Flower-like ZnO Research Articles

Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanoflowers: Exploring the Relationship between Morphology, Defects, and Photocatalytic Activity

Two forms of flower-like ZnO nanostructures were synthesized using hydrothermal methods at various growth times/temperatures and zinc precursors. The morphology, structure, chemical composition, and optical properties of these ZnO nanoflowers were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The SEM images revealed two forms of flower-like nanostructures, namely lotus- and tulip-like flower ZnO nanostructures. The XPS analysis revealed the oxidation state of the Zn and O elements, as well as the presence of OH groups on the surface of the lotus-like flower ZnO nanostructure. The XRD results revealed less crystallinity of the lotus-like ZnO nanoflowers (NFs) compared with the tulip-like ZnO NFs. The XRD results revealed the presence of Zn (OH)2 in the ZnO NFs. The Raman results confirmed less crystallinity of the lotus-like ZnO NFs. The estimated optical bandgap was 2.92 and 3.0 eV for the tulip- and lotus-like ZnO NFs, respectively. The tulip-like ZnO NFs showed superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, verified via UV–Vis radiation, compared with the lotus-like ZnO NFs, which show the impact of the structure defects and OH- impurities on the photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoflowers.

Flower-like layered ZnO nanoflakes for cost-effective visible light-assisted photodynamic oxidation of tetracycline and bacterial disinfection

The conventional precipitation method was employed to synthesize the flower-like layered ZnO nano-flakes, characterized, and their photocatalytic potential was investigated for control of tetracycline antibiotics and high-strength pathogenic bacteria in wastewater effluent. Scanning electron microscope measurements confirm the formation of flower-like nano-flakes. Under white light, the catalytic efficiency of the ZnO nano-flakes is higher compared to blue light for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline, the inactivation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and total coliforms. Under white light irradiation with the intensity of 80 mW/cm2, the ZnO nano-flakes showed the highest tetracycline degradation efficacy of 86 % within 120 min and complete inactivation of bacteria within 90 min without any additional oxygen sources. Scavenging experiments have clarified the photocatalytic mechanism of the degradation of tetracycline. The used catalyst was simply recovered by centrifugation (5 min) and could be reused without significant loss of photocatalytic activity. The remarkable efficiency and stability of the ZnO nano-flakes in this study mark a distinct approach to the development of heterogeneous photocatalysts for pollutant degradation. To evaluate the feasibility of a photocatalytic process for achieving consistent disinfection, microbial inactivation experiments were conducted using a batch-scale photocatalytic reactor with blue and white LEDs. The study targeted high-strength multidrug-resistant bacteria, including E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive), as well as total coliform in secondary effluent. This research clarifies the practical potential of ZnO nano-flakes for cost-effective photocatalytic oxidation treatment of wastewater pollutants.

Tailoring of Zinc Oxide-based microstructures to efficiently promote piezocatalytic water oxidation and oxygen production

Two zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials, exhibiting distinct morphologies, were synthesized in wurtzite phase through chemical precipitation. The elongated shape rod-like ZnO (R-ZnO) exhibited more pronounced piezoelectric characteristics compared to the more compact flower-like ZnO (F-ZnO). Detailed characterization including piezoforce microscopy, finite element simulation, revealed that the remarkable piezoelectric properties of R-ZnO are due to its strongly anisotropic structure, enabling significant mechanical deformation under ultrasound in aqueous suspension. The piezocatalytical degradation of these materials was assessed using methylene blue as a test organic dye across various ultrasound frequencies, with R-ZnO consistently outperforming F-ZnO. This highlighted the impact of structural deformability on piezocatalytic efficiency. Additionally, the capability of R-ZnO to facilitate oxygen evolution from water through ultrasound-induced stress was explored in an oxygen-free environment. Our findings demonstrate that R-ZnO can effectively catalyze water oxidation and produce oxygen directly, showcasing its potential as a standalone catalyst for environmental remediation and sustainable chemical processes.

Impact of reduced-graphene-oxide functionalization of flower-like zinc-oxide nanostructures on sensing performance of resistive ethanol gas sensor

This research presents a sensitive resistive ethanol gas sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-functionalized Zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnO NFs). Upon completion of synthesis, the resulting nanostructures were cast onto the photolithographed silver interdigitated electrodes positioned on an Al2O3 substrate. The graphene oxide (GO) with a low oxidation degree was synthesized using a Hummer's method. In the pursuit of optimizing sensing performance, rGO-functionalized ZnO NFs were synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal process, utilizing different initial quantities of GO (0 mg, 2 mg, 8 mg, and 12 mg). According to the gas sensing measurements, the fabricated sensor with 8 mg initial GO showed the highest response to ethanol at 250 °C. The results show that the GO addition reduced the optimal working temperature of the pure ZnO NFs from 350 °C to 250 °C. The sensor exhibited a good selectivity, repeatability, and high long-term stability. Enhanced ethanol sensing response of the optimized gas sensor was related to the formation of p-n heterojunction between p-type rGO (formed during hydrothermal process at 200 °C) and n-type ZnO and the presence of the optimal amount of rGO on the surface of NFs. The results obtained in this investigation stress the significance of pinpointing the optimal quantity of GO for producing rGO-ZnO nanoflowers with the highest possible sensitivity to ethanol gas.

Simultaneously Engineering Oxygen Defects and Heterojunction into Ho-Doped ZnO Nanoflowers for Enhancing n-Propanol Gas Detection.

Lung cancer poses a serious threat to people's lives and health due to its high incidence rate and high mortality rate, making it necessary to effectively conduct early screening. As an important biomarker for lung cancer, the detection of n-propanol gas suffers from a low response value and a high detection limit. In this paper, flower-like Ho-doped ZnO was fabricated by the coprecipitation method for n-propanol detection at subppm concentrations. The gas sensor based on the 3% Ho-doped ZnO showed selectivity to n-propanol gas. Its response value to 100 ppm n-propanol was 341 at 140 °C, and its limit of detection (LOD) was about 25.6 ppb, which is lower than that of n-propanol in the breath of a healthy person (150 ppb). The calculation results show that the adsorption of n-propanol on a Ho-doped ZnO surface releases more energy than isopropanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and ammonia. The enhanced gas-sensing properties of the Ho-doped ZnO material can be attributed to the fact that the Ho-doping distorts the crystal lattice of the ZnO, increases the specific surface area, and generates a large amount of oxygen defects. In addition, the doped Ho partially forms a Ho2O3/ZnO heterojunction in the material and improves the gas-sensing properties. The 3% Ho-doped ZnO material is expected to be a promising candidate for the trace detection of n-propanol gas.

Synthesis of flower-like ZnO nanoparticles for label-free point of care detection of carcinoembryonic antigen

In this work, flower-like ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized using zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2 6H2O) as a precursor with KOH. The morphology of the ZnONPs was controlled by varying the synthesis temperature at 50, 75 and 95 °C. The morphology and structure of ZnONPs were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, and X-Ray Diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett Teller analysis. ZnONPs were successfully synthesized by a simple chemical precipitation method. A synthesis temperature of 75 °C produced the most suitable flower-like ZnONPs, which were combined with graphene nanoplatelets to develop a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of the colon cancer biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum. Under optimum conditions, the developed immunosensor showed a linear range of 0.5–10.0 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection of 0.44 ng mL−1. The label-free electrochemical immunosensor exhibited good selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability, and recoveries were excellent. The immunosensor is used with a Near-Field Communication potentiostat connected to a smartphone to facilitate point-of-care cancer detection in low-resource locations.

Highly sensitive detection of promethazine hydrochloride in water and human urine using flower-like ZnO nanorods supported by GO sheets and Pt nanoparticles

In this study, we developed three-dimensional flower-like stacked zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods as cores, which were supported by graphene oxide (GO) and decorated with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. We explored six different combinations of these materials, specifically GO, ZnO, ZnO/GO, Pt/ZnO, (Pt/ZnO)-GO, and Pt-(ZnO/GO), as potential electrochemical sensors for detecting the first-generation antihistamine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMTZ) in water bodies. We characterized the crystallinity, chemical composition, functional groups, surface morphology, and elemental proportions of these materials using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Following this, we investigated these materials further to identify the optimal one for detecting PMTZ using electrochemical techniques. The newly developed Pt/ZnO composite material-based electrochemical sensor demonstrated exceptional performance for electrochemically detecting PMTZ. It achieved an ultra-low detection limit of 1.85 × 10−2 µM, a wide linear response range from 0.2 to 116.2 µM, and an outstanding sensitivity of 1.59 µA µM−1 cm−2. Moreover, the developed sensor showed good resistance to interference (with an effect below 13.2 %), high reproducibility (RSD = 1.14 %), repeatability (RSD = 1.18 %), and stability (with an effect below 16.2 %).The real-time practical applicability of the samples was analyzed using actual human urine samples. The sensor exhibited excellent recovery rates (99.3% to 99.6%), indicating the practicality of the newly developed Pt/ZnO composite material for the electrochemical detection of promethazine hydrochloride.

Doping effect of Europium (Eu3+) on flower-like ZnO nanostructures: shape variations, optical properties and its applicability in electrochemical sensing of heavy metal (Lead) ion detection

Doping effect of Europium (Eu3+) on flower-like ZnO nanostructures: shape variations, optical properties and its applicability in electrochemical sensing of heavy metal (Lead) ion detection

Flower-like ZnO modified TiO2@Ti3C2Tx composite for efficient adsorption of malachite green and oil-water separation

The intensification of industrial production has led to a sharp increase in the discharge of toxic organic chemicals and wastewater from printing and dyeing industry. In this study, flower-like ZnO modified TiO2@Ti3C2Tx composites (ZnO/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx) were prepared by in-situ oxidation solvothermal method from zinc nitrate hexahydrate and tetramethylammonium hydroxide intercalated Ti3C2Tx. During the solvothermal processes, sodium hydroxide acted as an etchant to further exfoliated the accordion-like Ti3C2Tx into single or few-layer; and at the same time, TiO2 was formed in-situ on the surface of Ti3C2Tx with simultaneous deposition of flower-like ZnO. The layer structural Ti3C2Tx facilitates the loading and dispersion of ZnO and TiO2 on its surface. After the in-situ oxidation by solvothermal method, TiO2 was evenly distributed on the surface of Ti3C2Tx, adjusting the functional groups on the surface of the ZnO/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx composite, and improving its adsorption performance. ZnO/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx can be used as an efficient adsorbent for malachite green with a high maximum adsorption capacity of 1232.7 mg g−1, which is higher than that of TiO2@Ti3C2Tx (628.57 mg g−1). Moreover, a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic ZnO/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx@PU sponge was prepared by loading ZnO/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx onto polyurethane (PU) sponge. The introduction of ZnO enhances the surface roughness of the ZnO/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx@PU sponge, which can effectively separate six oil-water mixtures, and has a high separation flux of 171784 L m−2 h−1 and separation efficiency of 99.6% for cyclohexane-water mixture.

Synthesis and Characterization of Flower-Like Cobalt-Doped ZnO Nanostructures for Ammonia Sensing Applications

Abstract The present study uses the co-precipitation method to explore the synthesis of zinc oxide and cobalt-doped ZnO sensors, encompassing a range of cobalt concentrations from 1 to 4 wt.%. The synthesized samples undergo comprehensive analysis to evaluate their structural, morphological, optical, and gas-sensing properties. X-ray diffraction revealed a hexagonal Wurtzite structure, and the crystallite size decreased from 16.92 to 15.39 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy collectively affirmed the presence of cobalt. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphological characteristics. The Tauc-plot was used to determine the optical bandgap via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. As cobalt doping increased, the band gap increased from 3.18 to 3.23 eV. Further, atomic force microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were used to assess the surface topography and pore size distribution. The AFM measurements indicated roughness within 435-700 nm. The BET analysis revealed mesoporous properties, with surface area ranging between 18.657 to 21.962 m2/g. Subsequently, the gas-sensing capabilities of the Co-doped ZnO sensors were examined for various volatile organic compounds at room temperature. The sensor with 4% Cobalt doping exhibited a fast response and recovery time of 21 and 20 seconds for 2 ppm of NH3

Synthesis of Template-free Flower-like ZnO Nanorods using a Simple Chemical Bath Technique

Flower-like ZnO nanorods were successfully synthesised using a template-free, low-temperature chemical bath deposition method. The effects of growth time on the structural, morphological, and vibrational properties of flower-like zinc oxide were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the crystallite size and density of flower-like ZnO nanorods increased with increasing growth time. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of specific Raman modes that correspond to the wurtzite structure of ZnO. In addition, Raman measurements revealed that increased growth time increases the Raman modes intensity of the flower-like ZnO nanorods. Moreover, the measurements of the Au/ZnO nanorods/FTO Schottky diode showed that all devices functioned as Schottky diodes and rectifying; however, their ideality factor was greater than 1. In addition to the ideality factor, the Schottky barrier height was calculated and slightly increased with growth time. The values of Schottky barrier height obtained were 0.502 eV, 0.523 eV, 0.516 eV and 0.529 eV for samples grown at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h, respectively.

A More Efficient Method for Preparing a MIP-CQDs/ZnO1-x Photodegradant with Highly Selective Adsorption and Photocatalytic Properties.

The application of semiconductor photocatalysts in wastewater treatment always has a drawback, which is the lack of selectivity for pollutants, but molecular imprinting technology (MIT) is a remarkable method for preparing highly selective adsorbents for low concentration target pollutants. Up to now, the research of molecular imprinting materials has mainly focused on organic polymers, and there has been little research on inorganic molecular imprinting materials. In the present work, we introduced carbon quantum dots (CQDs) into the flower-like hierarchical ZnO to prepare photocatalysts CQDs/ZnO. Further, with ciprofloxacin (CIP) as the template molecule, a molecular imprinting material MIP-CQDs/ZnO1-x was prepared by introducing both oxygen vacancies and imprinted cavities into CQDs/ZnO by the hydrothermal calcination method. It can not only increase the concentration of oxygen vacancies and broaden the light absorption range of zinc oxide without changing the crystal form of ZnO but also make it have the characteristics of preferential adsorption and degradation of CIP during the degradation process. Under the synergistic effect of CQDs, oxygen vacancies, and molecularly imprinted cavities, the molecularly imprinted material exhibits excellent photocatalytic and selective adsorption performance.

Integrated application of grafted ZnO and fungicide to control the fungicide-resistant Colletotrichum spp

BackgroundThe Food and Agriculture Organization has reported approximately 40 % of food loss due to damage from plant pests and diseases, including fungal infections. Continuous application of agrichemicals for controlling fungal infection cause the occurrence of fungicide resistance. Colletotrichum spp., major causal agents for strawberry anthracnose, have gained concern for fungicide resistance issues. MethodsWe developed novel antifungal strategies in the present study by integrating multibranched flower-like ZnO (fZnO) and agrochemicals (trifloxystrobin). fZnO compounds were synthesised using an eco-friendly and efficient hydrothermal method. Charged polymers with steric structures, such as hydrophilic polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), were grafted onto fZnO surfaces to improve the suspension ability of the compounds. We used the grafted fZnO compounds in combination with the fungicide trifloxystrobin to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo activities. Significant findingsGrafted fZnO (80 ppm) and trifloxystrobin (100 ppm) effectively inhibited the growth of fungicide-resistant Colletotrichum spp. and limited strawberry anthracnose on leaves. PEI-grafted fZnO shows promise as an eco-friendly additive in sustainable agriculture due to its photocatalytic activity and ability to withstand environmental factors.

Self-cleaning and UV-blocking cotton – Fabricating effective ZnO structures for photocatalysis

This study comprehensively examines the relationship between synthesis conditions that affect the morphologies of ZnO crystals and, therefore, the resulting properties of ZnO-coated self-cleaning and UV blocking textiles. Although the current literature presents several individual recipes, this study uniquely identifies and documents the impact of different processing methods and additives on crystal morphology within one complete synthesis protocol—that is, NaOH concentration, microwaving duration, and NH4OH additive quantity. Consequently, we suggest a simple and surfactant-free microwave-assisted method of forming ZnO coating with a distinctive flower-like morphology and high surface coverage, with demonstrated optimal self-cleaning performance: a solution of 66 ml of 0.1 M NaOH, 33 ml of 0.2 M of ZnAc dissolved in EtOH, and 2 ml of NH4OH microwaved for 5 min. The efficacy of ZnO-coated cotton in ultraviolet (UV) blocking was verified with UV protection factor calculations, reaching a near-complete UV blocking capability (as high as 99.93 % for UV-B). The evaluation of photocatalytic self-cleaning performance involved monitoring the discoloration of coffee and methylene blue (MB) stains under 1 Sun, using the innovative photo analysis-based method. The MB dye degradation efficiency of the best-performing samples reached 73 % within the first hour of 1 sun exposure, which is double the speed reported in related studies. The results confirm that flower-like ZnO coating, produced through our simplified protocol, is a viable option for the development of UV-resistant and self-cleaning textiles.

In situ growth of flower-like ZnO onto graphene oxide for the synergistically enhanced anti-corrosion ability of epoxy coating

Two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) has shown the favorable candidate as functional filler for enhancing the anticorrosive performance of epoxy coating, but its poor dispersion and low antimicrobial ability limited the further application in complex corrosive environment. To overcome these obstacles, a two-dimensional GO-based antimicrobial anticorrosion epoxy composite coating was developed via synergy of graphene oxide and zinc oxide. To achieve this goal, the flower-like ZnO with antimicrobial activity was situ grown on the surface of graphene oxide by hydrothermal route, which was further modified via the dopamine triggered chemical cross-linking with polyethyleneimine (GO-ZnO@DP). Thanks to the good dispersion and the excellent physical barrier property of the GO-ZnO@DP functional filler, the epoxy composite coating exhibited superior ability of corrosion resistance. With the addition of 1.0 wt% GO-ZnO@DP functional filler (G2/EP), the low frequency impedance modulus |Z|0.01Hz reached 1.57 × 109 Ω cm2 after immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl medium for 30 days. Meanwhile, due to the introduction of flower-like ZnO, the composite coating exhibited the enhanced antibacterial properties toward the inhibitory experiment of E. coli. Besides, the results of salt spray test, EDS analysis, and mechanical properties strongly supported the long-term corrosion resistance of epoxy coating, which shows promising application of metal protection in the complicated corrosive environment.

SERS-substrates based on ZnO nanoflowers prepared by green synthesis

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with a flower-like morphology, synthesized by an affordable colloidal route using an aqueous fungi extract of Ganoderma lucidum as a reducing agent and stabilizer, are investigated as SERS-substrate. Each “flower” has large effective surface that is preserved at packing particles into a dense film and thus exhibits an advantageous property for SERS and similar sensing applications. The mycoextract used in our low-cost and green synthesis as surface stabilizer allows subsequent deposition of metal NPs or layers. One type of SERS substrates studied here was ZnO NPs decorated in situ in the solution by Ag NPs, another type was prepared by thermally evaporating Ag layer on the ZnO NP film on a substrate. A huge difference in the enhancement of the same analyte in the solution and in the dried form is found and discussed. Detection down to 10−7 M of standard dye analytes such as rhodamine 6G and methylene blue was achieved without additional optimization of the SERS substrates. The observed SERS-activity demonstrate the potential of both the free-standing flower-like ZnO NPs and thereof made dense films also for other applications where large surface area accessible for the external agent is crucial, such as catalysis or sensing.

Enhancing Dielectric, Ferroelectric and Antibacterial Properties of Siloxene Nanosheets by Wet Chemical Deposition of Flower-like Spherical ZnO Nanosheets

Enhancing Dielectric, Ferroelectric and Antibacterial Properties of Siloxene Nanosheets by Wet Chemical Deposition of Flower-like Spherical ZnO Nanosheets

A general and facile approach to flower-like ZnO fabrication

ZnO nanosheets with nanograin distributions, high mesoporosity, and ultrathin thickness have garnered considerable attention owing to their intriguing properties, such as high surface-to-volume ratio and chemical reactivity. Although various methods for fabricating two-dimensional structures have been reported, the surfactant-assisted method is advantageous as it produces nanosheet structures at the water–air interface without affecting the crystal structure of the material. This study developed an innovative surfactant-assisted synthesis method to fabricate flower-like Zinc Oxide (f-ZnO) nanostructures. The synthesis, performed at a mild temperature of 70 °C, yields f-ZnO with high surface area-to-volume ratios and porous morphology. The f-ZnO demonstrates photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance due to increased interfacial contact with electrolytes and the formation of a wurtzite ZnO crystal structure. Additionally, f-ZnO exhibits sensitivity and selectivity as a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensor. This facile synthesis method opens new avenues for developing functional oxide nanostructures for sensors, catalysts, and energy storage systems.

Electrochemical Performance of Flower-like ZnO Nanostructure Crystal for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications

straightforward, easy and low-cost process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a templated sonochemical production method was used to prepare ZnO nanostructures with the appearance of flowers. The morphological characteristics of ZnO materials have a more significant impact on variables like the CTAB template and sonochemical reaction time. The advantage of the flower-like ZnO materials is the more active reaction centre, which improves redox processes and results in outstanding electrochemical attributes like greater specific capacitance, excellent rate capability and better cyclic stability. The specific capacitance of the flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-2) from the cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis was found to be 425 F g–1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s–1 and the charge/discharge study renders the specific capacitance is 426 F g–1 at a current density of 1 Ag–1. After 3000 CV cycles at a scan rate of 100 mV s–1, 89% of the initial capacitance still was retained in the long-term cyclic stability analysis. The distinctive flower-like ZnO nanostructures can be extended more for supercapacitor device applications.

Largely Enhanced Surface Flashover Voltage of Poly(ether Imide) by Scalable and Durable ZnO Coating: A Gift from In Situ Growth.

Dielectric materials with high surface electric insulation strength are in great demand in a high-power space solar cell array (SSCA). A moderately conductive surface is favorable to inhibit charge accumulation and mitigate electric field distortion, thus improving the surface flashover voltage. Although numerous modification methods have been proposed to achieve this goal, the facile, efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly modification strategy remains a critical challenge to date. Considering the excellent charge modulation ability of ZnO and its mild preparation conditions, a facile and economical hydrothermal strategy was proposed to fabricate in situ a durable poly(ether imide)/zinc oxide (PEI/ZnO) coating with a high charge decay rate. The blooming flower-like ZnO in the coating is proved to play a key role in enhancing lateral charge dissipation on the surface of PEI, thereby suppressing surface charge accumulation. It was also shown that the shielding effect of ZnO on high-energy photons during flashover and the catalytic effect of Zn2+ on PEI molecular chains during hydrothermal treatment had a facilitating and suppressing effect on outgassing, respectively, and consequently affected the flashover. Excitingly, the synergistic effects of both accelerated charge dissipation and suppressed outgassing helped to improve the flashover voltage of PEI by up to 36.7%. The strategy selected here is efficient, scalable, and facile, and the coating is durable, which makes sense for commercial promotion.