Flower Color Variation Research Articles

グラジオラス木子茎頂からの不定はい形成と花色変異

グラジオラス木子茎頂からの不定胚培養系の確立と得られた再分化個体に生じた花色変異について検討し, 以下の結果を得た.1. 木子茎頂からの不定胚形成率は, MS培地に5mg・liter-1NAAを添加した区で最も高く51.1%であった.不定胚形成率には品種間差異が認められ, 'トパーズ', 'トラベラー'が高く'ヘクター'は低くかった.2. 不定胚由来個体からは花色変異体が得られた.花色変異はいずれも個体全体におよんでいた.花色変異の出現には品種間差異があり, 'トパーズ'を除く'トラベラー', 'ヘクター'で発生した.また花色は淡色化および濃色化の両方に変異していた.3. 'トラベラー'から得られた花色変異系統は, 原品種に比べて草丈, 花穂長, 小花, 小花数がやや小型化または減少の傾向にあった.花色変異系統を分球と木子により増殖して得られた一部の開花個体では, 原品種と同様の花色に戻る花色復帰が認められた.4. 不定胚由来個体に花色変異が認められたことから, 不定胚培養系はグラジオラスの育種に有効であることが示唆された.

Molecular Mechanisms of Flower Colour Variation : Evolution of the Anthocyanin Synthetic Pathway.

Molecular Mechanisms of Flower Colour Variation : Evolution of the Anthocyanin Synthetic Pathway.

Chemical Growth Retardant Application to Scaevola

Fan flower (Scaevola aemula L.) has become a popular specialty bedding and hanging basket plant in the United States. The genus contains several species from Australia and the Indo-Pacific region and there exists a wide diversity of growth habits and flower colors, including blue, violet, pink and white. Our objective was to measure the effect of type of growth retardant, method of application, and chemical concentration on S. aemula `New Wonder', `Mini Pink Fan', 'Purple Fan', and `Royal Fan', S. albida 'White Fan', and S. striata `Colonial Fan'. Variables measured included days to flower, plant width, flower stem number, flower stem length, and flower number per stem. Uniconazole applied as a media drench to S. aemula `New Wonder' at 1.0 and 2.0 mg·L–1 decreased plant width and flower stem length without affecting time to flower or flower number. Therefore, number of flowers per cm of stem length on S. aemula `New Wonder' was increased, resulting in attractive, compact clusters of flowers on pendulus stems. Paclobutrazol drench (4.0 and 8.0 mg·L–1) was also effective. Daminozide spray (5000 mg·L–1) reduced plant width but flower number was reduced. Ancymidol foliar sprays and media drenches (all rates) had no effect on the parameters measured. Ethephon (500 and 1000 mg·L–1) reduced plant width, but delayed flowering and reduced flower number. Uniconazole drenches were beneficial in improving the quality of S. aemula. `New Wonder' grown in hanging baskets, but the growth control was not long-lived. The effect of uniconzole on plant growth varied with Scaevola species and cultivars.

Patterns of color and nectar variation across an Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone

Hybridization may uncouple adaptive trait combinations that are present in parental species. I studied variation in flower color and reward quality across a hybrid zone of Ipomopsis aggregata and I. tenuituba. Individuals from hybrid populations showed considerable variation in flower color using corolla reflectance measurements. Flower spectra of such individuals were either intermediate or else resembled those flowers from the parental species. Ipomopsis aggregata populations had consistently higher nectar production rates and higher nectar standing crops than either I. tenuituba or hybrids. Ipomopsis aggregata flowers also produced more dilute nectar than those of hybrids and I. tenuituba, but the actual concentration values were quite variable among populations of the same type. Overall, the nectar quality of hybrid flowers most resembled that of I. tenuituba flowers. Based on the observed interpopulation patterns of color‐reward associations in this hybrid zone, pollinators should be able to discriminate against I. tenuituba and hybrid populations and against most individuals within hybrid populations. However, they may visit those hybrids that resemble the most rewarding flower type (I. aggregata). The results emphasize the need for studies that address how hybridization affects subsequent plant fitness and the evolutionary dynamics of the species involved.

Morphology and Flower Pigments of Wild Evergreen Azaleas (Rhododendron sataense Nakai) in Southern Kyushu.

The origin of flower color variation in Rhododendron sataense Nakai, one of the most colorful wild azaleas in southern Kyusyu, was investigated.The range of flower color variations and two other morphological characteristics, flower size and petal blotch, of R. sataense were almost the same as those of R. obtusum Planch. The latter whose natural habitat is in the Kirishima Mountains, and is thought to be an interspecific hybrid between R. kiusianum Makino and R. kaempferi Planch. Constitutions of flavonols in the petals, however, were quite different between the two species; R. sataense does not contain methylated flavonols, whereas the R. obtusum in a high percentage of the population.We conclude, therefore, that the origin of flower color variations in R. sataense on Takakuma Mountains is not the result of the natural hybridization between R. kiusianum and R. kaempferi, although natural hybrids have been found on the Kirishima Mountains.

Expression of the C3-C4 intermediate character in somatic hybrids between Brassica napus and the C3-C4 species Moricandia arvensis

The wild crucifer Moricandia arvensis is a potential source of alien genes for the genetic improvement of related Brassica crops. In particular M. arvensis has a C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic mechanism which results in enhanced recapture of photorespired CO2 and may increase plant water-use efficiency. In order to transfer this trait into Brassica napus, somatic hybridisations were made between leaf mesophyll protoplasts from cultured M. arvensis shoot tips and hypocotyl protoplasts from three Brassica napus cultivars, 'Ariana', 'Cobra' and 'Westar'. A total of 23 plants were recovered from fusion experiments and established in the greenhouse. A wide range of chromosome numbers were observed among the regenerated plants, including some apparent mixoploids. Thirteen of the regenerated plants were identified as nuclear hybrids between B. napus and M. arvensis on the basis of isozyme analysis. The phenotypes of these hybrids were typically rather B. napus-like, but much variability was observed, including variation in flower colour, leaf shape and colour, leaf waxiness, fertility and plant vigour. CO2 compensation point measurements on the regenerated plants demonstrated that 3 of the hybrids express the M. arvensis C3-C4 intermediate character at the physiological level. Semi-thin sections through leaf tissues of these 3 plants revealed the presence of a Kranz-like leaf anatomy characteristic of M. arvensis but not found in B. napus. This is the first report of the expression of this potentially important agronomic trait, transferred from Moricandia, in M. arvensis x B. napus hybrids.

The effect of flower colour and glucosinolates on the interaction between oilseed rape and pollen beetles

Pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus) are important pests on Brassica oilseed crops and herbivores of wild crucifer populations. The adults feed on flowers and unopened buds in which they oviposit. The larvae feed mainly on pollen, but all parts of the flower may be destroyed. Adult pollen beetles will also feed on non-cruciferous taxa, in contrast to the majority of herbivorous insects on Brassica, which are specialist feeders on crucifers. Many of the specialist insects have been shown to be attracted by glucosinolates and their hydrolytic products. These metabolites also act as ovipositioning and feeding stimulants. Polyphagous non-insect herbivores such as molluscs and pigeons are deterred by glucosinolates (Giamoustaris & Mithen, 1995). Flower colour has been shown to be important in attracting pollinators to crucifers (Kay, 1976). It is not known whether variation in flower colour may also affect plant attractiveness to herbivorous insects.

Cosegregation of Purple‐Throat Flower Color with Dihydroflavonol Reductase Polymorphism in Soybean

Several genes act epistatically to produce flower color in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The genotype W1W1W3W3w4w4 produces the purple‐throat phenotype and W1Wlw3w3w4w4 gives a near‐white phenotype. Our objective was to determine whether restriction fragment length polymorphisms of several anthocyanin pathway genes are associated with flower color traits. Genomic DNA from isolines of several flower color genes in the cultivar Clark were digested with 23 different endonucleases and probed with clones representing phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, or dihydroflavonal reductase (DFR). The HaeIII digest revealed a polymorphism between the isoline containing the dominant W3 allele for purple‐throat and the other isolines with the homozygous recessive w3 alleles. The DFR polymorphism cosegregated with flower color variants in an F2 population segregating for the W3 alleles. No recombinant types were found in 78 individuals, indicating either the W3 encodes DFR or is closely linked to a DFR gene.

Genetics of seed dormancy in Papaver rhoeas

Seed dormancy in a cross between wild Papaver rhoeas and its ‘Shirley’ cultivar appeared to be controlled by genes that displayed additive effects, dominance in the direction of low dormancy and non-allelic interaction of the duplicate type; in addition, there was a small maternal dominance effect in the direction of high dormancy. The genetics of seed dormancy in this cross is as predicted on Mather's theory of genetical architecture for a character that has been subject to strong directional selection. During the breeding of 'Shirley' poppies, at least six flower colour mutations were obtained in less than 20 years in a population whose effective size must have been very small. It is argued that, in view of the difficulty of detecting heritable variation for seed dormancy in wild poppies and the rarity of flower colour variants in wild P. rhoeas, it is possible that seed of the ‘Shirley’ cultivar lacks the dormancy of its wild ancestors because of mutation of one or two genes.

Colours of florets of several gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolis ex Adlam) cultivars measured with a colorimeter

The colour variation between several gerbera cultivars were analyzed with a tristimulus colorimeter. A pilot study with a few cultivars showed that the flower colour variation between cultivars and colour effects during the growing season can be calculated quantitatively on the basis of data measured by the colorimeter. On the basis of these results the colour differences between a larger group of gerbera cultivars were measured. A consistent number of cultivars was distinct on the basis of colorimetric data and visual colour assessments.

Chemotaxonomic value of anthocyanins in Podalyria and Virgilia (tribe Podalyrieae: Fabaceae)

Anthocyanin pigments responsible for purple and pink flower colours in the tribe Podalyrieae have been identified. The considerable variation in flower colour is not reflected in the chemical variation and the flower pigments are surprisingly conservative. Virgilia flowers always have the acetic acid esters of cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside as major compounds, together with trace amounts of the coumaroyl ester of cyanidin-3-glucoside. Podalyria flowers invariably have the rather more stable coumaroyl ester of cyanidin. The data support a close affinity between the two genera but also show that flower colour is only partially homologous.

Kinetic and thermodynamic control of flavylium hydration in the pelargonidin-cinnamic acid complexation. Origin of the extraordinary flower color diversity of Pharbitis nil

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetic and thermodynamic control of flavylium hydration in the pelargonidin-cinnamic acid complexation. Origin of the extraordinary flower color diversity of Pharbitis nilOlivier Dangles, Norio Saito, and Raymond BrouillardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8, 3125–3132Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00061a011RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views538Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (937 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Diplontic selection as a positive factor in determining the fitness of mutants of Dianthus ‘Mystère’ derived from x-irradiation of nodes in in vitro culture

X-irradiation of in vitro nodes of Dianthus ‘Mystere’ resulted in the production of useful flower colour variants at a rate of approximately 2%. The breakdown of chimeras under diplontic selection and putative selection for fitness in the mutant homohistonts was facilitated by in vitro subculture. The resultant mutants were vigorous and most were stable although pleiotropy in respect to Alternaria disease was observed.

Alkaloids of a Datura candida cultivar

F 1 progeny of a pink-flowered Datura candida were cultivated. Although there was some flower colour variation in early stages, over a period of time all plants showed no morphological difference from the parent species which are clonal sterile. Alkaloid analysis showed no chemical variation and it was concluded that the pink-flowered Datura was a pure line strain. A new alkaloid was isolated and tentatively identified from GC and NMR data as 6,7-epoxylittorine.

Genetic Nomenclature in Clovers and Special‐Purpose Legumes: II. Crimson and Subterranean Clover

Crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., and subterranean clover, T. subterraneum L., are important annual legumes used for winter grazing in the U.S. Southeast. There is no single report of the inheritance of qualitative characters in these two species. The objective of this paper was to compile the reported gene names and symbols for crimson and subterranean clover characters and to propose symbols for characters of each species in accordance with the Trifolium genetic nomenclature system. A new system for naming alleles of the leaf mark locus M in subterranean clover is also proposed. The inheritance and gene symbols are given for 16 characters in crimson clover and 34 characters in subterranean clover. These characters consist mostly of flower color and leaf variants in crimson clover and anthocyanin pigmentation, isoflavone, leaf marking, and seed color variants in subterranean clover. The inheritance is reported for three characters in crimson clover and four characters in subterranean clover that have not been assigned gene symbols.

Structure and Molecular Stacking of Anthocyanins—Flower Color Variation

AbstractIn 1913 Willstätter made the striking observation that the same pigment can give rise to different colors. Thus, the same pigment, cyanin, is found in the blue cornflower and in the red rose. Willstätter attributed the variety of flower colors to different pH values in solution. Indeed, anthocyanin changes its color with pH; it appears red in acidic, violet in neutral, and blue in basic aqueous solution. Willstätter's pH‐theory for explaining flower color variation is still to be found in major text books of organic chemistry. Very recently, however, reinvestigation has disclosed that the color variation and stabilization of anthocyanins in aqueous solution could have other causes, namely self‐association, copigmentation and intramolecular sandwich‐type stacking. The stacking would be mainly brought about by intermolecular or intramolecular hydrophobic interaction between aromatic nuclei such as anthocyanidins, flavones and aromatic acids. In addition, hydrogen bonds and charge transfer interactions may also be involved. The most interesting molecular complexes of anthocyanins are the metalloanthocyanins such as commelinin and protocyanin (blue cornflower pigment). These seemingly pure blue complexes each consist of six anthocyanin and six flavone molecules and two metal ions; their molecular weight is nearly 10000. A structure is proposed for commelinin.

Variation in flowering time and flower and cotyledon color in Ipomoea hederifolia L.

Floridian populations of Ipomoea hederifolia L. require significantly less time to come to flower than West Indian and Yucatanian populations. Rapid flowering seems to be dominant in expression over the requirement for a much longer period. Variation in flower and cotyledon color appears to be determined by an intensity locus which is codominant in expression rather than by differences in anthocyanins among populations.Key words: anthocyanins, Ipomoea, photoperiod, inheritance.

Loss of colour, a prerequisite to plant pigmentation by flavonoids

A mechanism is proposed which permits plants to display such an extraordinary diversity of flower colours using only a limited number of anthocyanins. The first step, of a two-step mechanism, corresponds to an almost complete loss of colour of the anthocyanin which is stored in colourless forms in equilibrium with small amounts of coloured forms. Until now, this discolouration process has always been interpreted as damaging to plant colour. In fact, we demonstrate that its existence is a prerequisite to a full expression of plant pigmentation due to flavonoids. The second step involves the participation of a new molecule—the copigment—which interacts with the very small remaining amounts of the anthocyanin coloured forms, giving rise to a more or less complete recovery of the anthocyanin pure colour, as well as new colours which could not be obtained with the anthocyanin alone (complex formation and salvation effect). In this way, with a unique anthocyanin, an unlimited number of new colours can be formed, depending on the nature of the associated copigment. Flavonoids, which with the exception of anthocyanins, are essentially colourless to pale yellow molecules, are often good to excellent copigments and their role as plant pigments appears to be important only when associated, as copigments, with anthocyanins. Copigments are not limited to flavonoids, nor even to polyphenols. For instance, we demonstrate that the two naturally occurring purines, caffeine and adenosine, exhibit, when mixed with malvin, spectral absorption features characteristic of the copigment effect.

Genetic analysis of flower colour variation in Allium schoenoprasum L. (wild chives)

Genetic analysis of three naturally occurring flower colour variants of Allium schoenoprasum revealed the involvement of three diallelic loci in the control of flower colouration: W/w controls the presence/absence of pigment, D/d controls the distribution of pigment in the tepals (perianth segments), and P/p controls pigment hue. There is no evidence of linkage between the three loci.

Genetic Structure, Gene Flow and Reproductive Ecology in Sand-Dune Populations of Polygala Vulgaris

(1) Large populations of Polygala vulgaris occur in Oxwich and Whiteford sand-dune systems on the Gower Peninsula, South Wales. These populations are polymorphic for flower colour and in four enzyme systems detected by electrophoresis. (2) At Oxwich, several flower colour and enzyme morphs occur, but large patches, containing hundreds or thousands of plants, were monomorphic in all systems. These groups adjoin in a few places and there is evidence of recent small changes in the distribution of the morphs with a very limited amount of hybridization between them. (3) At Whiteford there is less variation in both flower colour and the enzyme systems and the plants occur in small, mainly monomorphic, patches in a mosaic pattern over the dune system. (4) Insects, mainly bumblebees, visited P. vulgaris for nectar in small numbers but many flowers must remain unvisited, and fluorescent dust applied to the anthers of thirteen inflorescences was only dispersed from two. The species is self-compatible and largely selfpollinating. (5) Seeds of P. vulgaris have an elaiosome attached to one end and were taken readily by the ant, Lasius niger, which carried the seeds into their nests, often ejecting them again after mutilating the elaiosome. The ants carried the seeds up to 2 m. No other adaptations for seed dispersal are apparent, but occasional long distance dispersal, e.g. by wind or on the feet of grazing animals, may have an important effect on the genetic structure of the populations. (6) Neighbourhood area and size are small and allow the possibility of local differentiation within each population. (7) The large monomorphic groups seem to have established at Oxwich as a result of substantial recolonization from disturbance after 1945. At Whiteford many small recolonizations must follow frequent covering with blown sand leading to a mosaic of small monomorphic patches. In both populations, genetic drift appears to have had a large effect in determining the present-day genetic structure.