Fluid Flow Research Articles

Simulation and performance characteristics of rock with borehole using Visual Finite Element Analysis

Purpose. This study aims to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer within rocks containing boreholes, focusing on the complex mechanisms within hot reservoirs. Non-commercial finite element (FE) software is used to visualize and present the results. Methods. The study involved the use of FE method with Visual Finite Element Analysis (VisualFEA) software to analyze the coupled phenomena of fluid flow and heat transfer in a rock sample. Special attention was given to incorporating material structure and geotechnical analysis in the software, as well as the treatment of cracked elements. In addition, the validation was done by comparing the current numerical solution using VisualFEA with the numerical solution using ANSYS Software. Findings. The study findings highlight the capabilities of VisualFEA software to accurately represent fluid flow, stress, and heat transfer in borehole-containing rocks. The results include insights into flow direction within the borehole, temperature distribution, and the validation of the software performance against expected system behavior. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of VisualFEA in handling complex loading and its ability to visualize multiple flow directions within a 2D model. The results are presented in the form of contours and curves. Originality. This study contributes to the field demonstrating the application of VisualFEA software in analyzing fluid flow and heat transfer in rocks with boreholes. The focus on incorporating material structure, geotechnical analysis, and treatment of cracked elements adds originality to the study, providing a comprehensive understanding of the coupled phenomena in hot reservoirs. Practical implications. The practical significance of this study is in the validation and benchmarking of VisualFEA software for studying fluid flow and heat transfer in geotechnical application. The findings can be utilized by geotechnical engineers and researchers to better understand the behavior of borehole-containing rocks under specific pressure and thermal loading conditions. The insights gained from this study can be used in decision-making processes related to resource mining, reservoir engineering, and geothermal energy use.

Development and testing of hybrid (PNM–CFD) mathematical model and numerical algorithm for description of fluid flows in three-dimensional digital core models

Numerical simulation of fluid flow in porous and fractured rocks is an important task for many industrial applications. The most common approaches to constructing such models are direct (CFD or lattice Boltzmann) and porous network (PNM) modeling. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper presents a hybrid mathematical PNM–CFD model for describing fluid flows in three-dimensional digital core models, which has the high speed performance of PNM approaches and high accuracy of CFD models. Numerical technique has been developed for describing fluid flows in three-dimensional digital core models using a hybrid PNM–CFD model. The numerical technique links a one-dimensional pore network solver and a three-dimensional CFD solver into a combined model in original way by constructing a single pressure field for the entire computation domain. To validate the model, several tests were performed, including flow in straight channels and numerical simulation of fluid flow in a microfluidic chip. The test results have shown the adequacy of the hybrid model performance. The hybrid model for determining pressure drop in a branched network with three-dimensional chambers has an error of no more than 5 % when compared to experimental data. Similarly, the error in calculating velocity does not exceed 7 % when compared to the full three-dimensional calculation. The hybrid model has shown an almost twofold increase in calculation speed compared to the full three-dimensional model.

3D-Numerical simulation of free convection inside a cubical cavity filled with non-Newtonian-Bingham fluid

This work focuses on a numerical study of the natural convection of a non-Newtonian viscoplastic fluid within a cubic enclosure. The viscoplastic behavior is described by the Bingham model. The considered three-dimensional convective flow is confined within a cavity, subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient, where the vertical walls have two imposed temperatures while the rest of the walls are adiabatic. The Navier-Stokes equations, along with the mass and energy conservation equations, are numerically solved. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are systematically studied over a wide range of Rayleigh numbers Ra (103 - 106) and Bingham number Bn (0 - 20). Finally, comparisons were made with previous results obtained in two dimensions in order to analyze the existence of a three-dimensional effect on the flow of the Bingham fluid. The results show that the Nusselt number decreases with the increase of the Bingham number, and for the large values ​​of the latter the heat transfer is done by conduction. It is also noteworthy that the critical Bn of the 2D model is higher than that of the 3D model, which confirms the existence of the three-dimensional effect. This is attributed to the presence of a wall along the Z axis which hinders and limits the flow of fluid within the enclosure.

Early Improvement in Interstitial Fluid Flow in Patients With Severe Carotid Stenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting.

This study aimed to investigate early changes in interstitial fluid (ISF) flow in patients with severe carotid stenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). We prospectively recruited participants with carotid stenosis ≥80% undergoing CAS at our institute between October 2019 and March 2023. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were performed 3 days before CAS. MRI with DTI and MMSE were conducted within 24 hours and 2 months after CAS, respectively. The diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index was calculated from the DTI data to determine the ISF status. Increments were defined as the ratio of the difference between post- and preprocedural values to preprocedural values. In total, 102 participants (age: 67.1±8.9 years; stenosis: 89.5%±5.7%) with longitudinal data were evaluated. The DTI-ALPS index increased after CAS (0.85±0.15; 0.85 [0.22] vs. 0.86±0.14; 0.86 [0.21]; P=0.022), as did the MMSE score (25.9±3.7; 24.0 [4.0] vs. 26.9±3.4; 26.0 [3.0]; P<0.001). Positive correlations between increments in the DTI-ALPS index and MMSE score were found in all patients (rs=0.468; P<0.001). An increased 24-hour post-CAS DTI-ALPS index suggests early improvement in ISF flow efficiency. The positive correlation between the 24-hour DTI-ALPS index and 2-month MMSE score increments suggests that early ISF flow improvement may contribute to long-term cognitive improvement after CAS.

Study of hybrid nanofluid flow in a porous medium over an exponentially stretching sheet under Joule heating and thermal radiation: Finite difference

The significant purpose of present investigation of the behavior of a nanofluid's in magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD), mass transfer, Joule heating, and boundary layer transfer characteristics over an exponentially stretching sheet in a porous medium and thermal radiation effects. The article's goal is to look at the fluid flow and heat transmission characteristics from a sheet of hybrid nanoparticles. The partial differential equations (PDEs) that were derived for the mathematical model were converted using the proper similarity transformation into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The hybrid nanofluid composed of 97 % of ethyl glycol (EG) and the volume concentration of Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Copper(Cu) are ranging from 0.5 % to 2.5 % both respectively. The effects of thermal radiation, stretching rate, Joule heating, porous medium permeability, and nanoparticle volume fraction on the flow and heat transmission properties are investigated by numerical simulations using the finite difference method (FDM). The analysis reveals that the inclusion of nanofluids enhance the thermal conductivity and enhance the heat transfer rate. Additionally, the influence of variable viscosity on the flow behavior and thermal characteristics are examined graphically. The effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity are examined, as it has significance in optimizing system under various thermal and magnetic effects. This study offers a pathway to develop more efficient thermal management solutions, by contributing to technological advancement and energy saving. The key findings of present study reveal that the temperature profile rises significantly due to Joule heating effects. The Nusselt number reveal an improvement of about 12 % when the volume fraction of nano particles is increased by 1–4 % indicating the enhancement in heat transfer efficiency. Similarly, the velocity profile was influenced by porous medium permeability as 11 % increase in porosity result a 18 % decrease in velocity profile.By using parametric research, the role of physical parameters in determining the local skin-friction coefficient, temperature, nanoparticle volume percentage, and longitudinal velocity profiles, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number are thoroughly examined. A graphic representation of the velocity, temperature, and concentration distribution findings is presented.

An artificial neural network approach to characterizing the behavior of bioconvective nanofluid model using backpropagation of Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm

The study of the behavior of bioconvective nanofluid model (BC-NFM) was explored using bioconvection properties in the computational analysis of magnetized nanofluid flow that was convectively heated, which is critical for applications in energy systems and biomedical devices. We implemented a backpropagated Levenberg–Marquardt neural network approach (BLMNNA) to enhance the analysis and prediction accuracy of such fluid flows. Using the Adams numerical technique, we generated a comprehensive dataset for eight distinct scenarios by variation of thermophoresis parameter, Rayleigh number, Deborah parameter, Hartman number, Prandtl number, bioconvection Lewis number, and Schmidt number to train and test our model. The results demonstrate significant improvements in prediction accuracy and computational efficiency compared to traditional numerical solvers. The steps of training, testing, and validating the developed BLMNNA are used to get the desired numerical solutions of BC-NFM for various instances. The worth and accuracy of the stochastic numerical solutions of BC-NFM are established and authenticated by the outputs of the designed methodology BLMNNA through Adaptation graphs of Mean Square Error, regression studies, plots of error histogram and index of state transition. Excellent measurements of performance in terms of MEAN SQUARE ERROR are achieved at level 9.76E[Formula: see text], 1.41E[Formula: see text], 1.79E[Formula: see text], 1.22E[Formula: see text], 8.49E[Formula: see text], 7.19E[Formula: see text], 9.72E[Formula: see text], and 9.35E[Formula: see text] against 69, 73, 96, 76, 237, 86, 120, and 33 epochs. The significant connection between the proposed and reference findings demonstrates the validity of the BLMNNA based on error analysis, which ranges from E[Formula: see text] to E[Formula: see text] for all situations. The results show that the proposed neural network approach achieves a high level of accuracy, closely matching the outcomes obtained from the numerical solver. The method provides an efficient and precise solution for the analysis of complex fluid flow problems, representing a significant advancement over traditional numerical techniques.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Skin Friction Drag and Convective Heat Transfer for Viscoelastic and Pseudoplastic Fluid Flow

Drag Reducing Agents (DRAs) have a huge impact and major concern in engineering and industrial applications. It makes the fluid flow turbulent to laminar, dampens eddy reduces head loss by up to a certain limit, and saves pumping energy costs. Viscosity is the property that dampens eddy due to the viscous effect, which increases the fluidity up to a certain limit. Pseudoplasticity is the shear thinning effect that decreases viscosity when the flow rate increases. So, for the viscoelastic effect, we can increase the concentration up to a certain limit to reduce head loss. Still, during flow due to the pseudoplastic effect, the viscosity will start decreasing which is a negative effect. So, these combined effects are studied to reduce skin friction drag in the pipeline and save energy costs which will be convenient for the food industry, chemical, and medicine industries. In this investigation, investigation is carried out for 0.3 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 0.15 g/L of xanthan gum in turbulent flow to observe the pressure drop and heat transfer rate. The study reveals that after increasing viscosity the pressure drop reduced significantly. Conversely, the heat transfer rate was also reduced due to the poor mixing effect. A higher performance and less vibration of the pump was also observed. It was concluded that the frictional pressure drop was reduced up to 85 % and the heat transfer rate was reduced by up to 90% by increasing the concentration of the DRA up to 0.3 g/L at 10 LPM than the pure water or base fluid as a working substance on the double pipe heat exchanger. As the heat transfer rate reduced up to 90% with reducing pressure drop another aim of the study was to establish a concentration and flowrate for which the heat transfer rate is maximum and it was found at a concentration of 0.15 g/L of DRAs (drag reducing agents) at 22 LPM (maximum flowrate at this setup).

Magnetohydrodynamic Stagnation Point Flow and Heat Transfer of Casson Fluids Over a Stretching Sheet

This research investigates the effects of heat transfer on the stagnation-point flow of a non-Newtonian Casson fluid in a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer over a stretched sheet, considering thermal radiation impacts. By employing similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The obtained self-similar equations are numerically solved using the Optimal Homotopy Analysis Method (OHAM). The numerical results are graphically represented, showcasing the influence of various parameters on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uncovers important dynamics in transport phenomena. Examining and illustrating the effects of dimensionless parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles reveal significant insights. Moreover, skin friction and Nusselt number results for Casson fluids are analyzed and presented. The findings indicate that the Casson parameter and Hartman number act in opposition to fluid momentum, while the thermal conductivity parameter enhances fluid temperature. Thus, this research provides valuable insights into MHD boundary layer flows of non-Newtonian Casson fluids with thermal radiation effects, and the OHAM solution method proves effective in predicting flow transport properties.

Modelling the Flow in the Utah FORGE Wells Disrete Fracture Network

The focus of this paper is the efficient numerical solution of the fluid flow in the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) reservoir. In this study, the public data available for Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) around well 58-32 is used to represent the DFN. In this research, a novel computationally efficient method called Hele-Shaw (HS) approximation is used for modeling fluid flow in FORGE well. An analysis of the influence of fracture intensity in a network is carried out using the HS method. The HS method was validated by solving the full Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) for a network of eight fractures. A good agreement was observed between the evaluated results (average deviation of 0.76%).

Analysis of Electroviscous Effect for Flow of Micropolar Fluids in a Nanochannel with Overlapping Electric Double Layers at High Zeta Potential.

Flows in nanofluidic channels under the influence of pressure gradient often lead to the overlapping of the electrical double layers (EDLs) augmenting the electroviscous effect. In this work, we analyze the electroviscous effect for the flow of a micropolar fluid in a parallel plate nanochannel, considering EDL overlapping and interfacial slip. Closed-form expressions of EDL potential, velocity, microrotation, yielded streaming potential, and volumetric flow rate are derived semi-analytically for high zeta potential without accounting for the Boltzmann distribution. We observe a significant change in streaming potential with inverse ionic Peclet number (R) for its lower values, and the range of streaming potential is more for thicker EDL. The micropolarity parameter does not have any influence on the streaming potential for weaker EDL overlapping at a lower R value. For thicker EDL, velocity decreases with the micropolarity parameter, while it increases drastically with interfacial slip. However, velocity shows a non-monotonic behavior with interfacial slip and micropolarity parameter for thinner EDL. The microrotation remains invariant with interfacial slip for thicker EDL, whereas its magnitude decreases with slip length for thinner EDL. Although the sensitivity of the flow rate on slip (Qs*) increases with R for thicker EDL, the behavior is non-monotonic for thinner EDL. Furthermore, Qs* varies non-monotonically with the micropolarity parameter at higher couple stress parameter values and vice versa. In fact, the volumetric flow rate is highly sensitive to slip for thicker EDL overlapping.

Струйный эффект при возникновении присоединенной каверны от системы импульсивных давлений

We consider the plane problem of the emergence of an attached cavity caused by the sudden action of impulsive pressures at some initial time. It is assumed that these pressures are distributed on the upper part of the boundary of a stationary circular cylinder immersed in liquid. A problem with unilateral constraints is formulated, on the basis of which the flow of liquid at the initial moment of time and the initial zone of separation of liquid particles are determined. At the next moments of time, an attached cavity is formed, the shape of which is determined based on the solution of the dynamic initial-boundary value problem of the theory of potential flows of an ideal incompressible fluid with free boundaries. The main unknowns in it are the velocity potential, the shape of the cavity, the dynamics of the separation points, and the perturbation of the external free boundary of the liquid. It is required to study the posed problem at short times, focusing on the behavior of the internal free boundary of the liquid near the separation points. When studying this problem, pressure in the cavern, which is created artificially, plays an important role. At low pressures, the internal free boundary of the liquid near the separation point is located on opposite sides of this point. In this case, the end part of the cavity resembles a stream of gas directed along the boundary of the cylinder towards the liquid.

Peristaltic Flow of Jeffrey Fluid in an Inclined Porous Tube with Multi-Thrombosis

The fact that multiple thrombosis opposes blood flow and flow is rare in blood vessels is refined to a normal condition with catheter application. The inner surface of the circular blood arteries may not be smooth in the majority of diseased instances. Additionally, the small blood vessel peristalsis mechanism is formed. In this paper, we discuss a mathematical model for the flow of biological fluid (blood) in a circular tube with multi-thrombosis considered under peristaltic wave propagation. The blood flow in this tube is restricted due to the many thromboses present, and the flow is redesigned with the aid of a catheter. We model this non-Newtonian blood flow issue for Jeffrey fluid. In most pathological cases, the inner surface of the circular blood vessels may not be smooth. Further, the mechanism of the peristalsis is established for small blood vessels. Because of this biological phenomenon, the peristaltic movement of Jeffrey fluid in a porous annulus with slip is examined. Equations that govern energy and momentum are solved exactly, and graphical interpretation is made using mathematical software. Streamline graphs show the many thromboses that increase in height. The wall shear stress graphs show a sinusoidally advancing wave with peaks and dips of different amplitudes. This tube's unique crest and trough amplitude are caused by the presence of multiple thromboses. We obtained the impact of the pressure gradient on the permeability parameter (β). The pressure gradient falls as the permeability parameter rises.

Poiseuille Flow of the Suspension of Gold Nanoparticles in Second-grade Fluid: Analytical Solutions

The Poiseuille flows have been extensively restricted to Newtonian fluids through a channel, and the significance of such flows has spanned several industries, from chemical industries to engineering applications. The restriction to Newtonian flows has impacted the further advancement in the study of Poiseuille flow and as a result, studies on Poiseuille flows have been neglected for decades. In this study, the Poiseuille flow of the second-grade nanofluid fluid is considered. The base fluid is the viscoelastic Second-grade fluid, a fluid that is both shear-thinning and shear-thickening under different conditions and whose applications can be found in polymer processing and cosmetic production. This study invokes the general assumptions of Poiseuille flow, which reduces the governing equations to ordinary differential equations. The results from simulating the model show that the velocity drops as both the second-grade fluid parameter and the volume fraction increase. The flow rate increases with increasing channel width.

Particle-resolved direct numerical simulation and bottom-up statistical analysis on solid-phase pressure in particle–fluid systems

Solid-phase stress is a major factor shaping the complex behaviors of particle–fluid systems. However, uncertainties and inconsistencies can be found among the various models proposed. This work pays attention to the effect of mesoscale structures, that is, the heterogeneity of particle distribution at a scale of statistical meaning but no significant flow field variation, on the solid-phase normal stress, or pressure. Using a bottom-up statistical method, the solid-phase pressure in liquid- and gas–solid flows is investigated by particle-resolved direct numerical simulation (PR-DNS). It is found that, in almost uniform liquid–solid flows, the solid-phase pressure is not well predicted by classical kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) due to the presence of interphase force, although KTGF applies much better to single-phase granular flows. In gas–solid flows, with increasing heterogeneity described by structural functions, the statistical solid-phase pressure becomes significantly larger than that in corresponding homogeneous flows. It reveals that mesoscale structures strongly affect solid-phase pressure, and suggests the deviation from classical KTGF in heterogeneous gas–solid flows can be attributed to both the interphase forces (mainly drag) and mesoscale structures. The coefficients in the solid-phase pressure models in KTFG are modified, fitting the statistical results of both homogeneous and heterogeneous particle–fluid flows.

On a Vlasov equation model for two-phase fluid flow

We consider the problem of water–air two-phase flow, which occurs during water aeration by air injection. We present and analyze a new model incorporating a nonlocal boundary condition, integrating the effect of the air phase through a source term applied to the water phase. This term is described using a kinetic approach based on the Vlasov equation. A numerical study is conducted, and numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented model

Numerical study on the effect of strategically placed multiple diathermal obstructions within a porous enclosure

A novel strategy to reduce the convection heat transfer across a differentially heated, fluid-saturated porous enclosure has been reported in the present investigation. This objective is achieved by sequentially and strategically embedding multiple diathermal obstructions within the enclosure. To describe it in short, the strategy is to identify the location of maximum convection strength and place a single obstruction at that location. This strategy is re-applied to find an updated location of maximum convection strength and placing another single obstruction at that newly updated location. Darcy flow model is used to describe the fluid flow in porous media and solved using Successive Accelerated Replacement scheme using finite difference method. The parameters under study are type of obstructions (horizontal, vertical, right-inclined, left-inclined, straight-crossed and inclined-crossed), number of obstructions (0 &amp;lt; N &amp;lt;10) and modified Rayleigh number (100 &amp;lt; Ra &amp;lt; 2000). The size of obstruction (Z) has been fixed at 0.1. Flow and temperature distribution are plotted using streamlines and isotherms. The strength of convection is quantified using Nusselt number and maximum absolute stream function. It has been found that introducing obstructions within a differentially heated porous enclosure weakens the convection strength developed within it and the maximum reduction can be obtained for inclined-cross obstruction.

Application of space renormalisation technique for spatiotemporal analysis of effective thermal conductivity in multiphase porous materials

Effective thermal conductivity (k¯) is a critical parameter influencing heat transfer in multiphase porous materials. This study introduces a computational approach using the space renormalisation technique to derive k¯ from segmented X-ray micro-CT images of porous media. By accounting for pore-scale heterogeneity, this approach enables detailed spatiotemporal analysis of k¯ in different porous structures. The application of this technique is demonstrated through the prediction and spatiotemporal analysis of k¯ in three different porous rock samples experiencing multiphase fluid flow: (i) steady-state two-phase flow in Estaillades carbonate, (ii) sequential flooding in Bentheimer sandstone, and (iii) immiscible three-phase flow in Ketton limestone. Results show distinct directional variations in k¯ according to phase saturations and redistributions, highlighting the sensitivity of the approach to the microstructural characteristics of porous media. The space renormalisation technique efficiently predicts k¯ with significantly reduced computational costs compared to traditional finite difference methods, making it suitable for real-time applications. The findings provide deeper insights into the dynamic heat transfer mechanisms in heterogeneous porous systems, with implications for various porous media applications such as enhanced oil recovery, geothermal energy extraction, and the design of heat exchangers in engineering systems.

Heat transfer augmentation by using different techniques in small scale channels: A review study

In this paper highlights the most significant recent developments in scientific study on Heat sinks are thermal management components made of materials with sufficient thermal conductivity qualities. Due to the increase in operating power and speed as well as the general reduction in system size, the issues of heat removal and temperature management have taken on increasing importance in these studies. Changing the geometry of extended surfaces, the material from which they were made, the working fluid that ran over them and or the dimension of the channel, are some of the subcategories in which studies have been conducted. The current review addresses the main recent findings in the forced convection heat transfer happened at laminar flow inside small scale diameters channels. The recent studies indicated a remarkable enhancement with the change of Re, D and internal geometry of channel. The configuration of flow passages also adopted as a different passive technique to enhance thermal fluid flow.

Метод R-функцій для розв’язання задачі масообміну циліндричного тіла з твірною у вигляді кривої Ламе з в’язкою нестисливою рідиною

The problem of stationary mass exchange of a cylindrical body with viscous incompressible fluid flow is reduced to solving the equation for concentration with the corresponding boundary conditions on the surface of the body and at infinity. Applying the constructive apparatus of the R-functions theory allows us to accurately take into account the geometry of the domain, as well as the boundary conditions together with the condition at infinity. The R-function method was proposed by V. L. Rvachev, Ukraine National Academy of Sciences academician. For boundary value problems of mathematical physics, this method allows constructing the so-called structure of the solution of the boundary value problem, i.e. a bundle of functions that accurately takes into account all boundary conditions of the problem and depends on some uncertain components. The choice of these uncertain components is performed in such a way as to satisfy (in a certain sense) the equation of the problem. For this, one can use standard numerical methods of mathematical physics (the Ritz method, the Galerkin method, the least squares method, collocations method, etc.). It should be noted that the geometry of the region is taken into account exactly, i.e. in particular, there is no replacement of curvilinear sections of the boundary with polygonal lines inscribed in them, as it is done, for example, in the finite element method. The purpose of this article is to apply the R-functions method to the problem of mass exchange of a cylindrical body formed by the Lame curve, with a viscous incompressible fluid flowing around it. To achieve this goal, a complete structure of the solution of a linear boundary value problem for concentration is constructed by the R-functions theory methods, and a numerical algorithm based on the Galerkin method for approximating indefinite components in the problem structure is used. The degree of rigor and the conditions for using the considered equations of fluid motion are not considered in the work; these equations are considered as mathematical models subject to numerical algorithmization

Geometrical characterization of fracture systems using point clouds and SELF-Software: example of the Añisclo anticline carbonate platform, Central Pyrenees

Natural fracture systems contribute significantly to rock mass anisotropies. Characterizing these systems is essential for understanding processes of fluid flow, energy exploration and storage, slope stability or tectonic processes that can affect the permeability or compaction of the material, as well as reflect its temporal evolution. This work presents a set of automatic and supervised algorithms integrated into the open-access software solution SEFL, designed to characterize fracture systems using remote sensing data sets. The software implements various strategies to quantify geometrical parameters with deterministic or stochastic descriptions, facilitating a detailed characterization of the fracture system for numerical simulations. Geological outcrops provide direct access to the rock masses and discontinuities, offering analogies with materials that are otherwise inaccessible for its direct study. The digital acquisition of the terrain using high-resolution techniques, such as Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) or photogrammetry to obtain point clouds, enabled post-field studies, particularly for fracture systems that are complex, inaccessible, or large in scale. Additionally, SEFL offers a tool based on the concept of fracture stratigraphy to identify mechanical units, which are essential frameworks for measuring and calculating fracture properties. This new methodology has been applied to study the fractured Eocene limestone outcrop at the hinge of the Añisclo anticline (South-Central Pyrenees, NE Iberia) which has been digitally acquired and characterized. SEFL output data interpretations revealed an outcrop characterized by over two thousand modelled fractures, five fracture sets, fourteen fracture stratigraphic units, and 1-2 fractures/m.