discrete kinetic energy conservation

In this study, we investigate the effects of momentum interpolation (MI) schemes for collocated meshes on DNS and LES with relatively coarse meshes. Based on this, the primary objective is to present how a MI scheme with reduced errors in mass and discrete kinetic energy (DKE) conservation affects the quality of the simulation results. From an existing MI scheme used widely, it is shown that the continuity equation has a first-order error in time based on the CV-centered velocity. With a specific choice of the pressure variable of the order of the pressure change for interpolating the face velocity, we derive a MI scheme with temporally second-order for the continuity equation. It is noted that this scheme drives the continuity and DKE errors to zero for a steady flow or very small time step. When applied to DNS and LES of a turbulent channel flow and a turbulent flow around an airfoil, the suggested MI scheme with reduced error results in more accurate prediction of mean and RMS flow fields. In order to examine the effects of the MI schemes on the turbulent pressure field, energy and power spectra of pressure fluctuations are examined. The pressure spectra with the revised MI scheme show no clear sign of pressure wiggles at high frequencies and more accurate prediction of small-to-large scale fluctuations, which shows effectiveness of the revised scheme and importance of the mass and DKE conservation.

Erratum to: Distinctive Features of Pressure Fluctuation Fields on the Surface of Steps

Page 794, last line should read: (acknowledgment: «This study was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under subsidy agreement no. 14.625.21.0038 (project identifier RFMEFI62516X0038).

Investigation of Unsteady Pressure Fluctuations in Flow over Backward-Facing Step

Flow over a backward-facing step at , based on the step height, is simulated using the Divergence Free Synthetic Eddy Method of Poletto et al. (“A New Divergence Free Synthetic Eddy Method for the Reproduction of Inlet Flow Conditions for LES,” Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, Vol. 91, No. 3, 2013, pp. 519–539.), implemented in OpenFOAM® 1606, which preserves the instantaneous fluctuating pressure field in the domain, which is normally lost. Examination of the pressure spectra at various positions normal to the wall is well represented by wall-pressure measurements at all but the highest frequencies examined here. Various spectral peaks corresponding to shear-layer movement, discrete vortex shedding from the step, and numerous shear-layer instabilities are investigated using power and cross-spectral measurements of the fluctuating wall pressures. Convective velocities obtained from the cross-spectral phase indicate that the lowest frequencies convect slowly, whereas the higher frequencies near the measured spectral peaks convect at . There is an increase in convective velocity as the measurement locations are moved farther downstream. Additionally, an increase in peak frequency was found in this examination; however, the increase in convective velocity (approximately equal to 33%) and frequency (approximately equal to 7–11%) calculated at different streamwise positions were not found to be directly proportional, indicating that the increase in peak frequency cannot be solely explained by flow acceleration but that the structures are likely undergoing streamwise or spanwise deformation as well.

An advanced numerical framework for the simulation of flow induced vibration for nuclear applications

In this work, an advanced solver for the simulation of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) problems for nuclear applications is presented. The numerical framework, called as NRG-FSIFOAM, uses a Finite Volume (FV) fluid solver and a Finite Element (FE) structural solver coupled together with a partitioned approach. State-of-the-art implicit coupling algorithms are used in order to increase the accuracy and the stability of the solver for low solid-to-fluid density ratio, i.e. strongly coupled, FSI problems. Furthermore, the solver offers significant advantages with respect to traditional approaches for the solution of turbulent flows because it is equipped with an advanced algorithm to predict pressure fluctuations without the necessity to perform high fidelity simulations. This approach, called as Pressure Fluctuation Model (PFM), uses a stochastic model to generate velocity fluctuations that satisfy the mean turbulent quantities; the corresponding fluctuating pressure field is computed from the Poisson’s equation. The pressure fluctuation field complements the mean pressure field computed with URANS models and it is then used as a part of the external forcing for the structural problem. This solver is first tested against benchmark FSI problems with laminar flows. Subsequently, it is used to simulate flow induced vibrations of cylindrical fuel rods in turbulent water and liquid metal flows and to simulate the vibrations of a cantilever beam in turbulent water flow.

Unsteadiness control of laminar junction flows on pressure fluctuations

Smoke-wire flow visualization is conducted carefully in a laminar junction to explore the physical behavior of laminar junction flows. The two-dimensional (2D) velocity fields in the 30° plane of a laminar junction flow are acquired by a time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) system at a frame rate of 1 kHz, based on which the unsteady fluctuating pressure fields can be calculated by the multi-path integration method proposed in the literature (GAND, F., DECK, S., BRUNET,V., and SAGAUT, P. Flow dynamics past a simplified wing body junction. Physics of Fluids, 22(11), 115111 (2010)). A novel control strategy is utilized to attenuate the unsteadiness of the horseshoe vortices of the laminar junction flow, and the consequent effect on pressure fields is analyzed.

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VORTEX MOTION INSIDE THE HEMISPHERICAL DIMPLE

Experimental researches of the features of the generation and evolution mechanism of coherent vortex structures, which are formed inside the hemispherical cavity, and space-time characteristics of the fields of velocity and pressure fluctuations that they create, both within the cavity, and in its wake, were conducted. Experiments were carried out in hydrodynamic flume on the hydraulically smooth plate with hemispherical dimple. The symmetric and asymmetric large-scale vortical systems inside a dimple are found out depending on the flow regime, and location and periodicity of their ejections are shown. The evolution of tornado-like vortices subjected to a switch mechanism that is result in appearance of low-frequency modulating transversal oscillations of vortex motion inside the hemispherical dimple. The fields of velocity, dynamic and wall pressure fluctuations by a group of hot-films, miniature piezoelectric sensors of pressure fluctuations are studied. Space-time correlations of velocity and pressure fluctuations, which generate the coherent large-scale vortex structures, the circulation flow and the vortex structure of the shear layer, which are formed inside the hemispherical dimple and ejected out into the boundary layer, are obtained. It was determined that the largest values of the coefficient of the space-time correlations of the wall pressure fluctuations observed on the aft and side walls of the hemispherical dimple, and the lowest – in its forward bottom part. It was established that the cross-correlations of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations are higher than the cross-correlations of the velocity and wall pressure fluctuations, and the cross-correlations of the dynamic and wall pressure fluctuations. On the basis of short-time spectrum and correlation analyses, the non-stationary in tame and non-uniform in space characteristics of the coherent vortical systems inside and past the open dimple have been found. Temporal periodicity of cross-correlation characteristics of the wall pressure fluctuations between two sensors, located on the fixed distance corresponds to frequencies of the shear and wake modes of resonance oscillations in the dimple. Registration of the time lag, at which the cross-correlation or anticorrelation has maximum, enables to determine the group convective velocity of the coherent vortical structures during their formation and evolution, as well as the phase of development and direction of vortex motion inside the dimple.

Distinctive Features of Pressure Fluctuation Fields on the Surface of Steps

Parametric experimental investigations of the fields of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations on the surface of steps are performed. A considerable effect of the obstacle height on the spectral composition of the pressure fluctuations behind the leading edge is shown. The transformation of the spectral composition at different observation points is illustrated. The influence of the boundary layer thickness and the sweep angle is shown to be relatively weak. The spatial variation of the local correlation scales and the convective properties of the pressure fluctuation field on the step surface is illustrated.

Towards LES as a design tool: Wind loads assessment on a high-rise building

The accurate evaluation of wind loads on high-rise buildings represents a key point in their design process. Traditionally, atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel tests, conceived in order to be representative of the wind conditions expected on site, are used for this purpose. Recently, owing to the increase in computational power, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques have gained interest as a complementary tool to wind tunnel testing. Unfortunately, wind flow around bluff bodies is often very complex and substantial research efforts are still needed in order to assess the accuracy and reliability of CFD results. In this paper, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are performed aimed at evaluating the wind loads on an isolated high-rise building. In order to assess the capabilities of LES for adoption as a design tool, the results are analysed in terms of both pressure distributions and internal forces on the structural elements. It is found that the accuracy of LES in reproducing the fluctuating pressure field is not necessarily maintained when internal forces are taken into account. Nevertheless, the design values predicted by LES can be still considered satisfactory, in particular when maximum and minimum values over different angles of attack are considered.