Flower Width Research Articles

Effects of Paclobutrazol on Reproductive and Vegetative Traits of Phalaenopsis Join Grace 'TH288-4'.

Phalaenopsis is the most popular potted plant worldwide. However, its typically long stalks often lead to increased shipping costs and risks. This study investigates the effectiveness of varying the concentration, timing, and frequency of paclobutrazol (PP333) applications on shortening the stalk of Phalaenopsis Join Grace 'TH288-4'. Concurrently, it also examines the potential for producing visually appealing and single-flower potted phalaenopsis products by means of truncation. Mature phalaenopsis plants were moved to a cool room in the seventh week to induce flowering. Four experimental groups were established based on different PP333 application schedules: the control (CK) group, with reverse osmosis water application in the second week; the T2 group, with a single application in the second week; the T2T3 group, with applications in both the second and third weeks; and the T7T8 group, with applications in the seventh and eighth weeks. The PP333 concentrations used were 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg·L-1, applied as foliar sprays. The results showed that the shortest stalks, measured from the base to the first flower, were observed in the T2 group treated with PP333 at 750 mg·L-1 and in the T2T3 group with PP333 at 500, 750, and 1000 mg·L-1. These treatments resulted in stalk lengths of 19.18-22.17 cm, which are 67.2-71.6% shorter than the controls. PP333 application had minimal effect on the stalk diameter, pedicel length, flower width, length, and length/width ratio. However, root diameter was thicker in plants treated with PP333 compared with the control plants. For producing single-flower phalaenopsis, a foliar spray of 750 mg·L-1 PP333 is recommended approximately a month before moving the plants to cooler conditions, followed by truncation, retaining only the first flower. As a result, this study establishes a PP333 treatment protocol for phalaenopsis, offering a strategy to effectively shorten the stalks.

Effects of plant biostimulants and plant growth regulator applications on plant growth in lilium 'Adelante'

This experiment was designed, it was determined the effects of mycorrhiza, vermicompost, promalin applications on development of plant properties in a bulbous plant, Lilyum 'Adelante. Flower branch length (cm), flower branch diameter (mm), internode number, flower bud number, flower bud length (cm), flower stem length (cm), flower width (cm), flower length (cm), number of leaves and leaf length (cm) were measured. The results showed that no treatment increased plant height more than control plants, but each application had different effects on other plant characteristics. As a matter of fact, mycorrhiza increased internode number, flower bud number, flower bud length, flower stem length, flower length, number of leaves and leaf length by 6.3%, 15.6%, 14.2%, 6%, 40%, 10.3%, 2.9% and 6%, respectively. Vermicompost increased flower bud length, flower length and leaf length by 6.6, 12, 15.3% and 16.1%, respectively. Promalin, on the other hand, increased the flower stem length, flower length and leaf length by 56.3% and 15.4%, respectively. The application of mycorrhiza together with Promalin did not have a different effect than the application of Promalin alone, and even showed a lower effect than the application of Promalin alone. Mycorrhiza, on the other hand, was the application that showed the best effect compared to other applications. Therefore, it can be recommended for plant growth in lilies. However, due to the effect of application time and dose on flowering time, it is possible to obtain different results in plant development in lilies.

Morphological characterization and screening of Impatiens wild species for heat tolerance

Impatiens sp. is an annual plant that flowers all year round. High temperature stress is a major challenge limiting crop productivity. The research was conducted at experiment garden in Palasari Cipanas, BRIN, Indonesia, at an altitude of 1000 ASL, from January - April 2023. The aim of the research was to explore the morphological variation of Impatiens wild species and to obtain some heat tolerance accession for next breeding program. Twenty nine accession of Impatiens were observed for the qualitative and quantitative data including the evaluation of heat tolerance. Twelve qualitative characters were recorded. The qualitative characters were analyzed as degree of similarity. DICE Similarity coefficient of qualitative data was 0.06. Broad variability in the genotypic, phenotypic variances and genetic advance was found for leaf length, leaf width and heat tolerance score. Of the electrolyte leakage analyses, it was found that flower length, ventral petal length width, lateral petal length and spur length positively support the high tolerance of Impatiens accession to heat stress. The darker color of the stem, anther, and bract is followed by a reduction in the dimension of flower width, lateral petal width, dorsal petal width and spur length but the increased leaf thicknesses. There was no direct correlation between the heat tolerance score and the leaf thickness. The largest data diversity explained by 3 factors with a total variance of 68.88 %.

DUS descriptors based morphometric characterization to analyze genetic variability in gladiolus

Abstract Present investigation involved phenotypic characterization of 84 gladiolus genotypes based on 18 DUS descriptors to estimate genetic variation and identify desirable genotypes for hybridization. Considerable variability was observed among the genotypes for most of the traits and principal component analysis revealed that the first two principal components explained most of the existing variation (>98%) in the germplasm. Genotypic coefficient of variation exhibited a wide range from 7.80% (androecium length) to 37.11% (duration of flowering) while, phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 8.12% (androecium length) to 37.61% (duration of flowering). Strong broad sense heritability estimates (>95%) were observed for the characters viz., bract length, flower width, tepal length, tepal width, style length, time of beginning of flowering and duration of flowering. Seventy four pair wise inter-trait combinations showed significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations among 153 possible trait combinations. Mahalanobis D2 statistic analysis revealed that genotypes of the cluster II and V to be highly distinct and hybridization between them might have better chance to obtain desirable recombinants. Ward’s cluster analysis confirmed that the cv. Victor and cv. Malaviya Shatabdi to be highly diverse for the selected traits. It is concluded that the above genotypes may be utilized in crossing programme to obtain better progenies. Characterized data of gladiolus germplasm would assist the breeders in varietal identification, conservation and their sustainable utilization during breeding programme.

Effects of different storage conditions on the colour, antioxidant activity, and volatile components of edible roses

This study examined the changes in petal colour, antioxidant activity, and volatile components of miniature roses, one of the most popular edible flowers in Japan, when stored under different conditions. In total, six storage treatments were examined: 5°C and 75% relative humidity (RH) for 3 d (75%-3D plot); 5°C and 75% RH for 6 d (75%-6D plot); 5°C and 96% RH for 3 d (96%-3D plot); 5°C and 96% RH for 6 d (96%-6D plot); -25°C for 3 d (F-3D plot); and -25°C for 6 d (F-6D plot). As a control, a measurement was conducted on day 0 without storage (0D plot). There were no significant differences in flower width, fresh weight, and total polyphenol concentrations among the storage treatments. DPPH radical scavenging activity decreased during storage, especially during freezing storage, but was higher in the 75%-3D plot than that in the other storage conditions. A colour difference was found between the cold and freezing storage treatments because of colour changes after freezing and thawing. The sweet aroma decreased during storage, and a bad smell was detected in the freezing treatment. Freezing storage was thus unsuitable for storing edible roses because it degraded colour, decreased antioxidant concentrations, and increased a bad smell. The flower colour measured using a chromameter and DPPH radical scavenging activity in the 75%-3D plot were not significantly different from those in the 0D plot. Further, the total volatile component contents in all 6D plots were lower than those in all the 3D plots during cold storage. Therefore, these findings indicate that edible roses should be stored under refrigeration at 75% RH and used within approximately three days after purchase. This information can be helpful to food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries that require preservation of edible flowers.

Investigation of phenological, primary and secondary metabolites changes during flower developmental of Rosa damascena

Oil-bearing rose is a very valuable member of the Rosa genus. Despite the importance of oil-bearing rose, metabolic changes during flower development are not well understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the changes in phenological, primary and secondary metabolites and their interactions at five developmental stages of oil-bearing rose. Flower width, flower and petal fresh weights, petal area and petal relative water content increased from bud stage to blooming stage, while flower length and sepal area increased only at early stages. Thirty-seven essential oil components were identified at different stages of petal development and nonadecane, β-citronellol and n-heneicosane were the prevalent essential oil components regardless of stage. Sixteen fatty acids were identified and the amount of saturated fatty acids was higher than the mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in all developmental stages. Eight organic acids were detected in petals and four of them (tartaric, malic, citric and succinic acids) showed significant changes, and total organic acids content decreased during flower development. Catechin and epicatechin were the most abundant phenolic compounds in petals. While total phenolic, flavonoid and free amino acids contents decreased during flower development, total free fatty acids content increased, but was not significant between the developmental stages. Correlation analysis between phenological traits and some metablolites revealed 20 significant correlations and 11 of which were positive. Results showed that flower development stages had significant effects on metabolite content and quality of products obtained, and significant shifts in metabolite type and content occurred at flower development stages III and IV.

Among-years rain variation is associated with flower size, but not with signal patch size in Iris petrana.

Among-years rain variation is associated with flower size, but not with signal patch size in Iris petrana.

Morphometric Parameters of Plants of Crambe Spp. During Vegetation

Plants of Crambe spp. belong to Brassicaceae Burnett family and some of them are known as economically important species. Extracts of Crambe spp. exhibited numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, etc. This study was aimed to research morphometric parameters of plants of five species of Crambe L. during vegetation season (from the start of vegetation, budding stage, flowering stage, and to fruitage): C. cordifolia Steven, C. hispanica subsp. abyssinica (Hochst. et R.E.Fr.) Prina, C. koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch, C. maritima L., C. steveniana Rupr. The plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, length of panicle measured in cm, flower length, flower width, corolla length, petal length, petal width, fruit length, and fruit diameter measured in mm. The increment of investigated plants at the period of vegetation start-budding was 47.7–128.9 cm and plant height increased 2.67 (C. maritima)–5.57 (C. koktebelica) times, at the budding-flowering period 9.7–94.4 cm and plant height increased 1.08 (C. cordifolia)–1.85 (C. steveniana) times, at the period flowering-fruiting 8.20–26.0 cm and plant height increased 1.06 (C. cordifolia)–1.10 (C. maritima) times. The variability of morphometric features during vegetation was following: height of plant from 0.57 to 13.98 %, length of leaf from 1.25 to 13.65 %, width of leaf from 2.17 to 48.10 %, length of petiole from 3.34 to 18.01 %, length of panicle from 1.41 to 13.09 %, width of panicle from 1.62 to 17.37 %, and stem diameter from 2.89 to 23.47 %. The study of morphometric parameters of flowers showed that the length of flower was 5.03–16.46 mm, width of flower 2.01–5.54 mm, corolla length 2.94–10.58 mm, petal length 3.63–7.11 mm, and petal width 3.64–5.51 mm depending on species. The morphometric parameters of fruits were the following: fruit length 3.02–10.10 mm and fruit diameter 4.08–8.78 mm depending on species. The thousand-fruit weight was 7.30–12.50 g. Selected morphometric parameters showed Pearson’s coefficients with high values (r = 0.843–0.994) during vegetation. A comparative study of the morphometric parameters of investigated species of Crambe in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden had a variability of morphometric parameters depending on species, period of growth, and organ of a plant. These results can be useful for selective work and detecting the diagnostic signs.

Breeding of White Calla Lily ‘Swan’ with Early Flowering and Many Numbers of Flowers

Calla lily cultivar ‘Swan’ was bred by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) in 2017. ‘Swan’ was a cross between multi-flowering cultivar ‘Childsiana’ and soft rot-resistant cultivar ‘Wedding March’ in 2004. Its multiplication, bulb enlargement, and growth and flowering characteristics were evaluated from 2008 to 2016. It was selected from the 3rd characteristics tested and renamed as the new cultivar ‘Swan’ by the New Variety Deliberation Committee of Rural Development Administration in 2017. The growth and flowering characteristics of ‘Swan’ and ‘Wedding March’ were compared. ‘Swan’ has white (RSH155C), medium-sized flowers, with a flower width of 10.3 cm and flower diameter of 11.2 cm. The average number of flowers per plant was 2.2, which was twice as many as that of the control cultivar, and the length of the flower s talk w as 77.1 cm longer t han that o f the control cultivar (68.7 cm). ‘Swan’ is an early-flowering cultivar with 65 days of flowering. The life of cut flowers was 17 days, and they were moderately resistant to soft rot. ‘Swan’ was registered in 2020, and its grant number in Korea is 8092.

Morphological and Cytological Characterization of Five Porterweed (Stachytarpheta) Selections

Porterweed (Stachytarpheta spp.), a member of the verbena family, is frequently used in pollinator gardens to attract butterflies. This study was conducted to assess the morphological features, pollen stainability and morphology, nuclear DNA content, and chromosome number of five porterweed selections. Coral porterweed (S. mutabilis), ‘Naples Lilac’ porterweed (S. cayennensis × S. mutabilis ‘Violacea’), and nettleleaf porterweed (S. cayennensis) had the largest plant heights. Flower number was significantly higher in nettleleaf porterweed, jamaican porterweed (S. jamaicensis), and U*J3-2 porterweed (S. cayennensis × S. jamaicensis), with an average of 65–72 flowers per inflorescence. Internode length and flower width of jamaican porterweed had much lower values than the other selections. Coral porterweed recorded the lowest pollen stainability with only 10.6% stainability, but it had the largest relative pollen production. ‘Naples Lilac’ porterweed had the highest DNA content with an average of 3.79 pg/2C, like jamaican porterweed with 3.73 pg/2C. Ploidy levels varied between selections, and the basic chromosome number was x = 28. Coral, jamaican, and ‘Naples Lilac’ porterweed had 2n = 6x = 168 chromosomes, first reported in this genus. These results provide a guide and a new tool to distinguish native and non-native porterweed and may aid future breeding toward the production of noninvasive cultivars.

Factors affecting fruit and seed production of Paeonia ostii “Feng Dan”, an economically important oil tree

AbstractMany factors may affect reproduction of animal‐pollinated species. In this study, the effects of pollen limitation, attractive traits (flower number, plant height and flower width) and flowering phenological traits (flowering onset, duration and synchrony) on female reproduction, as well as the patterns of variation in fruit and seed production within plants, were investigated in Paeonia ostii “Feng Dan” over two flowering seasons (2018 and 2019). Fruit set was very high (90%), and pollen supplementation did not increase fruit and seed production in either year, indicating no pollen limitation. Fruit set, ovule number per fruit and mean individual seed weight per fruit were not affected by any of the six attractive and phenological traits in either year, whereas seed number per fruit was related to the three attractive traits in one or both years. Seed number per plant was positively affected by the three attractive traits and best explained by flower number in both years, but the effect of each of the three phenological traits on seed number per plant differed between years. Within plants, the fruit set, ovule number, seed set and seed number per fruit declined from early‐ to late‐opening flowers, presumably because of resource preemption, but the mean individual seed weight did not vary across the flowering sequence. Our study shows that attractive traits of Paeonia ostii “Feng Dan” are more important than flowering phenological traits in the prediction of total seed production per plant.

ValSten: a new wild species derived allotetraploid for increasing genetic diversity of the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Introgression of desirable traits from wild relatives plays an important role in crop improvement, as wild species have important characters such as high resistance to pests and pathogens. However, use of wild peanut relatives is challenging because almost all wild species are diploid and sexually incompatible with cultivated peanut, which is tetraploid (AABB genome type; 2n = 4x = 40). To overcome the ploidy barrier, we used 2 wild species to make a tetraploid with the same allotetraploid genome composition as cultivated peanut. Crosses were made between 2 diploid wild species, Arachis valida Krapov. and W.C. Greg. (BB genome; 2n = 2x = 20) and Arachis stenosperma Krapov. and W.C. Greg. (AA genome; 2n = 2x = 20). Cuttings from the diploid F1 AB hybrid were treated with colchicine to induce chromosome doubling thus generating an induced allotetraploid. Chromosome counts confirmed polyploidy (AABB genome; 2n = 4x = 40). We named the new allotetraploid ValSten. Plants had well-developed fertile pollen, produced abundant seed and were sexually compatible with cultivated peanut. ValSten exhibits the same high resistance to early and late leaf spot and rust as its diploid parents. Notably, we observed morphological variations, including flower width and branch angles in the earliest generation (S0) of allotetraploids. A SNP array was used to genotype 47 S0 allotetraploids. The great majority of markers showed the additive allelic state from both parents (AABB). However, some loci were AAAA or BBBB, indicating homeologous recombination. ValSten provides a new, vigorous, highly fertile, disease resistant germplasm for peanut research and improvement.

Floral Variation across Three Varieties of the Landscape-Dominant TreeMetrosideros polymorpha(Myrtaceae): Insights from a Hawaii Island Common Garden

Premise of research. Metrosideros polymorpha is a landscape-dominant tree species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Although the group is famous for its ecological amplitude and variation in vegetative characters, little attention has been paid to variation in its “shaving brush” flowers, which occur in inflorescences of diverse sizes and colors. We aimed to determine whether the floral variation observed in natural populations is heritable and how this variation is distributed across environments and varieties of the species. Methodology. We measured seven floral traits in 93 adult trees representing three varieties of M. polymorpha in a common garden on the island of Hawaii and examined variation in these traits across elevations (of the source population) and varieties. Pivotal results. Flower length increased with elevation, while flower width decreased with elevation. Nectar cup diameter and stamen length did not vary across elevations. Variation in flower color decreased with increasing elevation, with only dark red–flowered trees observed from the two highest elevations. Much of the variation observed in floral traits was partitioned among the three varieties in the garden. Stigma-anther separation (SAS) was significantly lower in var. incana, while long flowers and smaller inflorescences characterized var. polymorpha; var. glaberrima had the least distinct flowers. Conclusions. We observed a distinct floral morphology in the high-elevation var. polymorpha consistent with pollination predominantly by birds. The lower SAS observed in var. incana may be consistent with weaker selection against self-pollination in low-density populations of this early-successional variety on new lava flows. These results indicate that, in addition to divergence in vegetative traits associated with adaptation to contrasting abiotic conditions, varieties of M. polymorpha on the island of Hawaii show heritable differences in floral characters that may be associated with biotic factors.

Breeding of Standard Rose ‘Pinky Luna’ with a Fragrance, and Pastel Color of Pale Pink for Cut Flowers

A new Rosa cultivar ‘Pinky Luna’ was bred at Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. In the year 2011, between ‘Rose Yumi’ of white color as a mother plant and ‘Ocean Song’ of light purple color as a father plant were artificially crossed, and 87 seeds were obtained, subsequently 66 seedling individuals were raised during the course of the next year. The ‘R111953-25’ line, which possessed pristine characteristics such as a beautiful flower shape and petal color, a fragrance, and good productivity, was selected via the characteristic trial during the years 2012 - 2013, then finally named as ‘Pinky Luna’ after investigating the characteristics, the preference, and the productivity during the years 2014 - 2015. ‘Pinky Luna’ cultivar was a standard type for cut flower with the pastel color of pale pink (petal’s surface - pinkish white, WN155C (RHS color chart), petal’s back – very pale purple, RP69D) and a sweet fragrance within the flower. The new bred cultivar possessed several morphological characteristics including medium elliptical leaf shape, a deep green (N137A) leaf color, circular flower shape, and a broad oval petal type. The flower width and height of ‘Pinky Luna’ was larger than the control cultivar ‘Ocean Song’ at 10.5 cm, and 4.1 cm. respectively, and the number of its petals were far more than those at 67.0, and in addition, the diameter of petal was wider. The cut flower length and leaf growth of ‘Pinky Luna’ were smaller than the control cultivar, however, the annual amount of average cut flowers per square of the new cultivar were 157.6, which was 10.2 more stems than ‘Ocean Song’. Vase l ife lasted longer for a period of 11.7 days, and additionally the consumer preference of cut flowers was higher than that of ‘Ocean Song’.

Effect of planting time and nitrogen levels on growth, flowering and bulb production of lilium cv. blackout

An experiment was conducted at Horticulture farm, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland to standardize the planting time and nitrogen requirement in lilium cv. Blackout. Three dates of planting (30th October, 15th November and 30th November) were taken and four levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) were applied in this experiment, and it was laid out in Factorial RBD with three replications. The results indicated that 30th October planting date and application of nitrogen @ 300kg/ha exhibited superior growth characters except for number of leaves which was recorded maximum in 15th November planting. The days required for bud emergence, bud colour visibility and first floret opening were reduced in 30th November planting while the highest dose of nitrogen delayed the days required for the same characters. The floral attributes viz. length and diameter of flowering shoot, length and diameter of flower bud, width of flower, number of flower buds per shoot, as well as bulb characters viz. weight and diameter of bulb, weight of bulblets and number of bulblets per bulb were found to be greatest with earlier planting and higher doses of nitrogen.

Saksıda sümbül (Hyacinthus orientalis cv. ‘Jan Bos’) yetiştiriciliği üzerine bir araştırma

In this study, effect of ethephon which is a plant growth retardant as soil drench on plant height of Hyacinthus orientalis cv. ‘Jan Bos’ grown in pots was investigated. Ethephon substrate drenches, 150 ml/pot, consisted of 0, 250 and 500 ppm applied when shoots were 7-10 cm. Effect of ethephon on the flowering time, flower width and lenght, flower life, plant height, leaf length and chlorophyll content of leaves were determined. Plants were placed to the laboratuary (20 °C) at the sales stage (when 50% of flowers on the stem opened) to determine changes occur on the plant height. The shortest plant height was 8.17 cm obtained from the 500 ppm ethephon treatment and was 35% shorter than control. Concenration of 250 ppm ethephon resulted in 8.8 cm plant height and was 29% shorter than untreated control. Ethephon applications also reduced leaf lenght and had no effect on the flower life. Ethephon treatments increased the leaf relative chlorophyll content. The highest chlorophyll content was 80.92 CCI and obtained with 500 ppm ethephon application, while that of controls was around 51.49 CCI. The effects of etephon on plant height were similar and continued under postharvest conditions in which the shortest plant height (12.5 cm) was obtained with 500 ppm ethephon treatment.

The morphological and phytochemical studies on the effect of acute and recurrent irradiation in Celosia cristata seeds

Abstract. Aisyah SI, Muhallilin I, Sukma D, Nurcholis W. 2019. The morphological and phytochemical studies on the effect of acute and recurrent irradiation in Celosia cristata seeds. Biodiversitas 20: 3766-3771. The present work investigated the agro-morphological changes in Celosia cristata L. seeds exposed to gamma irradiations. This study also conducted phytochemical screening to screened secondary metabolite change in C. cristata. C. cristata seeds were irradiated with acute radiation at doses of 470, 480, and 490 Gy and were planted until M1 generation. Recurrent irradiation was done on M1 seeds at a dose of 250 Gy. The agro-morphological and phytochemical diversity was performed in M2 generation. The highest difference characters in acute irradiated plants were found on plant height, number of branches, and flower length, while the plant diameter, flower width, and number of flowers were found the highest in recurrent irradiation. Agro-morphological important changes in recurrent irradiated plants were decreased plant height and increased the number of flowers that compared with acute irradiated and control plants. The qualitative phytochemical showed no difference between acute and recurrent irradiated plants. It can be concluded that the recurrent irradiated changes the morphological valuable of C. cristata, while the phytochemical is needed further research.

Breeding of a fragrant, multiflora Phalaenopsis by Neofinetia intergeneric hybrid orchid cultivar, ‘Pinky Beauty’

The Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service has developed a new intergenic hybrid orchid cultivar released under the name ‘Pinky Beauty.’ The marketable qualities of this new cultivar include an abundance of flowers, a good fragrance, and a relatively long flowering period. It was derived from an initial intergeneric cross between (Phalaenopsis pulcherrima x P. parishii ) x Neofinetia falcata ‘Hwacheon’ in 2007. The seed germination, cultivation, selection, and characteristic evaluation trials were conducted from 2008 to 2014. After selecting a line that grew well and had desirably shaped and colored flowers, its morphological characteristics were investigated, from 2015 to 2017, according to the survey standard for agricultural experimentation and research that is used for the evaluation of new N. falcata varieties. The selection had pink flowers, which were determined to be Red-purple Group 68D based on the RHS color chart, on a dark green stem. The length of the flower stem was measured on average to be 25.8 cm, and the number of flowers per stem was 16.3. The width of a typical flower was about 2.5 cm, and the flowers had a short spur similar to N. falcata on the back of the lip. The plant height was on average 12.7 cm, which is similar to the control cultivar P. pulcherrima, while the leaf width was 1.6 cm. The overall volume of the flower pot was high. The flowering time of the hybrid was in late May, and its flowering period was about 34 days. Furthermore, it had a noticeably pleasant scent. Due to this desirable combination of characteristics, the selection was released as the cultivar ‘Pinky Beauty’ in 2018.

Breeding of a Fragrant, Mini-multiflora <i>Phalaenopsis</i> Hybrid Orchid Cultivar, ‘Bravo Star’

Phalaenopsis ‘Bravo Star’, a new orchid cultivar, is both fragrant and has a multi-branch architecture with miniature, pink flowers. It was derived from a cross made by Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Service in 2016 of ‘Kung’s Red Coral’ (female) to ‘Tzu Chiang balm’ (male). To produce the hybrid, five F1 lines having strong fragrance and multiple flowering characters were selected from 2010 to 2012. A line then referred to as ‘08–VIO-16’ was finally selected after confirmation of stability and uniformity characteristics through evaluation and testing during 2013–2015. The selection ‘08-VIO-16’ was described as having a flat flower form and dark pink (RPN 57B) petal and sepal as well as a 29.1 cm flower stalk length. It had a flat and narrow obovate leaf form. The average leaf length and width were 18.2 and 6.5 cm, respectively. The average flower length and width were 5.7 and 5.2 cm, respectively. Although t his selection had a relatively low f lower number of 7.8 flowers per stalk, it was determined to be a good candidate cultivar for the potted plant market during evaluation and exhibition due to its multi-branching and inflorescence shape as well as its strong, sweet scent that is similar to cinnamon fragrance. Furthermore, it was found to be relatively easy to propagate in vitro and had a vigorous and fast growing habit. Following evaluation, this selection was registered as hybrid cultivar ‘Bravo Star’ on March 2017 (registration no. 6719) and protected by the seed industry act.

Breeding of a New <i>Rosa hybrida</i> ‘Blondie’ with High Productivity and Fragrance, and Double Colored Petal for Cut Flower

A new Rosa cultivar ‘Blondie’ was bred in Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services to cope with changes in consumption trends and to reduce the burden of royalty expenditure. In 2013, between 'Regato' which had petal color of both red and orange as a mother plant and 'Cherry Brandy' which had petal color of both yellow and orange as a father plant were artificially crossed, and 74 seeds were obtained and then 53 seedling individuals were raised. The ‘R132093-45’ line, which had an uniform flowering, a fragrance, and excellent productivity, was selected through the characteristics evaluation of them during 2014-2015, and the ‘Blondie’ cultivar was developed through the characteristics trial, preference evaluation and productivity test during two years from 2016. The ‘Blondie’ cultivar was a standard type with the bicolor petal of orange (O24C) and peach (R36D) color and with a strong fragrance in flower, and deep anthocyanin pigments in the new shoots, medium elliptical leaf shape, deep green (N137A) of the leaf color, and strong gloss on the leaf surface. The flower shape was irregular circle and the upper and lower parts from the flower side had flat unique characteristics. The flower width of 'Blondie' was 9.4cm, smaller than the control variety ‘Hera’, and the number of its petals were 36.7. The degree of occurrence of thorns, cut flower length, and leaf growth were similar to the control variety. The vase life and consumer preference of cut flowers were better than those of the control variety, and the number of average annual cut flowers per m2 of ‘Blondie’ were 150.3, 18.4 stems more than the control variety. The ‘Blondie’ cultivar was registered on July 22, 2019, with the final right to protect the new cultivar (registration number: 7824).