FLT3-mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research Articles

Midostaurin shapes macroclonal and microclonal evolution of FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia.

Despite the use of midostaurin (MIDO) with intensive chemotherapy (ICT) as the front-line treatment for FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), complete remission rates are close to 60-70%, and relapses occur in over 40% of cases. Here we studied the molecular mechanisms underlying refractory/relapsed (R/R) situation in FLT3-mutated AML patients. We conducted a retrospective and multicenter study involving 150 patients with R/R AML harboring FLT3-ITD (n=130) and/or FLT3-TKD (n=26) at diagnosis assessed by standard methods. Patients were treated in front-line with ICT + MIDO (n=54) or ICT alone (n=96) according to the diagnosis date and label of MIDO. The evolution of FLT3 clones and co-mutations was analyzed in paired diagnosis-R/R samples by targeted high-throughput sequencing. Using a dedicated algorithm for FLT3-ITD detection, 189 FLT3-ITD microclones (allelic ratio [AR] < 0.05) and 225 macroclones (AR ≥ 0.05) were detected at both time points. At R/R disease, the rate of FLT3-ITD persistence was lower in patients treated with ICT + MIDO compared with patients not receiving MIDO (68% vs. 87.5%, P=0.011). In patients receiving ICT + MIDO, detection of multiple FLT3-ITD clones (referred to as "clonal interference") was associated with a higher FLT3-ITD persistence rate at R/R disease (multiple clones: 88% vs. single clones: 57%, P=0.049). Considering both treatment groups, if only 24% of FLT3-ITD microclones detected at diagnosis were retained at relapse, 43% of them became macroclones. Together, these results identify parameters influencing the fitness of FLT3-ITD clones and highlight the importance of using sensitive techniques for FLT3--ITD screening in clinical practice.

Is three always greater than two?—azacitidine, venetoclax, and gilteritinib triple therapy in newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia

Is three always greater than two?—azacitidine, venetoclax, and gilteritinib triple therapy in newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia

Cholesterol inhibition enhances antitumor response of gilteritinib in lung cancer cells.

Repositioning approved antitumor drugs for different cancers is a cost-effective approach. Gilteritinib was FDA-approved for the treatment of FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia in 2018. However, the therapeutic effects and mechanism of Gilteritinib on other malignancies remain to be defined. In this study, we identified that gilteritinib has an inhibitory effect on lung cancer cells (LCCs) without FLT3 mutation in vitro and in vivo. Unexpectedly, we found that gilteritinib induces cholesterol accumulation in LCCs via upregulating cholesterol biosynthetic genes and inhibiting cholesterol efflux. This gilteritinib-induced cholesterol accumulation not only attenuates the antitumor effect of gilteritinib but also induces gilteritinib-resistance in LCCs. However, when cholesterol synthesis was prevented by squalene epoxidase (SQLE) inhibitor NB-598, both LCCs and gilteritinib-resistant LCCs became sensitive to gilteritinib. More importantly, the natural cholesterol inhibitor 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) can suppress cholesterol biosynthesis and increase cholesterol efflux in LCCs. Consequently, 25HC treatment significantly increases the cytotoxicity of gilteritinib on LCCs, which can be rescued by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. In a xenograft model, the combination of gilteritinib and 25HC showed significantly better efficacy than either monotherapy in suppressing lung cancer growth, without obvious general toxicity. Thus, our findings identify an increase in cholesterol induced by gilteritinib as a mechanism for LCC survival, and highlight the potential of combining gilteritinib with cholesterol-lowering drugs to treat lung cancer.

Tracking Response and Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia through Single-Cell DNA Sequencing Helps Uncover New Therapeutic Targets.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic neoplasia with a complex polyclonal architecture. Among driver lesions, those involving the FLT3 gene represent the most frequent mutations identified at diagnosis. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has improved the clinical outcomes of FLT3-mutated patients (Pt). However, overcoming resistance to these drugs remains a challenge. To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying therapy resistance and clonal selection, we conducted a longitudinal analysis using a single-cell DNA sequencing approach (MissionBioTapestri® platform, San Francisco, CA, USA) in two patients with FLT3-mutated AML. To this end, samples were collected at the time of diagnosis, during TKI therapy, and at relapse or complete remission. For Pt #1, disease resistance was associated with clonal expansion of minor clones, and 2nd line TKI therapy with gilteritinib provided a proliferative advantage to the clones carrying NRAS and KIT mutations, thereby responsible for relapse. In Pt #2, clonal architecture was less complex, and 1st line TKI therapy with midostaurin was able to eradicate the leukemic clones. Our results corroborate previous findings about clonal selection driven by TKIs, highlighting the importance of a deeper characterization of individual clonal architectures for choosing the best treatment plan for personalized approaches aimed at optimizing outcomes.

Phosphoproteomics predict response to midostaurin plus chemotherapy in independent cohorts of FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a bone marrow malignancy with poor prognosis. One of several treatments for AML is midostaurin combined with intensive chemotherapy (MIC), currently approved for FLT3 mutation-positive (FLT3-MP) AML. However, many patients carrying FLT3 mutations are refractory or experience an early relapse following MIC treatment, and might benefit more from receiving a different treatment. Development of a stratification method that outperforms FLT3 mutational status in predicting MIC response would thus benefit a large number of patients. We employed mass spectrometry phosphoproteomics to analyse 71 diagnosis samples of 47 patients with FLT3-MP AML who subsequently received MIC. We then used machine learning to identify biomarkers of response to MIC, and validated the resulting predictive model in two independent validation cohorts (n=20). We identified three distinct phosphoproteomic AML subtypes amongst long-term survivors. The subtypes showed similar duration of MIC response, but different modulation of AML-implicated pathways, and exhibited distinct, highly-predictive biomarkers of MIC response. Using these biomarkers, we built a phosphoproteomics-based predictive model of MIC response, which we called MPhos. When applied to two retrospective real-world patient test cohorts (n=20), MPhos predicted MIC response with 83% sensitivity and 100% specificity (log-rank p<7∗10-5, HR=0.005 [95% CI: 0-0.31]). In validation, MPhos outperformed the currently-used FLT3-based stratification method. Our findings have the potential to transform clinical decision-making, and highlight the important role that phosphoproteomics is destined to play in precision oncology. This work was funded by Innovate UK grants (application numbers: 22217 and 10054602) and by Kinomica Ltd.

Phase 3 study of gilteritinib versus salvage chemotherapy in predominantly Asian patients with relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia

The phase 3 COMMODORE trial evaluated gilteritinib versus salvage chemotherapy (SC) in a predominantly Asian relapsed/refractory (R/R) FLT3-mutated (FLT3mut+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient population. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); secondary endpoints included event-free survival (EFS) and complete remission (CR) rate. As of June 30, 2020 (interim analysis: 32.2 months after study initiation), 234 patients were randomized (gilteritinib, n = 116; SC, n = 118). Median OS was significantly longer with gilteritinib versus SC (9.6 vs. 5.0 months; HR 0.566 [95% CI: 0.392, 0.818]; p = 0.00211) with a median follow-up of 10.3 months. Median EFS was also significantly longer with gilteritinib (2.8 vs. 0.6 months; HR 0.551 [95% CI: 0.395, 0.769]; p = 0.00004). CR rates with gilteritinib and SC were 16.4% and 10.2%, respectively; composite CR rates were 50.0% and 20.3%, respectively. Exposure-adjusted grade ≥3 adverse event (AE) rates were lower with gilteritinib (58.38 events/patient-year [E/PY]) versus SC (168.30 E/PY). Common AEs with gilteritinib were anemia (77.9%) and thrombocytopenia (45.1%). Gilteritinib plasma concentration peaked ~4 h postdose; ~3-fold accumulation occurred with multiple dosing. The COMMODORE trial demonstrated that gilteritinib significantly improved OS and EFS in predominantly Asian patients, validating the outcomes of gilteritinib from the ADMIRAL trial in R/R FLT3mut+ AML.

Lipopolymer/siRNA complexes engineered for optimal molecular and functional response with chemotherapy in FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia

Approximately 25% of newly diagnosed AML patients display an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene. Although both multi-targeted and FLT3 specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being utilized for clinical therapy, drug resistance, short remission periods, and high relapse rates are challenges that still need to be tackled. RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA), presents a mechanistically distinct therapeutic platform with the potential of personalization due to its gene sequence-driven mechanism of action. This study explored the use of a non-viral approach for delivery of FLT3 siRNA (siFLT3) in FLT3-ITD positive AML cell lines and primary cells as well as the feasibility of combining this treatment with drugs currently used in the clinic. Treatment of AML cell lines with FLT3 siRNA nanocomplexes resulted in prominent reduction in cell proliferation rates and induction of apoptosis. Quantitative analysis of relative mRNA transcript levels revealed downregulation of the FLT3 gene, which was accompanied by a similar decline in FLT3 protein levels. Moreover, an impact on leukemic stem cells was observed in a small pool of primary AML samples through significantly reduced colony numbers. An absence of a molecular response post-treatment with lipopolymer/siFLT3 complexes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained from healthy individuals, denoted a passive selectivity of the complexes towards malignant cells. The effect of combining lipopolymer/siFLT3 complexes with daunorubucin and FLT3 targeting TKI gilteritinib led to a significant augmentation of anti-leukemic activity. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of RNAi implemented with lipopolymer complexes for AML molecular therapy. The study prospectively supports the addition of RNAi therapy to current treatment modalities available to target the heterogeneity prevalent in AML. Statement of significanceWe show that a clinically validated target, the FLT3 gene, can be eradicated in leukemia cells using non-viral RNAi. We validated these lipopolymers as effective vehicles to deliver nucleic acids to leukemic cells. The potency of the lipopolymers was superior to that of the ‘gold-standard’ delivery agent, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which are not effective in leukemia cells at clinically relevant doses. Mechanistic studies were undertaken to probe structure-function relationships for effective biomaterial formulations. Cellular and molecular responses to siRNA treatment have been characterized in cell models, including leukemia patient-derived cells. The use of the siRNA therapy with clinically used chemotherapy was demonstrated.

Triplet therapy with gilteritinib, venetoclax, and azacitidine for relapsed/refractory FLT3mut acute myeloid leukemia

The FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor gilteritinib is standard therapy for relapsed/refractory (R/R) FLT3-mutated (FLT3mut) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but the overall survival (OS) is only approximately 20 % and few patients achieve deep and/ or durable response. We retrospectively analyzed 29 R/R FLT3mut AML patients treated on triplet regimens (gilteritinib+ venetoclax［VEN] +azacitidine［AZA]). Nineteen patients (65.5 %) had received prior FLT3 inhibitor therapy. The modified composite complete remission (mCRc) rate was 62.1 % (n = 18; CR, 4/29,13.8 %; CRi, 6/29, 20.7 %; MLFS, 8/29, 27.6 %). Among 18 patients achieved mCRc, FLT3-PCR negativity was 94.4 % (n=17), and flow-cytometry negativity was 77.7 % (n=14). The mCRc rate was 70 % (n=7) in 10 patients without prior FLT3 TKI exposure and 57.8 % (n=11) in 19 patients with prior FLT3 TKI exposure (P=0.52). At the end of the first cycle, the median time to ANC > 0.5× 109/L was 38 days and platelet > 50× 109/L was 31 days among responders, but 60-day mortality was 0 %. The estimated 2-year OS was 60.9 % for all R/R FLT3mut patients. The 1-year OS was 80 % and 58.8 % in patients without and with prior FLT3 TKI exposure, respectively (P=0.79). The estimated 2-year OS was 62 % in 19 (65.5 %) patients who received allo-HSCT after triplet therapy and 37 % in 10 patients who did not receive allo-HSCT (P=0.03). In conclusion, triplet therapy with gilteritinib, VEN, and AZA is effective and safe and an excellent frontline option for R/R FLT3mut AML.

Concomitant targeting of FLT3 and SPHK1 exerts synergistic cytotoxicity in FLT3-ITD+ acute myeloid leukemia by inhibiting β-catenin activity via the PP2A-GSK3β axis

BackgroundApproximately 25–30% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) mutations that contribute to disease progression and poor prognosis. Prolonged exposure to FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) often results in limited clinical responses due to diverse compensatory survival signals. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying FLT3 TKI resistance. Dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism frequently contributes to cancer progression and a poor therapeutic response. However, its relationship with TKI sensitivity in FLT3-mutated AML remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to assess mechanisms of FLT3 TKI resistance in AML.MethodsWe performed lipidomics profiling, RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine potential drivers of sorafenib resistance. FLT3 signaling was inhibited by sorafenib or quizartinib, and SPHK1 was inhibited by using an antagonist or via knockdown. Cell growth and apoptosis were assessed in FLT3-mutated and wild-type AML cell lines via Cell counting kit-8, PI staining, and Annexin-V/7AAD assays. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were employed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms through rescue experiments using SPHK1 overexpression and exogenous S1P, as well as inhibitors of S1P2, β-catenin, PP2A, and GSK3β. Xenograft murine model, patient samples, and publicly available data were analyzed to corroborate our in vitro results.ResultsWe demonstrate that long-term sorafenib treatment upregulates SPHK1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, which in turn positively modulates β-catenin signaling to counteract TKI-mediated suppression of FLT3-mutated AML cells via the S1P2 receptor. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SPHK1 potently enhanced the TKI-mediated inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis induction in FLT3-mutated AML cells in vitro. SPHK1 knockdown enhanced sorafenib efficacy and improved survival of AML-xenografted mice. Mechanistically, targeting the SPHK1/S1P/S1P2 signaling synergizes with FLT3 TKIs to inhibit β-catenin activity by activating the protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A)-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) pathway.ConclusionsThese findings establish the sphingolipid metabolic enzyme SPHK1 as a regulator of TKI sensitivity and suggest that combining SPHK1 inhibition with TKIs could be an effective approach for treating FLT3-mutated AML.

Effect of midostaurin on the pharmacokinetics of P-gp, BCRP, and CYP2D6 substrates: assessing potential drug-drug interactions in healthy participants : Brief title: Drug-drug interaction of midostaurin.

Midostaurin, approved for FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and advanced systemic mastocytosis, is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Midostaurin exhibited potential inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion-transporting polyprotein 1B1, and CYP2D6 in in vitro studies. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) effects of midostaurin on P-gp (digoxin), BCRP (rosuvastatin) and CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan) substrates in healthy adults. This was an open-label, single-sequence, phase I clinical study evaluating the effect of single-dose midostaurin (100mg) on the PK of digoxin and rosuvastatin (Arm 1), and dextromethorphan (Arm 2). Participants were followed up for safety 30 days after last dose. In addition, the effect of midostaurin on the PK of dextromethorphan metabolite (dextrorphan) was assessed in participants with functional CYP2D6 genes in Arm 2. The effect of midostaurin on digoxin was minor and resulted in total exposure (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) that were only 20% higher. The effect on rosuvastatin was mild and led to an increase in AUCs of approximately 37-48% and of 100% in Cmax. There was no increase in the primary PK parameters (AUCs and Cmax) of dextromethorphan in the presence of midostaurin. The study treatments were very well tolerated with no occurance of severe adverse events (AEs), AEs of grade ≥ 2, or deaths. Midostaurin showed only a minor inhibitory effect on P-gp, a mild inhibitory effect on BCRP, and no inhibitory effect on CYP2D6. Study treatments were well tolerated in healthy adults.

Idarubicin and cytarabine with and without midostaurin for FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia

Idarubicin and cytarabine with and without midostaurin for FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia

Crosstalk between genomic variants and DNA methylation in FLT3 mutant acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer with diverse genetic variations and DNA methylation alterations. By studying the interaction of gene mutations, expression, and DNA methylation, we aimed to gain valuable insights into the processes that lead to block differentiation in AML. We analyzed TCGA-LAML data (173 samples) with RNA sequencing and DNA methylation arrays, comparing FLT3 mutant (48) and wild-type (125) cases. We conducted differential gene expression analysis using cBioPortal, identified DNA methylation differences with ChAMP tool, and correlated them with gene expression changes. Gene set enrichment analysis (g:Profiler) revealed significant biological processes and pathways. ShinyGo and GeneCards were used to find potential transcription factors and their binding sites among significant genes. We found significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) negatively correlated with their most significant methylation probes (Pearson correlation coefficient of −0.49, P-value &amp;lt;0.001) between FLT3 mutant and wild-type groups. Moreover, our exploration of 450 k CpG sites uncovered a global hypo-methylated status in 168 DEGs. Notably, these methylation changes were enriched in the promoter regions of Homebox superfamily gene, which are crucial in transcriptional-regulating pathways in blood cancer. Furthermore, in FLT3 mutant AML patient samples, we observed overexpress of WT1, a transcription factor known to bind homeobox gene family. This finding suggests a potential mechanism by which WT1 recruits TET2 to demethylate specific genomic regions. Integrating gene expression and DNA methylation analyses shed light on the impact of FLT3 mutations on cancer cell development and differentiation, supporting a two-hit model in AML. This research advances understanding of AML and fosters targeted therapeutic strategy development.

Combining the novel FLT3 and MERTK dual inhibitor MRX-2843 with venetoclax results in promising antileukemic activity against FLT3-ITD AML

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations occur in approximately one third of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. FLT3-Internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutations are the most common FLT3 mutations and are associated with a poor prognosis. Gilteritinib is a FLT3 inhibitor that is US FDA approved for treating adult patients with relapsed/refractory AML and a FLT3 mutation. While gilteritinib monotherapy has improved patient outcome, few patients achieve durable responses. Combining gilteritinib with venetoclax (VEN) appears to make further improvements, though early results suggest that patients with prior exposure to VEN fair much worse than those without prior exposure. MRX-2843 is a promising inhibitor of FLT3 and MERTK. We recently demonstrated that MRX-2843 is equally potent as gilteritinib in FLT3-ITD AML cell lines in vitro and primary patient samples ex vivo. In this study, we investigated the combination of VEN and MRX-2843 against FLT3-ITD AML cells. We found that VEN synergistically enhances cell death induced by MRX-2843 in FLT3-mutated AML cell lines and primary patient samples. Importantly, we found that VEN synergistically enhances cell death induced by MRX-2843 in FLT3-ITD AML cells with acquired resistance to cytarabine (AraC) or VEN+AraC. VEN and MRX-2843 significantly reduce colony-forming capacity of FLT3-ITD primary AML cells. Mechanistic studies show that MRX-2843 decreases Mcl-1 and c-Myc protein levels via transcriptional regulation and combined MRX-2843 and VEN significantly decreases oxidative phosphorylation in FLT3-ITD AML cells. Our findings highlight a promising combination therapy against FLT3-ITD AML, supporting further in vitro and in vivo testing.

Pre-emptive detection and evolution of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia by flow cytometric measurable residual disease surveillance.

Measurable residual disease (MRD) surveillance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may identify patients destined for relapse and thus provide the option of pre-emptive therapy to improve their outcome. Whilst flow cytometric MRD (Flow-MRD) can be applied to high-risk AML/ myelodysplasia patients, its diagnostic performance for detecting impending relapse is unknown. We evaluated this in a cohort comprising 136 true positives (bone marrows preceding relapse by a median of 2.45 months) and 155 true negatives (bone marrows during sustained remission). At an optimal Flow-MRD threshold of 0.040%, clinical sensitivity and specificity for relapse was 74% and 87% respectively (51% and 98% for Flow-MRD ≥ 0.1%) by 'different-from-normal' analysis. Median relapse kinetics were 0.78 log10/month but significantly higher at 0.92 log10/month for FLT3-mutated AML. Computational (unsupervised) Flow-MRD (C-Flow-MRD) generated optimal MRD thresholds of 0.036% and 0.082% with equivalent clinical sensitivity to standard analysis. C-Flow-MRD-identified aberrancies in HLADRlow or CD34+CD38low (LSC-type) subpopulations contributed the greatest clinical accuracy (56% sensitivity, 90% specificity) and notably, by longitudinal profiling expanded rapidly within blasts in > 40% of 86 paired MRD and relapse samples. In conclusion, flow MRD surveillance can detect MRD relapse in high risk AML and its evaluation may be enhanced by computational analysis.

The multi-kinase inhibitor CG-806 exerts anti-cancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia by co-targeting FLT3, BTK, and aurora kinases

Despite the development of several Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors that have improved outcomes in patients with FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML), drug resistance is frequently observed, which may be associated with the activation of additional pro-survival pathways, such as those regulated by BTK, aurora kinases (AuroK), and potentially others, in addition to acquired tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations of FLT3 gene. FLT3 may not always be a driver mutation. We evaluated the anti-leukemia efficacy of the novel multi-kinase inhibitor CG-806, which targets FLT3 and other kinases, to circumvent drug resistance and target FLT3 wild-type (WT) cells. The anti-leukemia activity of CG-806 was investigated by measuring apoptosis induction and analyzing the cell cycle using flow cytometry in vitro. CG-806 demonstrated superior anti-leukemia efficacy compared to commercially available FLT3 inhibitors, both in vitro and in vivo, regardless of FLT3 mutational status. The mechanism of action of CG-806 may involve its broad inhibitory profile against FLT3, BTK, and AuroK. In FLT3 mutant cells, CG-806 induced G1 phase blockage, whereas in FLT3 WT cells, it resulted in G2/M phase arrest. Targeting FLT3 and Bcl-2 and/or Mcl-1 simultaneously results in a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect in FLT3 mutant leukemia cells. The results of this study suggest that CG-806 is a promising multi-kinase inhibitor with anti-leukemic efficacy regardless of FLT3 mutational status. A phase 1 clinical trial of CG-806 for the treatment of AML has been initiated (NCT04477291). Key points The multi-kinase inhibitor CG-806 exerts superior anti-leukemic activity in AML, regardless of its FLT3 status. CG-806 triggered G1 arrest in FLT3 mutated cells and G2/M arrest in FLT3 WT cells through the suppression of FLT3/BTK and aurora kinases. Concomitantly targeting FLT3 and Bcl-2 and/or Mcl-1 exerted synergistic pro-apoptotic effects on both FLT3 WT and mutated AML cells.

Evaluation of the toxicity and outcomes of the combination of midostaurin and CLAG-M in patients with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A multi-center retrospective analysis.

6523 Background: FLT3-mutated AML is associated with poor outcomes. Addition of midostaurin (multi-targeted kinase inhibitor) to standard “7+3” with cytarabine and daunorubicin significantly prolongs overall and event-free survival for these patients (Stone 2017). At the University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (UW/FHCC), the standard regimen for newly diagnosed (ND) and relapsed/refractory (r/r) AML is cladribine, high-dose cytarabine, GCSF, and mitoxantrone (CLAG-M); midostaurin is added if FLT3-mutated (Halpern 2018). There is currently no peer-reviewed literature to support this combination for these patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the combination of midostaurin with CLAG-M in FLT3-mutated AML patients and compare the toxicity profile to midostaurin plus 7+3. Methods: This is a retrospective multi-center review conducted at three major cancer centers. Through pharmacy records and/or an institutional AML database, we identified adults with FLT3-mutated AML undergoing (re)induction chemotherapy who received either CLAG-M (UW/FHCC, Swedish) or 7+3 (OHSU, Swedish). The primary outcome was toxicity profile of the combination as measured by rate of adverse events ([AE], CTCAE Version 5.0). Secondary outcomes included disease response per ELN2017 AML working group criteria and 28-day mortality (TRM) (Döhner 2017). Patients treated on a clinical trial and in whom midostaurin was started &gt; 30 days after day 1 of chemotherapy were excluded. Rates of AEs were compared using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Eighty patients treated between 10/2022-12/2023 were included; 35 patients received CLAG-M, and 44 patients 7+3. Baseline characteristics were similar across all institutions, with most patients having adverse or intermediate risk disease. AE rates were similar between the two cohorts, (Table 1) except diarrhea and bleeding events were more common in the 7+3 vs. CLAG-M cohort (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). The rate of complete remission (CR) plus CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) did not significantly differ between the two cohorts: CLAG-M, 86% versus 7+3, 70% for 7+3 (p =0.11). No TRM occurred. Conclusions: The toxicity profile of CLAG-M combined with midostaurin is comparable to the combination of 7+3 with midostaurin, and induces high remissions rates in adults with FLT3-mutated AML. [Table: see text]

FLT3 inhibitor maintenance after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients.

The somatic mutation of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with increased risk of relapse and lower survival rates. FLT3i as maintenance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) are under study to prevent disease relapse, but real-world data are lacking. We performed a single center, retrospective cohort study and analyzed patients who had FLT3-mutated AML and underwent allogeneic-HSCT between January 2011 to June 2022 at the University of Chicago. We identified 23 patients who received FLT3i maintenance therapy post-allo-HSCT and compared their outcomes against 57 patients who did not. Primary outcome was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary outcomes include overall survival (OS) and relapse rate. FLT3i maintenance therapy was started at a median 59 days (range, 29-216 days) after allo-HSCT with median duration of 287 days (range, 15-1,194 days). Maintenance therapy was well tolerated. Overall, the improvement in DFS rates for patients after they were placed on FLT3i maintenance therapy was not significant [hazard ratio (HR) for relapse or death =0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-1.31, P=0.23]. However, when adjusted for the conditioning regimen and donor status, the differences were statistically significant with improvement in DFS and OS for patients on FLT3i maintenance (HR for OS =0.42, 95% CI: 0.18-0.95, P=0.04). When adjusting for conditioning regimen and donor status, there was a significant improvement in DFS and OS for patients who received FLT3i maintenance therapy compared to those who did not. Randomized prospective studies may provide more insight.

Decoding the anti-cancer potential of Pexidartinib (PLX3397), a Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitor, using next-generation knowledge discovery methods.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a complex hematologic malignancy characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal myeloid precursor cells. The FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), a receptor tyrosine kinase, plays a pivotal role in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation within the hematopoietic system. Mutations in FLT3, particularly internal tandem duplications (ITDs) and point mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD), are prevalent in AML and are associated with poor prognosis and increased risk of relapse. The development of targeted therapies has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment by focusing on the inhibition of kinase signalling. Small-molecule inhibitors designed to selectively target receptor tyrosine kinases, such as PLX3397, have shown promising results in preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials. PLX3397 exerts its inhibitory effects by targeting CSF1R and KIT, leading to the disruption of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling cascades, suppression of leukemic cell growth, and induction of apoptosis. This study emphasizes the significance of FLT3 as a receptor tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic target for PLX3397. After evaluating the usefulness of PLX3397 as an enzyme inhibitor using ADMET prediction, PLX3397 was prepared for molecular docking in the FLT3 crystal structure (PDB: 4XUF). A molecular dynamics simulation was performed on PLX3397 to evaluate its binding affinity and protein stability in a simulated physiological environment. In conclusion, targeting FLT3 as a receptor tyrosine kinase with PLX3397 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for improving outcomes in patients with FLT3-mutated AML. Further clinical investigations are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of PLX3397 and to optimize treatment strategies for AML patients based on the FLT3 mutational status.

Gilteritinib with or without venetoclax for relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia.

Patients with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) that relapse or are refractory (R/R) to intensive induction have poor outcomes. Gilteritinib has recently become standard-of-care for patients with R/R FLT3-mutated AML. We investigated whether adding venetoclax to gilteritinib (gilt-ven) improves outcomes as compared with gilteritinib monotherapy. We included patients treated with gilteritinib (n = 19) and gilt-ven (n = 17) for R/R AML after intensive chemotherapy. Gilteritinib and gilt-ven groups did not differ in terms of mCRc rates (53% and 65%, p = 0.51) and realization of allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT, 47% and 35%, p = 0.5). Overall survival (OS) was comparable between groups, although a trend towards better OS was seen with gilt-ven (12-month OS 58.8% [95% CI 39.5%-87.6%]) versus gilteritinib (42.1% [95% CI 24.9%-71.3%] for gilteritinib). Early salvage with gilt-ven versus any other gilteritinib-based approach was associated with the best outcome (p = 0.031). Combination therapy was associated with increased haematological toxicity. In summary, gilt-ven did not improve remissions or HSCT-realization rates in patients with R/R FLT3-mutated AML as compared with gilteritinib and was associated with increased haematological toxicity. Although OS did not differ, a trend towards better survival was suggested with gilt-ven and a survival benefit was shown for gilt-ven approach when sequenced early for salvage.

In vivo imaging system (IVIS) therapeutic assessment of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-loaded gold nanocarriers for acute myeloid leukemia: a pilot study.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignancy in the myeloid lineage that is characterized by symptoms like fatigue, bleeding, infections, or anemia, and it can be fatal if untreated. In AML, mutations in tyrosine kinases (TKs) lead to enhanced tumor cell survival. The most frequent mutations in TKs are reported in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and KIT (tyrosine-protein kinase KIT), making these TKs potential targets for TK inhibitor (TKI) therapies in AML. With 30% of the mutations in TKs, mutated FLT3 is associated with poor overall survival and an increased chance of resistance to therapy. FLT3 inhibitors are used in FLT3-mutant AML, and the combination with hypomethylating agents displayed promising results. Midostaurin (MDS) is the first targeted therapy in FLT3-mutant AML, and its combination with chemotherapy showed good results. However, chemotherapies induce several side effects, and an alternative to chemotherapy might be the use of nanoparticles for better drug delivery, improved bioavailability, reduced drug resistance and induced toxicity. The herein study presents MDS-loaded gold nanoparticles and compares its efficacy with MDS alone, on both in vitro and in vivo models, using the FLT3-ITD-mutated AML cell line MV-4-11 Luc2 transfected to express luciferin. Our preclinical study suggests that MDS-loaded nanoparticles have a better tumor inhibitory effect than free drugs on in vivo models by controlling tumor growth in the first half of the treatment, while in the second part of the therapy, the tumor size was comparable to the cohort that was treatment-free.